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The European Union at 50 Graph 7.1: unemployment in Poland - total outflows and outflows to work, 1990- 1995 (v) youth unemployment remains very high and is in fact over 30% (vi) 280000 persons are totally discouraged from looking for any kind of work, a trend which is exacerbated by the ever more stringent requirements to receive unemployment benefits (vii) hidden unemployment on the farms also amounts to a large number of affected people, in all 450000 to 690000 persons (viii) both the Solidarity era and the post-communist governments are characterized by the 'equally marked absence' of a 'determined political will to reconstruct the social security system' (UNDP, 1996) social insurance benefits paid from the national budget consume now 1/6 of the total GDP. All three reform attempts - the one by the Senate in 1992 and 1993, the one by the Ministry of Labor between 1992 and 1993, and the Ministry of Finance Reform Project 1995 as yet did not become law, while the financial pressure on the state will increase with the upcoming changes in the age structure. With average pensions amounting to 75% of the average wage, the proposal of the Ministry of Labor to negotiate pension rises at the level in between pay rises (maximum) and price increases (minimum) does not sound convincing; rather, finance Minister Kolodko's proposal oriented on price increases sounded more logical. According to their own experts, the Ministry of Labor estimates that by 2000, in order to avoid a financial breakdown, the social security contribution level (paid in Poland exclusively by employers) should amount to 62.5% of gross wages, if Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar · CAEI Arno Tausch / 111
The European Union at 50 present trends continue. By 2020, the number of pensioners will increase by yet another 3 million from 9 million persons to 12 million beneficiaries. The failure to initiate the breakthrough in 1996 will mean - especially after the political shakeup in the finance-ministry away from Kolodko in direction of the more populist PSL - that the reform of social security will be on the agenda in Poland beyond the year 2000 (ix) recent studies suggest that the social policy frame of reference for the disabled persons in Poland is not satisfactory (UNDP, 1996). There are now 4376000 disabled persons in Poland. 60% of them only have the most basic educational level, making this group of people even more vulnerable on the labor market. The majority of disabled persons in Poland are professionally inactive. In 1995, the unemployment rate of disabled persons in the cities was 28.1%, while in the countryside it was only 6.2%. Young disabled male persons under 24 years of age have an unemployment rate of more than 50% (UNDP, 1996: 88). Almost 43% of the households of disabled persons assert that they can only afford the cheapest food and clothing. Over half are indebted and have difficulties with the repayment of debts. As many as 43% assert that they lack means for basic medicines and treatment. 85% of all disabled feel themselves excluded from the means of public transportation. The fund, created by the Polish government to care for the disabled, has often been quoted in the context of mismanagement. Pollution and low access to medical care in the countryside determine that 39% of all disabled persons live in the villages. Alarmingly, the Polish press recently suggested that the country's main fund-institution for the disabled, PFRON, was a hotbed of corruption and mismanagement. Let us be realistic: with or without Union membership, Eastern Europe will be faced by the aftermaths of its transformation crisis for many years to come. Poverty and dependence have emerged as one of the most basic issues of postcommunist reconstruction. The true extent of poverty is contested in the various countries of East and Central Europe, with the fairest estimates being based perhaps on recent research by the UN, the ILO and the World Bank: Table 7.1: Poverty and peripherization in (Eastern) Europe a) social data % poor (EUcriteria) life expectancy PPP (purchasing power) share of PPP$- lowest 20% income of in total lowest 20% incomes Portugal 24,50% 74 43,8 9,20% 4658,2176 Italy 21,10% 77 76,7 6,80% 6029,2336 Greece 18,70% 77 34,6 Spain 16,90% 77 57 8,30% 5469,036 Ireland 15,70% 75 52,2 NL 14,80% 77 76 8,20% 7204,192 UK 14,80% 76 72,4 4,60% 3849,9424 France 14,70% 77 83 5,60% 5373,088 Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar · CAEI Arno Tausch / 112
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Arno Tausch The European Union at 5
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Arno Tausch The European Union at 5
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The European Union at 50 Title pict
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Abstract The European Union at 50 O
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The European Union at 50 'For upwar
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List of abbreviations (functional t
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1) Introduction The European Union
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The European Union at 50 b) do thes
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The European Union at 50 nothing bu
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The European Union at 50 scientists
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Camorra Ndrangheta Sacra Corona Uni
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Nigeria 5 6,975 Bangladesh 199 10,9
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Greece: civil rights 3 Great Britai
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The European Union at 50 But the 27
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The European Union at 50 2) The the
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The European Union at 50 Source: ou
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The European Union at 50 the develo
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The European Union at 50 In interna
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The European Union at 50 the USA ar
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The European Union at 50 3) The int
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1960-75 r = - .07 1974-77 r = - .72
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The European Union at 50 From Golds
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Graph 3.3: Kuznets-cycles in the wo
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The European Union at 50 Entelequia
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The European Union at 50 It should
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The European Union at 50 oil equiva
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The European Union at 50 Gender emp
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Page 65 and 66: Belgium 33% - 4.2% Austria 33% - 0.
Page 67 and 68: Africa 5.8% 14.6% Latin America 6.5
Page 69 and 70: The European Union at 50 trade-offs
Page 71 and 72: 45,758 111 1,6927 0,3733 Gender Emp
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Page 75 and 76: MNCP85 Govex Trade Dep social sec U
Page 77 and 78: 66,116 116 9953,2 2910,5 1,0862 0,5
Page 79 and 80: t-Test 2,53674 -1,54547 -2,09879 2,
Page 81 and 82: The European Union at 50 Our analys
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Page 91 and 92: CND 0.685 USA 0.645 Japan 0.445 NL
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Page 97 and 98: pol rights MNC Trade Govex PEN73 De
Page 99 and 100: 18940 41610 t-Test -3,043 - 1,303 -
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Page 117 and 118: DK 19080 17,4 0,92 8299,8 7011,5304
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Page 125 and 126: A Polish case study The European Un
Page 127 and 128: Graph 7.4: unemployment in Poland -
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Page 131 and 132: The European Union at 50 KPN, and S
Page 133 and 134: patriarchical structures real GDP h
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Page 137 and 138: social process cycle 1835/42-83 bas
Page 139 and 140: Table 9.7: hegemonic cycles in the
Page 141 and 142: Reform Repression 1985 'Gorbi' 192
Page 143 and 144: LAT 54 60 2 72 7,60589 57,849563 0,
Page 145 and 146: Hungary 36.6% 15% - - Slovenia 37.9
Page 147 and 148: The European Union at 50 Czech R 0,
Page 149 and 150: 0,025122747 0,324494352 0,002916141
Page 151 and 152: The European Union at 50 Legend: UN
Page 153 and 154: 9 8,4 56 6 GEO 4,4 0,3 14 5,9 KAZ 5
Page 155 and 156: Slovak R 5,8 37 3 4 Latvia 14,8 -4,
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Page 163 and 164: terms of trade 90 98 99 100 current
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The European Union at 50 The empiri
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NAFTA (USA, Canada, Mexico) The Eur
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The European Union at 50 exports an
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human development index (UNDP) infl
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The European Union at 50 Human deve
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The European Union at 50 the Europe
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The European Union at 50 European s
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Eastern Europe and Central Asia +18
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The European Union at 50 Table 10.4
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The European Union at 50 the increa
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The European Union at 50 Map 10.1 (
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The European Union at 50 reconcile
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The European Union at 50 Table 10.3
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Gini 30 - 39.9 Philippines, Zambia,
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Map 10.5: female survival probabili
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Map 10.6: male survival probability
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The European Union at 50 Mediterran
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Map 10.7. (continued): quintile rat
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The European Union at 50 Eurostat d
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The European Union at 50 Map 10.8:
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Table 10.8: poverty in Europe (EU-1
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The European Union at 50 These diff
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Map 10.14:Unemployment rates The Eu
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Samples and data List of variables
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The European Union at 50 greenhouse
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Data about the position of societie
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The European Union at 50 Norw 1,615
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The European Union at 50 20 7,03262
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The European Union at 50 Mald 15,6
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The European Union at 50 Braz 6,3 0
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Hong 41,6 18 Urug 23,7 24,8 Trinid
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UK 44,2 35,6 Ger 16,5 30,4 DK 24,9
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Burun 1,3 0 CAfricR -1,5 0,13 Mozam
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Colombia 49,5 1,5 21,9 6,4 1945 Tha
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ITA 0 0,4 7,5 53 GRE 0 0,7 7 43 ISR
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Chad 0 2,1 0,3 32 Burundi 0 2,2 0,4
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Indonesia 44 55 14 19 2,89 Guyana 4
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0,645 10,3 5 5 GEO 0,633 1,3 2 4 AL
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GDP (UNDP, 1996) Canada 1,9 1,7 0 U
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Ghana 6 0,9 0 Lesotho 5,2 3,2 0 Equ
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The European Union at 50 Bergesen A
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The European Union at 50 Elsenhans
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The European Union at 50 Kay C. (19
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The European Union at 50 Pollack M.
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The European Union at 50 Tausch A.
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The European Union at 50 World Econ
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The European Union at 50 Heidenreic
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The European Union at 50 Yotopoulos
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You are free: Attribution-NonCommer
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