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% of population of nor-<br />

mal graduate age 11.8 6.4 6.4 6.6 2.2 1.7 12.6<br />

average age of women<br />

at first marriage 22.2 22.4 21.1 22.8 21.1 20.4 25.1<br />

% of seats <strong>in</strong> parlia-<br />

ment occupied by<br />

women 9% 7% 13% 9% 3% 6% 13%<br />

human development <strong>in</strong>dex<br />

rank on <strong>the</strong> world scale 27. 31. 48. 49. 72. 76. -<br />

_____________________________________________________________<br />

The European Union at 50<br />

Source: our own compilations from UNDP (HDR, 1994). The world rank<strong>in</strong>gs of <strong>the</strong> EU countries on <strong>the</strong> human development<br />

<strong>in</strong>dex are:<br />

Sweden 4.<br />

France 6.<br />

NL 9.<br />

UK 10.<br />

Germany 11.<br />

Austria 12.<br />

Belgium 13.<br />

DK 15.<br />

SF 16.<br />

LUX 17.<br />

IRE 21.<br />

Italy 22.<br />

Spa<strong>in</strong> 23.<br />

Greece 25.<br />

Portugal 42.<br />

Gender empowerment, as it is known, comb<strong>in</strong>es parliamentary seats, held by<br />

women, <strong>the</strong> share of women <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> total number of adm<strong>in</strong>istrators and managers<br />

<strong>in</strong> a country, <strong>the</strong> share of women <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> professional and technical workforce,<br />

and <strong>the</strong> share of women <strong>in</strong> earned <strong>in</strong>come (UNDP, 1996). Table 5.3 shows <strong>the</strong><br />

performance of <strong>the</strong> trans<strong>format</strong>ion countries <strong>in</strong> comparison to Western<br />

democracies:<br />

Table 5.3: gender empowerment<br />

Entelequia. Revista Interdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ar · CAEI Arno Tausch / 87

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