How far does screening women for domestic (partner) - NIHR Health ...

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42 Review Question III McDonnell and colleagues 112 recruited 481 patients attending their first antenatal appointment at an Irish hospital. Of the women who answered the questions regarding acceptability of partner violence screening, 468 (99%) found the questions acceptable and considered that all women should be asked these questions. There were no differences in acceptability by abuse status or by age. A study by McNutt and colleagues 113 recruited women from a health maintenance organisation (HMO), partner violence programmes and refuges. The survey incorporated questions on what women want nurses and physicians to ask, and what they want them to do and not do in order to help abused women. Forty percent of women in the HMO and community-based programmes and 64% in refuges agreed with screening. Newman and colleagues 114 conducted a survey of 451 women who were unaccompanied by a male partner in a paediatric emergency department in a US hospital. When asked if it was appropriate to screen them for partner violence when they sought care for their children, 75% of women stated it was. Forty-four percent preferred direct verbal questioning, 36% a written questionnaire, and 20% suggested other methods of screening. Renker and Tonkin 102 used anonymous computer interviews in two maternity units in the USA. Topics covered in the interview included screening and interventions, past disclosure to health-care providers, preferences or attitudes towards violence screening, pregnancy violence and violence severity screening. Feelings of anger, embarrassment or being offended were not experienced by the majority (97%) of women screened by their prenatal care providers for partner abuse. Richardson and colleagues 41 surveyed 1207 women in 13 randomly selected general practices in London. Eighty percent of women reported that they would not mind being asked by their general practitioner about abuse or violence in their relationship if they had come about something else. Romito and colleagues 107 conducted a survey in six family practice sites in Italy. Women were approached and asked if they would like to participate in a study to improve how health services respond to women’s health problems. Eighty-five percent of respondents believed the family doctor should ask all women about violence, 7% thought doctors should not ask, and 8% were uncertain. A higher percentage of women experiencing current abuse agreed that doctors should ask about abuse compared with women not currently experiencing abuse, although this association was not significant. Younger women were significantly less likely to agree that all doctors should ask about abuse. Sethi and colleagues 48 administered a modified World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-country Domestic Violence Study questionnaire in an inner-city accident and emergency department in a British hospital. The questions asked about the nature of violence and abuse experienced and women’s views on being asked about abuse in an accident and emergency department setting. Overall, 76% felt comfortable when asked about partner violence. Eighteen percent felt slightly uncomfortable, 5% felt uncomfortable and 1% felt very uncomfortable. Feelings of being uncomfortable were higher in those who had experienced abuse compared with those who had not (10% versus 3%, p = 0.02). In response to a question about the desirable frequency of being asked about partner violence, 35% felt it should be on all occasions, 26% felt they should usually be asked, 38% said seldom and 2% felt never. Many women commented on the need for privacy and safety and expressed concern about direct questions being asked of women presenting with injuries. Zeitler and colleagues 115 recruited women aged between 15 and 24 years who presented for family planning services to a US clinic. Almost 90% of those surveyed felt that universal screening by health-care providers is a ‘very good’ or ‘somewhat good’ idea. When respondents were categorised according to how much they minded being asked about violence, there were no differences according to ethnicity, school enrolment, parity, family violence or lifetime dating violence experience. However, compared with women aged 19–21 years, women aged 15–18 years were 2.9 times more likely to voice some concern regarding violence screening by a provider (36%, p < 0.01). Webster and colleagues 116 administered a selfreport questionnaire to 1313 women from five Australian hospitals during the visit following the consultation at which they had been screened for partner violence. Ninety-eight percent of respondents believed it was a good idea to ask women about partner violence when visiting a hospital. There was no difference in the responses of women from rural, remote or inner city sites, nor were there differences between sites in terms of how women felt when asked partner violence
DOI: 10.3310/hta13160 Health Technology Assessment 2009; Vol. 13: No. 16 questions. Ninety-six percent felt ‘OK’ about being asked, 1% felt relieved to be able to talk to someone about their problem, and 2% felt uncomfortable. Three-quarters of women who felt uncomfortable still agreed that it was a good idea to ask about partner violence. Weinsheimer and colleagues 104 recruited 95 consecutive women in a level 1 trauma centre to a questionnaire survey. Although 18% of women thought screening infringed their privacy, the overwhelming majority (> 90%) felt that it was appropriate to ask about partner violence and that women should be asked about it in a trauma setting. Nearly all (93%) of the 44 women who reported a history of partner violence thought a trauma centre health-care provider could assist them with a safety plan, but about one in four abused women thought reporting would increase their chances of further harm. Witting and colleagues 117 surveyed 146 patients attending an accident and emergency department, giving three hypothetical scenarios of varying partner violence risk. Patients’ support for ‘screening’ increased as the scenarios increased in severity: 86% expected it for the high-risk versus 17% for the low-risk scenario. The majority of patients felt that a physician, rather than a nurse, should have the primary responsibility for partner violence screening, but that the gender of the screener did not matter. A higher proportion of patients with lower educational status supported screening in the emergency department. Synthesis We have combined data from the interview- and focus group-based qualitative studies with the data from the questionnaire-based quantitative studies. The main focus of this review question was the acceptability to women patients of screening for partner violence. This included physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse and controlling behaviours by current partners or ex-partners. Although the proportion of survey respondents who found screening by health-care professionals acceptable varied between 35% and 99%, our main finding is that the majority of survey respondents and informants in the qualitative studies did find it acceptable even if it made them uncomfortable. There was variation in attitudes towards screening between countries and between health-care settings and by abuse and educational status. In the UKbased studies, 20% of respondents did not support © 2009 Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO. All rights reserved. screening in a general practice context, and 40% thought women should seldom or never be asked about partner violence in an accident and emergency department. In the sensitivity analysis of the survey estimates of acceptability of screening, the variation in results could not be explained by the variation in STROBE quality scores. Higher-quality studies showed the same variation as in the total pool of studies. Below we explore the role of the following factors in the acceptability of screening by health-care professionals: • the woman’s age, level of education, financial autonomy, and ethnicity • whether the woman has ever been abused and is currently abused by their partner or expartner • type of health-care setting • type of screening questions • type of health-care professional. Age Younger women, especially those aged 15–19 years, were less likely to agree with screening for partner violence. 102,107,115 Friedman and colleagues found that older patients were more in favor of routine physical abuse enquiry. 110 Age, however, did not influence the acceptability of routine enquiry for sexual abuse, although most surveys did not collect data on that issue. Education Witting and colleagues found that a higher proportion of respondents with lower education status supported partner violence screening. 117 Friedman and colleagues also found that, regardless of setting, patients who had not completed high-school education were more in favour of routine enquiry about physical abuse and sexual abuse. 110 Ethnicity Although many of the surveys had ethnically diverse samples, most did not report acceptability by ethnic group. Zink and colleagues found that Latina mothers felt greater discomfort with partner violence questions than white American women. 118 The issue was not discussed in the qualitative studies. 43
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