Algorithm Design

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Chapter 8 NP and Computational Intractability
above, we can express this as the set ~P of all problems X for which there exists
an algorithm A with a polynomial running time that solves X.
Efficient Certification
Now, how should we formalize the idea that a solution to a problem can
be checked efficiently, independently of whether it can be solved efficiently?
A "checking algorithm" for a problem X has a different structure from an
algorithm that actually seeks to solve the problem; in order to "check" a
solution, we need the input string s, as well as a separate "certificate" string t
that contains the evidence that s is a "yes" instance of X.
Thus we say that B is an efficient certi~er for a p~oblem X if the following
properties hold.
o B is a polynomial-time algorithm that takes two input arguments s and t.
~ There is a polynomial function p so that for every string s, we have s ~ X
if and only if there exists a string t such that Itl