PAUL AND THE RHETORIC OF REVERSAL: KERYGMATIC ...

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attention to doubts about the application of oratorical descriptive categories to genuine letters. As Porter points out, this debate raises questions about Mitchell’s conclusions regarding the letter’s unity. 39 It would seem that, although it is unquestionably useful to analyse Pauline letters in terms of the movement of their lengthy argumentation, there is no certainty that ancient letter- writers (or, more particularly, Paul) made reliable or predictable use of conventions of speech rhetoric in considering macro-structure. Jeffrey T. Reed explains this well: The three standard epistolary components (opening, body, closing) share some similarity with the four principal patterns of rhetorical arrangement (exordium, narratio, confirmatio, conclusio). But the similarity is functional, not formal. 40 An example will illustrate the ambiguity that this functional similarity brings to rhetorical investigations of letters. The following standard first-century letter of recommendation may be seen to possess a number of the flexible elements that Mitchell finds important in her identification of 1 Corinthians as “deliberative rhetoric”; 41 but the resemblance here clearly expresses the pragmatic similarity that occurs across a breadth of Greco-Roman communication, rather than a merging of rhetorical and epistolary approaches: 39 Stanley E. Porter, “Understanding Pauline Studies. An Assessment of Recent Research: Part One,” Them 22/1 (1996): 14-25; 19-20. 40 Jeffrey T. Reed, “Using Ancient Rhetorical Categories to Interpret Paul’s Letters: A Question of Genre,” in Rhetoric and the New Testament: Essays from the 1992 Heidelberg Conference (ed. Stanley E. Porter and Thomas H. Olbricht; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), 292-324; 307-8. Cf. Eckhard J. Schnabel, Der erste Brief des Paulus an die Korinther (HTA; Wuppertal: Brockhaus, 2006), 46. Peter Lampe is optimistic about the combination of oratorical and literary approaches more generally: “Only both approaches, the epistolographical analysis, which considers the written status, and the rhetorical, which reflects oral speeches, do justice to the text – but only if both work together in scholarship”. Lampe goes on to indicate that creative compromise may need to occur between the two perspectives. Lampe, “Rhetorical Analysis,” in Paul and Rhetoric (ed. Sampley and Lampe), 16. 41 “If we go right to the heart of deliberative rhetoric, identify its constitutive features, and demonstrate that 1 Corinthians has all those features, then we have some basis to proceed, albeit still cautiously, with an investigation of 1 Corinthians as deliberative rhetoric”. Mitchell, Paul and the Rhetoric, 13. Mitchell identifies such “constitutive features” as a focus on the future; the use of a set of appeals (usually to advantage); proof by example; and the consideration of appropriate topoi, such as the need for concord. 80
Oxyrhynchus papyrus 292 (25 CE) Epistolary introduction Theon, to the honourable Tyrannus: Many greetings! Statement of facts [narratio] Herakleides, the one bringing this letter to you, is my brother. Thesis statement utilising language of exhortation (παρακαλῶ); future orientation; topos related to association [exordium] Conclusion: appeal to advantage (in terms of social honour) [conclusio] Therefore I urge you with all of my power to bring him into your company. I have also asked Hermias the brother, via letter, to tell you about him. You will be doing me the greatest act of kindness if you will take note of him. Epistolary closing Above all, I pray that you might have health, be free from harm, and do well. Goodbye. Edgar Krentz describes his own change of position, which seems to be illustrative of a development in much study of Pauline rhetoric over the last two decades, from narrow expectations regarding certain conventions of speech rhetoric as a background for understanding Pauline letter structure, to a broader acknowledgment of Paul’s creative freedom, allowing him to draw on a variety of rhetorical tools and influences: I began this paper intending to urge the use of rhetorical analysis in terms of ancient rhetoric. To my own surprise, I ended by taking an ambiguous stance, recognizing the great value of Aristotle’s discussion of proofs for analysis of Paul’s letters, wishing that I had had more time to work through the topoi he listed and to evaluate the use of ornamentation and figures of thought, but quite disenchanted with the value of analysing the structure of 1 Thessalonians rhetorically. I did not find any advance over nonrhetorical analysis, and as much disparity in the rhetorical disposition as in the older formal and literary analysis. 42 The narrative is far more flexible than the handbooks lead one to expect. One should guard against making rhetorical theory a Procrustean bed to which, willy- 42 Edgar Krentz, “1 Thessalonians: Rhetorical Flourishes and Formal Constraints,” in The Thessalonians Debate: Methodological Discord or Methodological Synthesis? (ed. Karl P. Donfried and Johannes Beutler; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000), 287, note 1; emphasis mine. 81
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PAUL AND THE RHETORIC OF REVERSAL:
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgement
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• Conclusion Points Throughout Pa
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Formatting, Translation, and Abbrev
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Introduction The unity, arrangement
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general progression of issues impli
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1. The Concept of Reversal as a Rhe
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The Condemned Boaster and the Vindi
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The shouts of war were heard in fro
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condemnation, while the righteous s
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he shall find satisfaction through
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For Daniel resurrection is a means
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as assistants of his kingdom you di
Page 29 and 30: 1 Enoch 102:4-5 Be courageous, soul
Page 31 and 32: the world will raise us up and give
Page 33 and 34: Judith The distinction between the
Page 35 and 36: These examples illustrate the perva
Page 37 and 38: A summary of Israel’s history by
Page 39 and 40: Josephus presents himself as attemp
Page 41 and 42: Jesus as the Vindicated Sufferer in
Page 43 and 44: The kings of the earth take their s
Page 45 and 46: Paul identifies himself to the Cori
Page 47 and 48: [D]ying and rising with Christ as p
Page 49 and 50: Jewish conception of God, which has
Page 51 and 52: It is generally recognized that Phi
Page 53 and 54: I seek to demonstrate in the rest o
Page 55 and 56: humble crucified, who are awaiting
Page 57 and 58: God the Father, when every rule and
Page 59 and 60: kerygma of identification with the
Page 61 and 62: closing of the letter body. Noting
Page 63 and 64: esurrection. Thus, even if the Cori
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 2 The Unity and Coherence o
Page 67 and 68: Lack of Unified Literary Coherence
Page 69 and 70: In letter B, the style is authorita
Page 71 and 72: original integrity of the pre-redac
Page 73 and 74: concerning himself and Cephas and A
Page 75 and 76: [I]f Paul’s letters had been know
Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Pauline letters with
Page 79: [B]ecause Paul’s letters, unlike
Page 83 and 84: Such identification [of a biblical
Page 85 and 86: Witherington notes that Paul would
Page 87 and 88: Hurd sees Paul as being literarily
Page 89 and 90: coherence has been characterised va
Page 91 and 92: attested in their religious beliefs
Page 93 and 94: and idolatry), 79 resulting in a th
Page 95 and 96: Robertson’s caution is worth heed
Page 97 and 98: Corinthians 5-14 this corrective of
Page 99 and 100: ABA’ Patterning It may be noted t
Page 101 and 102: statements in I,1-4, it is simply i
Page 103 and 104: Thiselton, drawing on Paulsen, offe
Page 105 and 106: Timothy’s work (notably with term
Page 107 and 108: Repetition in Chapters 5-6 and the
Page 109 and 110: If this is the case, then a literar
Page 111 and 112: note rhetorical movement. The rest
Page 113 and 114: auf einen einheitlichen, in sich zu
Page 115 and 116: us not to be proudly assured of our
Page 117 and 118: y removing it from its context. Sch
Page 119 and 120: that they do not? Perhaps this woul
Page 121 and 122: doing so he chooses the form of an
Page 123 and 124: passage, Paul argues at length agai
Page 125 and 126: implied in chapter 16. 168 It is wo
Page 127 and 128: Various conceptions of the literary
Page 129 and 130: 1. John Chrysostom as Student of Pa
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In this chapter I seek to attend to
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Two broad rhetorical features are e
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When he was discussing their divisi
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What then should we do? Know the sh
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Tell me! Are these then the ones wh
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In each of these homilies, then, th
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Firstly he denounces the puffed up
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Chrysostom hears the discussion of
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For the more perfect things remain
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For God does all things for this re
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The Corinthians, and Chrysostom’s
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for the proud pursuit of Antiochene
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Corinthians 1:18-29] [t]he wisdom o
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5. 1 Corinthians 1-4 as Exhibiting
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Witherington follows Mitchell in vi
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here between that which is human an
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Pseudo-Phocylides: Sentences, 53-54
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2:16 This verse brings 2:10-16 to a
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3:9 carry myself in a way that is a
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To “glory in men” is the opposi
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fact is how his argument subsequent
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It is not surprising then, that Cle
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That view has been subjected to scr
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4:20-21 “Already you have become
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Corinthian and apostolic characteri
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God. Certainly this terminology see
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of 1 Corinthians, using them to int
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• In knowledge (and freedom): Cha
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7. An Application of Kerygmatic Rhe
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corrective of the cross. Thus, much
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In these chapters [leading up to ch
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Chapter 4 1 Corinthians 5-14 and Pa
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It is my contention that this logic
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Galatians 5:19-21: Theme I: sexual
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her own body [τοῦ ἰδίου
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Firstly, Paul expresses fear that h
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This dishonouring of bodies is elab
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If you grieve your brother or siste
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Ephesians 2 Clothe yourselves, then
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Ephesians 4:25-5:2: Theme II: build
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It may be then that there is a disc
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elated word ἐπιθυμία, when
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It would seem that in the Pauline l
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Chapters 5-7: Glorify God in Your B
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the kingdom of God. And some of you
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Terminology of Chapters 5-7 The ter
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cross; and forward to chapters 12-1
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Chapter 10b: The situations of mark
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In 13:1-13, Paul demonstrates “th
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Pharisee. In particular, three rela
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Boring, Berger and Colpe note that
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Philo, On the Decalogue 168-169 And
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Further, he reported that the king
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children in sacrifice, or celebrati
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The Testament of Reuben is first of
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for parents and God. Sexual sin, im
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Josephus’ discussion of the penal
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Twelve Patriarchs πορνεία
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The Psalms of Solomon arguably expr
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For Saul the Pharisee, coming to Je
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Thus the movement that can be descr
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impurity; and secondly in relation
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Horrell 114 ), in that I would subo
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Paul and Love Richard A. Burridge h
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which they reproduce what was moral
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sexual immorality, impurity, and gr
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1. The Placement of the Discussion
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29-34: Arguments from Christian exp
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such things - what will persuade us
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It is not obvious, then, that the r
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15:22-23: For just as in Adam all d
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In the passages above it does seem
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A number of scholars further unders
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people) and σώμα (as the body o
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Paul’s strenuous argument for the
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3. Rhetorical Entextualisation In c
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κενὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις
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16: ψυχικὸς δὲ ἄνθρ
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A Challenge: Join the Dead So chapt
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have no portion with God have funda
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The Epicureans held, following Epic
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Eusebius, Evangelical Preparation 1
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they come out of thin air, so that
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utilised in the New Testament in re
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Thus it may be that alongside a den
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led to actual or implied boasting:
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counter this unwillingness with the
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Conclusion There are three broad ar
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fundamentally to Paul’s kerygma o
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Chapters 1-4: Divisive Boasting Ove
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Ancient Greco-Roman Literature (Gre
Page 313 and 314:
Plato. Platonis Opera. Edited by Jo
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2006. Cited April 2009. Online: htt
Page 317 and 318:
Aune, David Charles. “Passions in
Page 319 and 320:
Academic Press, 1999. Carrez, M.
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__________. The Defeat of Death: Ap
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Fiori, B. “ ‘Covert Allusion’
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__________. “Ecclesiology and Eth
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__________. “Jesus’ death as pa
Page 329 and 330:
Lindemann, Andreas. Der erste Korin
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Nicholl, Colin R. From Hope to Desp
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Mark Wilson. Grand Rapids, Mich.: K
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Schweitzer, Albert. The Mysticism o
Page 337 and 338:
Tinsley, E.J. The Imitation of God
Page 339:
Wills, Lawrence Mitchell. The Jewis
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