Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America

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MSA ABSTRACTS Degawa, Yousuke. Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499, Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan. degawa@nh.kanagawa-museum.jp. Taxonomic studies on the family Mortierellaceae. The family Mortierellaceae is one of the well-known soil fungi, including about 100 spp. The difficulties to maintain their sporulation and insufficient information on sexual reproduction prevented constructing a natural classification of the family. Direct field observation on their microhabitats enabled to establish a baiting method for selective isolation of each species, and a good condition for inducing the sexual reproduction. Using the dead bodies of arthropods as baits, new or rare species were repeatedly obtained. Six species of them belonged to the Section Actinomortierella, four of which were new. Five of them were heterothallic and showed new style of zygospore formation on the medium containing arthropods. Based on these ecological and morphological characters, the concept of the section was revised, and treated it as an independent genus. Five heterothallic species of the genus Actinomortirella were biologically isolated. Furthermore, within A. capitata, morphologically identical two intraspecific isolated mating groups were detected. They showed clear differences in geographical distribution (tropical and temperate area), and temperature ranges for mycelial growth and zygospore production. Molecular analysis on 18SrDNA ITS region suggested that each mating group should be treated as an independent species respectively. contributed presentation: MSJ Research Encouragement Award Lecture Degawa, Yousuke 1 * and Sato, Hiroki 2 . 1 Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499, Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan, 2 Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Research Institute, 11-16, Kurokami 4 chome, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan. degawa@nh.kanagawa-museum.jp. How to clarify the true status of anamorphic Trichomycetes? -an approach based on the observation of its host animal behavior. The orders Asellariales and Eccrinales are anamorphic Trichomycetes, in which neither zygospore nor trichospore has been known. Do they lose these kinds of spores? Careful observations on the living hosts brought us invaluable hints for solving this question. In Orchesellaria mauguioi (Asellariales), trichospore-like spore formation was observed when the hosts (Isotomurus sp.) were keeping on the water in chamber. They often molted and their shed molts floated on the water. The fungal thalli were situated at the lower surface of the molts in water. Arthrospores germinated to produce short stalks penetrating the molt and bearing the thick walled, cylindrical spores on their tips. Each spore accompanied a bowling-pin-shaped thin walled cell with external long appendage, which reminds us the fructification of the genus Orphella. When the millipede (Epanerchodus sp.), a host of Enterobryus sp. (Eccrinales) was keeping in moist chamber, peculiar conidiophore with mushroom-shaped conidia often emerged on the accumulated dungs of hosts. This fungus was identified as a rare hyphomycete, Aenigmatospora pulchra R. F. Castaneda Ruiz et al., described from Cuba. The stalk of this fungus was constantly connected to the short cylindrical 2 or 3-celled hyphal segments, similar to the arthrospores of Enterobryus sp., buried in the dung. The implications of these newly found spores are discussed. symposium presentation Dentinger, Bryn C.* and McLaughlin, David J. Plant Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. dent0015@umn.edu. Homoplastic surgery: reconstructing the classification of two coral mushroom families (Clavariaceae and Pterulaceae). Club and coral fungi are a polyphyletic assemblage of hymenomycetous mushrooms. The clavarioid sporocarp has repeatedly evolved in the Homobasidiomycetidae (Pine et al. 1999), yet to what degree this morphology is homoplasious is still not completely known. We evaluated the systematics of the coral mushroom families Clavariaceae and Pterulaceae using DNA sequence data and multiple phylogenetic methods. We generated 35 sequences from the 5’ region of the nucLSU rDNA spanning 10 genera and 19 species of clavarioid fungi. These sequences, plus 45 published sequences, were aligned to the dataset of Moncalvo et al. (2002) and analyzed under the parsimony criterion. Based on this analysis, subsets of Clavaria and Pterulaceae were evaluated separately to obtain better resolution within each group. Our preliminary results indicate that both Clavariaceae and Pterulaceae need to be revised in order to reflect a monophyletic classification. The genus Clavaria appears to be monophyletic, but also requires revision to include some species while excluding others. Several species of Pterula are identified within the G2 cultivar clade of fungus-farming ants for the first time. These results provide a preliminary view of the systematics of two core families of coral mushrooms, contribute to understanding the history of the ant-fungus mutualism, and present a framework for future investigation. poster Desjardin, Dennis E. 1 * and Hemmes, Don E. 2 1 Dept. of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, 2 Dept. of Biology, University of Hawaiì, Hilo, Hawaiì 96720, USA. ded@sfsu.edu. Agaricales of the native forests of Hawaiì. The Hawaiian Archipelago is the most isolated oceanic island group on earth. Constantly forming, migrating and subsiding, the volcanic chain has formed land that has remained above sea level continuously for the past 29 million years, resulting in terrestrial laboratories for the evolution of a diverse biota. Human 16 Inoculum 56(4), August 2005 habitation over the past 2000 years has dramatically impacted the landscape. Currently, over 90 % of Hawaiian terrestrial habitats are dominated by introduced plants (>4600 spp.), whereas less than 10 % remains in undisturbed native forests. As a consequence of these factors, the Islands display some of the highest levels of endemism and extinction documented to date. The diversity of Hawaiian Agaricales also reflects these factors. Of the 335 species documented by us to date, 275 are associated with introduced plants in non-native habitats, whereas only 60 species (18 %) are known from native habitats and are considered by us as native species with 75 % endemism. Surprising observations include: the low diversity of native Agaricales; no native Hawaiian trees support ectomycorrhizae; native Hawaiian Agaricales are dominated by Tricholomataceae s.l. and Hygrophoraceae s.l.; there is very limited adaptive radiation within native agaric lineages. We will present data from 12 years of fieldwork, focused on the diversity and origins of native Hawaiian Agaricales. symposium presentation Dickie, Ian A. 1 *, Dentinger, Bryn C. 4 , Avis, Pete G. 3 , McLaughlin, David J. 4 and Reich, P. B. 2 1 Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, 2 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA, 3 Chicago Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department, Roosevelt Rd. at Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, 4 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 250 Biological Science Center, 1445 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. dickiei@landcareresearch.co.nz. Ectomycorrhizal fungi of North American oak savannas. Oak savannas, once a dominant ecosystem of Midwestern North America, have all but disappeared from the landscape. Although much of oak savanna has been lost to agricultural conversion, other areas have converted to oak woodlands due to suppression of fire. We compare the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of Minnesota oak savannas subjected to frequent fire as a restoration tool with former oak savannas that have converted to oak woodlands due to fire suppression. Ectomycorrhizal root tip surveys using RFLP analysis and sporocarp collections, and T-RFLP analysis of rhizosphere fungi gave somewhat different views of community composition, but all suggest an extremely high diversity of fungi in these systems (estimated at more than 250 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi), with the fungal community broadly dominated by Cenococcum and Russula spp., with more local dominance by other groups. The high diversity of fungi is remarkable, given the low diversity of ectomycorrhizal host plants (three to four species). Although we predicted that frequent fire might make savanna mycorrhizal communities more prone to invasion than oak woodland fungal communities, reciprocal bulk soil transfers between plots had idiosyncratic effects on fungal communities as measured by T-RFLP. Nonetheless, T-RFLP did distinguish between site differences and showed similar patterns of species dominance as root tip collections. contributed presentation Douhan, Greg W. 1 *, Martin, Darren P. 2 and Rizzo, David M. 1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA, 2 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa. gwdouhan@ucdavis.edu. Intragenic recombination within an actin locus of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. We have recently detected three divergent lineages of Cenococcum geophilum isolated from a California oak-woodland. One lineage contained two divergent subclades; within this lineage incongruent phylogenies of one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes suggested potential recombination, but only when isolates from outside of the studied population were included in the analysis. To further investigate recombination in our local population of this putative asexual fungus, additional loci were sequenced from 44 isolates. Phylogenetic incongruence between these 10 loci is consistent with recombination occurring within the local population. However, most of the incongruence was caused by potential recombinant sequence types within the actin locus (~240 bp). Additional sequence data from the actin locus (~1300 bp) were obtained from parental and recombinant sequence types. Recombination analyses (RDP, GENECONV, MAXCHI, CHIMAERA, SISCAN and BOOTSCAN) using the recombination detection program RDP2 detected intragenic recombination and a potential recombination breakpoint with the actin locus. However, the divergence between the two subclades suggests that the recombination event is ancient or was due to some type of horizontal gene transfer or parasexual event. Actin sequence data from a world-wide sample of Cenococcum geophilum may help to differentiate between these two hypotheses. poster Douhan, LeAnn I., Andrews, John H., Douhan, Greg W. and Rizzo, David M. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. lidouhan@ucdavis.edu. Phyllosphere fungi associated with bay laurel trees in California. Phytophthora ramorum (Pr), causal agent of sudden oak death, is an emerging pathogen in coastal forests of CA and OR. Pr is a generalist that also causes leaf necrosis on many native hosts. In particular, bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) serves as a foliar host that supports high levels of sporulation by Pr and plays a key role in the spread of the pathogen. The presence of other leaf colo- Continued on following page
nizing fungi on bay laurel, both epiphytes and endophytes, may influence the establishment of Pr on this host. To understand the diversity of the fungal community associated with bay laurel leaves, we are using both cultural and molecular methods. The primers ITS1F and LR3 were used to amplify a region that includes the highly variable ITS regions but also covers the conserved LSU-rDNA. Preliminary data has demonstrated a diverse assemblage of phyllosphere fungi based on clones derived from DNA extractions from adhesive tape strips applied to the leaf surface. We also found that most clones could not be identified because no close matches were found in the ITS regions and only the 5.8s region gave strong hits based on BLAST searches. However, the clones could be identified with better solution based on LSU-rDNA. In contrast, most fungi cultured from leaf surfaces were represented in GenBank based on ITS. This suggests that the unidentifiable epiphytes are possibly unculturable using standard approaches and/or may be unknown taxa. poster Dubey, Tara. AerotechP&K, 1220 Quarry Lane, Pleasanton CA 94566, USA. TDubey@aerotechpk.com. Factors affecting the collection of air samples for spore counts. Spore trap analysis for counting fungal spores present in the air, serves as primary criteria for the detection of mold problem present inside a building. Severity of the mold problem inside a building is estimated by comparing the presence or absence of genera in out door samples and by comparing if indoor spore counts are higher than outdoor spore counts. In order to make these techniques more dependable, it is essential to understand the effect of various natural and technical factors influencing the spore distribution in outdoor environment. Air samples from outdoor air were analyzed to see fungal diversity and their distribution pattern during different hours of the day to see the effect of light, temp. humidity, wind and volume of the sampled air. Samples were collected for 5 minutes at different times of the day (8am, 12pm, 4pm, 8pm, 12 am, and 4am), and at 12 noon for different durations (5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes) with a rate of 15 liters/minute. A comparison of percent trace analyzed (15%, 25% and 100%) indicated the significant counts lost due to partial analysis of a trace. Over all, Cladosporium, Penicillium/Aspergillus. were most predominating spore types followed by Alternaria, Rust/Smut types of spores. Maximum spore count was seen during morning indicating the significant role of sunlight in spore releasing process. poster Dulmer, Kristopher M. and Horton, Thomas R.* Environmental Forest Biology, State University of New York- Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. kdulmer@hotmail.com. Evidence that American chestnut seedlings tap into existing ectomycorrhizal networks of non-chestnut hosts. The ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) (AC) were explored in a forest setting in order to evaluate their potential for associating with EM networks of canopy trees. AC seed were planted in spring in three different red and white oak dominated sites in New York State and harvested 5 months later. Seedlings were harvested using a 10cm soil corer to include bulk soil with intermingling roots of canopy trees. The seedlings and bulk soil were cleaned and all of the ectomycorrhizae were morphotyped. Molecular techniques (PCR amplification and RFLP analysis) were used to compare and identify plant and fungal genotypes of all morphotypes. Fungal and plant specific ITS primers were used to identify the symbionts. There were 74 different fungal RFLP types found across the 30 soil cores. Of the 36 RFLP types found on AC, 28 were multi-host fungi, 8 were found solely on AC, four of which were represented by only one sample. There were 24 EM fungi found on AC and another host within the same core. Red oak was most commonly found sharing the same RFLP type with AC (23 times) followed by white oak and American beech (7 times each), and eastern hemlock, white pine and black birch (2 times each). These results suggest there is a high potential that AC seedlings are tapping into the EM networks supported by canopy trees. contributed presentation Dunham, Susie M.* and Spatafora, Joseph W. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, 97331, USA. dunhams@science.oregonstate.edu. Species diversity and encounter rates for mat forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in Douglas fir forests at the HJ Andrews experimental forest, Oregon, USA. Dense hyphal mats formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi can contribute up to 40% of the microbial biomass in Pacific Northwest forest soils. Past research has shown that EcM mats are formed by fungi from distinct clades of the Basidiomycota (e.g., Hysterangiales and Gomphales). To further define the diversity of fungi forming EcM mats we sampled and phylotyped 56 mats from 17 old growth (350+ yrs) sites and 37 mats from 14 second growth (40-60 yrs) sites. Sampling was restricted to forest sites dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Within each age class mats formed by Piloderma species were encountered most frequently with 61% and 53% of respective old growth and second growth mats belonging to this genus. We identified four total ITS sequence variants within Piloderma cf. fallax and cf. byssinum. Following Piloderma the second most commonly encountered genus in old growth was Ramaria, in second growth Hysterangium. All other species encountered were relatively uncommon. Overall, 18 mat forming species were encountered in old growth, 11 in second growth. Rarefaction analyses indicate that the diversity of mat forming species is significant- MSA ABSTRACTS ly lower in second growth stands. This research highlights the potential importance of Piloderma in forest soils and the need for a better taxonomic understanding of this genus. symposium presentation Dunham, Susie M. 1 *, Spatafora, Joseph W. 1 and Kretzer, Annette M. 2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, USA, 2 Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. dunhams@science.oregonstate.edu. The utility of genetic spatial autocorrelation analyses in fungal population biology. Cryptic growth habits make fungal individuals difficult to observe and hinders hypotheses testing about life histories of important species. Knowledge of within-population genetic structure can yield important insights into population dynamics and spatial analysis of genetic data has potential for contributing to this research area. We used spatial autocorrelation analysis to study genet size in two Rhizopogon sister species. Within this context analysis of genetic relatedness as a function of spatial distance provides an accurate measure of genet size estimated across all genets sampled. At larger spatial scales patterns of genetic isolation often are estimated with allele frequencies calculated from predefined sampling units. Precision of these statistics declines when sampling units encompass multiple random breeding units (neighborhoods) as the genetic variance among sampling units, relative to the total, declines and the power to detect genetic structure is lost. We analyzed the degree of genetic relatedness as a function of distance in the Pacific golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus) within a 50 ha forest stand. Significant fine-scale genetic structure was detected with genetic ‘patches’ approximating 400 m in diameter indicating spore dispersal limitations for this species. These results have important implications for population sampling and fungal ecology. contributed presentation Eberhart, Joyce L. 1 *, Luoma Dan L. 1 , Abbott, Rick 2 and Moore, Andy 2 . 1 Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, 2 Umpqua National Forest, Roseburg, OR 97470, USA. joyce.eberhart@orst.edu. Ten years of monitoring the effects of harvest techniques on American matsutake (Tricholoma magnivelare) production. The commercial harvest of American matsutake (Tricholoma magnivelarehas become a multi-million dollar industry in the Pacific Northwest. There is considerable controversy regarding how the resource should be managed, including concern over whether raking of surface soil layers to find mushrooms will reduce subsequent fruiting. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of several harvest techniques on matsutake production. In 1994 the study was established in the Oregon Cascades, selecting 18 similar shiros of matsutake. In 1995 six treatments were implemented: 1) No harvest (control), 2) Harvest with minimal disturbance (gentle rocking and pulling), 3) Raking litter and duff layers, sporocarp removal and NO replacement of the duff, 4) Raking litter and duff layers, sporocarp removal, and careful replacement of the duff, 5) Removal of the litter and duff layer and 10cm of mineral soil, sporocarp removal and NO replacement of duff and mineral soil, 6) Removal of the litter and duff layer and 10cm of mineral soil, sporocarp removal and replacement of duff and mineral soil. Mushroom production of the shiros has now been monitored for 10 years. Results indicate that careful harvest methods have no impact on sporocarp production, while raking without replacement of the duff has long-term negative impacts. Damage to shiros caused by repeated raking has not been tested. poster Edwards, Sally M.* and Spiegel, Frederick W. Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 632, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA. smedwar@uark.edu. Branch patterns and formation in the dictyostelids. The dictyostelid cellular slime molds are notable for several unusual components of their life cycles. Members of this group typically exist in humus, soil, or dung as free-living amoebae. When their bacterial food sources become scarce, the amoebae aggregate in response to a chemical signal. These aggregations of discrete cells, known as pseudoplasmodia, can form migratory slugs. Fruiting occurs once a suitable environment is reached; in many species, the anterior cells of the slug form a non-living cellular stalk while the posterior cells develop into the sticky spore mass, or sorus. However, many dictyostelids produce fruiting bodies which display elaborate branching patterns and multiple sori. The most familiar of these patterns are the Christmas tree-like whorls of Polysphondylium. However, other types of branching do occur, as in the irregular fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium aureo-stipes and the coremiform formations of D. polycephalum. It has previously been difficult to illustrate the development of these more complex fruiting bodies due to limitations in photographic equipment. Using Auto-Montage with both a dissecting and compound microscope, in-focus photomicrographs were obtained for the successive stages of fruiting body formation. The taxonomic implications of developmental characteristics such as branching will also be discussed. poster Elmore, Whitney C.*, Kimbrough, James W. and Benny, Gerald. Mycology Lab, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. wcelmore@ufl.edu. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and colonization of Continued on following page Inoculum 56(4), November 2005 17
Page 1 and 2: Newsletter of the Mycological Socie
Page 3 and 4: Cordyceps Diversity in Korea Cordyc
Page 5 and 6: From the President’s Corner … D
Page 7 and 8: of fungal glucan synthesis. This in
Page 9 and 10: Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H.,
Page 11 and 12: one new IGS1 RFLP banding pattern f
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Page 31 and 32: esults have shown evidence of repro
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sequence of Monascus sp. BCRC 38072
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MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF This issue
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MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF Previously
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Ascomycota of Sweden www.umu.se/myc
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inoculum The Newsletter of the Myco
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