Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America

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MSA ABSTRACTS kaline pH. In the E. Kootenay region, fires produced an average of 760 ascocarps / ha, while areas devastated by mountain pine beetle produced ca. 120 ascocarps / ha. Production was highest in areas where 50-60% of the duff layer was consumed. Overall commercial production from the area was ca. 122 metric tons, one third of it dried. Although morel habitat was very heterogeneous, preliminary measurements indicated a tendency of ascocarps to associate with members of the Rosaceae (e.g. Spirea betulifolia) and other plants such as Erythronium grandiflorum. During 2004, 27 morel pickers were surveyed at buying stations near the burns. Pickers earned $ 90 - $ 7,500 (CDN), averaging $175/day. Half of the pickers had not picked the previous year, but half also reported harvesting other NTFPs. poster Wingfield, Brenda D. 1 *, Coetzee, Martin 1 , Maphosa, Lance 1 , Mwenje, Eddie 2 and Wingfield, Michael J. 1 . 1 Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, 2 Dept. Applied Biology, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Brenda.Wingfield@fabi.up.ac.za. African Armillaria species: increasingly better understood. Modern DNA-based techniques have made identification of Armillaria species considerably less subjective. However, linking DNA sequences or RFLP profiles to species described based on morphology is possible only if appropriate herbarium material is available. In the case of many isolates obtained from a wide variety of African countries, the available herbarium material does not lend itself to DNA analysis. In addition, morphological descriptions of Armillaria basidiocarps are often incomplete or ambiguous. This has resulted in confusion as to the number of Armillaria spp. occurring in Africa. A question that is particularly contentious concerns the relationship between A. heimii and A. fuscipes. We present an overview of the Armillaria spp. found in Africa and examine the DNA evidence (sequence, RFLPs and AFLPs) for the different species. We show that A. mellea is present in Africa but that it most likely entered the continent a number of times via the activities of humans. We further suggest that A. heimii and A. fuscipes represent the same taxon but that a number of other undescribed Armillaria spp. also occur in Africa. contributed presentation Winsett, Katherine E.*, Rajguru, Satyendra, Silberman, Jeffrey and Stephenson, Steven L. Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. kwinset@uark.edu. Genetic variation in local and widespread populations of myxomycetes. Myxomycetes (also called plasmodial slime molds or myxogastrids) are eukaryotic protists whose classification is based almost entirely on the morphology of the fruiting body and spores. Many of the described species appear to be cosmopolitan, but the level of genetic variation within local populations and the extent of gene flow between geographically widespread populations of the same morphospecies are not yet understood. The data for this project were obtained from specimens of Didymium squamulosum collected from localities on several continents, and the variation revealed by a preliminary study of the DNA sequence data suggests a more complex situation than might be anticipated from a consideration of observable morphological differences. These molecular data and previously published studies of reproductive compatibility suggest that there is an appreciable degree of genetic distinction among geographically separated specimens that would be classified as the same morphological species. It remains to be seen if many of the myxomycetes regarded as cosmopolitan are, instead, complexes of cryptic species. (Supported in part by two grants from the National Science Foundation.) contributed presentation Winter, Melanie D.* and Volk, Thomas J. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA. winter.mela@students.uwlax.edu. “Rediscovery” of C.W. Hesseltine’s PhD thesis on the Mucorales (Zygomycota). Although Dr. C.W. Hesseltine is probably best known for his work in food and industrial mycology, his 1950 doctoral thesis, “A revision of the Mucorales based especially upon a study of the representatives of this order in Wisconsin”, was a far-reaching, 568 page, 2-volume study. Besides a history of their everchanging classification, Hesseltine also proposed possible evolutionary relationships between the genera that are now being substantiated through modern genetic methods. However, the most striking accomplishments in this work are the extensive identification keys. Keys distinguishing the families Choanephoraceae, Cunninghamellaceae, Mortierellaceae, Pilobolaceae, and Thamnidiaceae are included. Even more impressive are the keys to 30 genera including Absidia, Choanephora, Circinella, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Mucor, Mycotypha, Phycomyces, Pilobolus, Rhizopus, Spinellus, Syzygites, Thamnidium, and Zygorhynchus. These keys are exceptional because the primary characteristics they use are from the asexual state. This makes them much more practical, since most species, especially heterothallic species, will not form zygospores under typical laboratory conditions. Despite the scale of his work, many mycologists remain unaware of it. Through this presentation, hopefully more will become aware of and appreciate Hesseltine’s impressive and exhaustive study. poster 64 Inoculum 56(4), August 2005 Wong, Valerie. Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, 321 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA. vwong@uclink.berkeley.edu. Seduction of mycorrhizal fungi: characterizing an epiparasitic model for plant-fungal networks. Plant-fungal mycorrhizal networks are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and influence ecosystem structure. These extremely complex networks involve a unique degree of connectivity among a multitude of organisms. Individual plants typically host many mycorrhizal fungi, and each fungus colonizes a number of plants. Epiparasitic plants are non-photosynthetic and obtain all of their fixed carbon from surrounding photosynthetic plants through a shared mycorrhizal fungus. In doing so, epiparasites reverse the normal direction of net carbon flow in mycorrhizal interactions and apparently cheat one of the most widespread mutualisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Epiparasitic interactions represent extremes in a continuum of plant-fungal interactions within mycorrhizal symbioses. I propose to investigate the molecular basis of these interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and epiparasitic plants. My approach will involve constructing a genomic shotgun microarray for Rhizopogon salebrosus (section Amylopogon). Using genomic clones will avoid the high copy and developmental stage biases often found in cDNA arrays. This microarray will be the first of its kind for mycorrhizal fungi and will serve as an important and versatile tool for further studies. I will use it to characterize the transcriptional changes in R. salebrosus as it establishes mycorrhizae with the epiparasitic plant Pterospora andromedea through the following stages of seed germination: pre-contact, cracked seed coat, swollen seed, and radicle formation. This will greatly expand our understanding of not only mycoheterotrophic interactions but also inform our understanding of epiparasitic mycorrhizal interactions. poster Wong, Yiu-Kwong*, Lee, Pui-Nin, Gong, Jun, Yu, Stephen and Chiu, Siu-Wai. Environmental Science Programme, and Dept. of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. SWChiu@cuhk.edu.hk. Production of citrinin-free statin-containing Monascus biomass and novel water-soluble Monascus pigments with anti-cancer effects by submerged fermentation. Monascus purpurus-fermented rice is a traditional Chinese medicine for improving blood circulation and invigorating digestion. The lipophilic Monascus pigments with strong antioxidation capacity can be applied as food colorants and preservative substitute. Yet during fermentation, Monascus often produces citrinin, a nephrotoxin, heptatoxin and carcinogen. By formulating a cultivation medium and manipulating the fermentation condition, a citrinin-free fermentation protocol was developed. The Monascus biomass generated was rich in minerals, proteins and dietary fiber, and bore red color and strong cheese-flavor. It also contained the beneficial lovastatin, GABA and squalene and other terpenes. Monascus also secreted a novel highly water-soluble red pigment which showed higher stabilities than the reported Monascus pigments. Both novel Monascus products were non-toxic, and possessed anti-proliferation property against liver and prostate cancer cells via induction of apoptosis. poster Woolfolk, Sandra W.*, Baird, Richard E. and Goodman, Daisy M. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA. woolfolk@entomology.msstate.edu. Fungi associated with fire ants and mounds in Mississippi: an effort to discover potential biological control agent(s). Fire ant is one of the major pests throughout southeastern of the United States. This aggressive pest is difficult to control and has caused problems in agricultural settings as well as human and animals. Area-wide control efforts are currently being conducted in the midsouth area. As a part of the control efforts, in Mississippi we are conducting a study to determine fungi present in hybrid/black imported and red imported fire ant mounds. Once identified, many of the isolates, particularly those which were shown to be pathogens for other insects, will be tested for their potential as biological control agents. Fungi were isolated from four counties inhabited by hybrid/black imported fire ants and three counties inhabited by red imported fire ants in Mississippi. Identification using standard mycological references showed the following taxa were associated with the fire ants and mounds: Cytosporella, F. graminearum, Fusarium sambusinum, Gloeosporium, Macrophoma, Mucor, Nigrosphora sphaerica, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phoma, Pythium, Rhinocladiella, Rhizopus, Speggazina, Trichoderma, and Tubercularia. Identification is currently in progress and confirmation of identification will be conducted for each representative isolate using molecular technique. poster Woolfolk, Sandra W. 1 *, Cohen, Allen C. 2 and Inglis, G. Douglas 3 . 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA, 2 Insect Diet and Rearing Institute, P.O. Box 65708, Tucson, AZ 85728, USA, 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB T1J 4B1, Canada. woolfolk@entomology.msstate.edu. Morphology of the alimentary canal of Chrysoperla rufilabris adults: Do those yeasts play roles in nutritional provision to lacewings? An internal morphology study of the alimentary canal of Chrysoperla rufilabris adults in relation to yeast symbionts was conducted utilizing scanning and Continued on following page
transmission electron, and epifluorescence microscopy. The alimentary canal adults possessed a large diverticulum at the posterior end of the foregut. Although yeast cells were distributed throughout the gut, large numbers of yeasts were observed to accumulate within the diverticulum. Large tracheal trunks were attached to the lateral side of the diverticulum suggesting a high demand for gas exchange within this organ. However, the diverticulum was lined with cuticle, and the underlying tissues indicated that minimal absorption occurs within this gut region. This suggests that the high potential for gas exchange in the diverticulum is primarily to support yeast metabolic activity. Observation with fluorescence particles indicated that the foregut and/or diverticulum do not possess an absolute mechanism for retaining particles based on size. The presence of large numbers of yeast cells in between hairs of proventriculus suggests that the proventriculus may play a role in retention of yeast cells. The midgut possessed typical absorptive structures. Since evidence indicated no or minimal absorption of nutrients within the diverticulum, nutrients provided by the yeasts must be transferred to the midgut where absorption occurs. poster Woolley, Lance P.* and Henkel, Terry W. Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95521, USA. twh5@humboldt.edu. The role of the heart rot fungus Phellinus robustus in shoot turnover and long-term development of the multi-stemmed, tropical monodominant tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae). Preliminary investigations examined the the role of the heart rot fungus Phellinus robustus (Karst.) Bourd. & Galz. in the structural development of the multi-stemmed, monodominant tree Dicymbe corymbosa Spruce ex Benth. in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Dicymbe corymbosa persistently produced reiterated shoots resulting in large individual trees with multiple stems of various size classes. Turnover of canopy shoots may be driven by Phellinus heart rot, which occurred in nearly 100% of fallen shoots. Canopy shoot turnover and subsequent reiteration may allow for prolonged survival of mature D. corymbosa individuals, promoting continual canopy coverage and a clumped distribution. By circumventing gap-phase dynamics, successive reiteration may reduce the ability of other species to establish and maintain themselves in monodominant stands. The reiterative capacity of D. corymbosa may be an evolutionarily-derived response to the high incidence of Phellinus heart rot. poster Worrall, James J. 1 *, Johnston, Barry C. 2 and Adams, Gerard C. 3 1 USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Forest Health Management, Gunnison CO 81230, USA, 2 USDA Forest Service, Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests, Gunnison, CO 81230, USA, 3 Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. jworrall@fs.fed.us. Dieback and mortality of Alnus in the southern Rocky Mountains. Poor condition of thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia) has been noted in the Southern Rocky Mtns. in recent years. To quantify the extent and severity, and gather data that may suggest a cause, we surveyed watersheds that had alder and were at least partly in Colorado. Of 6,503 standing stems (>= 3 cm DBH) inspected, 34% were live and healthy, 29% live with dieback, and 37% were dead. Alder condition was unrelated to geographic area, elevation, distance to stream, and distance to road. Alder clumps with the most dieback and mortality also had low numbers of sprouts. Transects with full sun exposure had significantly poorer alder condition than transects in full shade. Cytospora canker appears to be consistently associated with dieback and mortality. Isolates clustered into a distinct clade in phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-rDNA sequence. Cytospora isolates from other studies of alder were unrelated. Morphological and phylogenetic studies helped differentiate the Cytospora state from similar species; preliminary results indicate the pathogen is Valsa melanodiscus. This disease is usually associated with plant stress. Other potential causes are climate dynamics, bark beetles, wood borers, alder phytoplasma, and alder Phytophthora (though preliminary isolations were negative and symptoms are not consistent). poster Wu, Mei-Lee 1 and Yu-Zhi Su 2 . 1 Graduate School of Environmental Education, Taipei Municipal Teachers’ College, 2 Institute of Life Science, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan. wuml@mail1.tmtc.edu.tw. Discomycetes from Tengjhih and Shanping, Taiwan. Most of the saprophytic discomycetes were reported recently from northern Taiwan. Therefore southern mountain areas of Taiwan including Tengjhih and Shanping had been selected for investigating the flora of discomycetes since September, 2004. Total 317 samples including 9 terricolous, 10 foliicolous, 73 pteridicolous, 129 lignicolous, 40 grassicolous as well as 23 samples from gymnosperms and 33 from bamboos had been collected. Twenty-one species from 10 genus, 8 families and 4 orders were identified. Among the above 21 species Lachnum brasiliense, Lachnum oncospermatium and Lachnum sclerotii were abundant in the warm season while Clavidisculum acuum and Lachnum abnormis were abundant in the cold season. However, Lachnum controversum, Lachnum pteridophyllum, Lachnum lanariceps and Baeomyces absolutes were dominant either from cold or warm months. Clavidisculum acuum, Lachnum blechnophilum and Lachnum lanariceps were reported for the first time in Taiwan from this study. Besides photographs of macroscopic and microscopic morphologies of the newly reported species, the ecological distribution of the species collected from the above two areas will be also discussed in detail. poster MSA ABSTRACTS Yaguchi, Takashi 1 *, Horie, Yoshikazu 2 , Tanaka, Reiko 1 , Matsuzawa, Tetsuhiro 1 and Nishimura, Kazuko 1 . 1 Res. Ctr. for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba Univ., 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan, 2 Natural History Museum and Inst., Chiba, 123 Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, Japan. t-yaguchi@faculty.chiba-u.jp. Classification of pathogenic Aspergillus Section Fumigati. About 300 strains identified as A. fumigatus and related species by morphology and preserved at Chiba Univ. were reexamined. First, those strains were genotyped based on electric flow patterns by RAPD analysis. About 95% of strains had a typical RAPD pattern and strains with atypical patterns were selected. Analyses of the sequences on beta-tubulin gene, the hydrophobin gene and the ITS region of some strains of A. fumigatus with a typical RAPD pattern, all strains with atypical patterns and related species were performed. Then, the correlation between molecular phylogeny and micromorphology of conidia by SEM was examined. As a result, the strains with a typical RAPD pattern clustered together in a clade and had globose conidia with lobate-reticulate ornamentations. The strains with atypical ones were divided into two groups distant from the clade of strains with a typical one, and had conidia with microtuberculate ornamentations. They were distinguished from a typical A. fumigatus on molecular phylogeny and micromorphology. poster Yamaguchi, Kaoru*, Nakagiri, Akira, Okane, Izumi and Ito, Tadayoshi. Biological Resource Center (NBRC), Department of Biotechnology, NITE, 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan. yamaguchikaoru@nite.go.jp. Phylogenetic analysis of aero-aquatic fungi, Diplocladiella and Candelabrum, based on rDNA sequences. Based on the sequences of 18S rDNA and D1/D2 region of 28S rDNA, we analyzed phylogeny of the two genera of aero-aquatic fungi, Diplocladiella and Candelabrum, which have been frequently isolated from Japan. The results suggested that Diplocladiella is an anamorph with affinity to Loculoascomycetes and that two new species, which are distinguishable in morphology from other known species, are included in our isolates. Phylogenetic trees showed Candelabrum species are separated into two groups in Ascomycota. One group including the type species, C. spinulosum clustered within Helotiales and the other group with C. brocchiatum nested in Pyrenomycetes clade. The polyphyly of the genus may be reflected in the difference of the morphology of conidia, especially their shape and mode of branching. Molecular and morphological data also suggested a new species of Candelabrum is included in our isolates. poster Yamaguchi, Yuichi*, Masuma, Rokuro, Uchida, Ryuji, Tomoda, Hiroshi and Omura, Satoshi. Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan. yyamagu@lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp. Fungal strain FKI-1778, a producer of new antibiotics sesquicillins, isolated from mangrove mud. In the course of our search for new antibiotics from subtropical microorganisms, fungal strain FKI-1778, isolated from mangrove mud, was found to produce four new antibiotics, sesquicillins B to E together with known sesquicillin. The structures of sesquicillins were elucidated by spectropic studies including various NMR experiments. All sesquicillins have a common pyrano- diterpene skeleton. New sesquicillins B to E showed insecticidal activity against Artemina salina (brine shrimps) and caused the S phase arrest in Jurkat cells. On agar media the producing fungus showed white conidiomata, that had frill-like decoration of conidia, so the strain FKI-1778 was considered to belong to the genus Albophoma. Only one species A. yamanashiensis Kobayashi, Masuma, Omura et Watanabe for the genus was reported. Furthermore, their morphological characteristics, sequencing data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS region) and metabolite profile by LC/UV were compared. Strain FKI-1778 were 95-350 mm (av. 170 mm, n=30) in conidiomatal length, 1.5-2.2 mm (av. 2.0 mm, n=30) in conidial length, 50-70 nm frill-like structure length. Albophoma yamanashiensis FO-2546 were 125-360 mm (av. 215 mm, n=30) in conidiomatal length, 2.0-3.0 mm (av. 2.4 mm, n=30) in conidial length, 150-250 nm frill-like structure length. Strain FKI-1778 could be particularly distinguished from A. yamanashiensis by its frill-like structure. Comparison of the ITS 1 and 2, total length 321 bp excluding gaps showed that the sequence similarity between them was 92.5% with 24 bp differences. Sequence analysis of rDNA ITS 1 and 2 supported their distinction in morphological analyses. Furthermore, the metabolites of strain FKI-1778 and A. yamanashiensis FO-2546 were compared by LC/UV analysis. Sesquicillin, sesquicillin B, C, D and E were detected in the culture broth of FKI- 1778, while they were not detected in the culture broth of A. yamanashiensis. The whole chromatographic profiles by LC/UV were also different. Taken together, it was concluded that strain FKI-1778 differs from A. yamanashiensis, proposing that the strain FKI-1778 is a new species. poster Yamaguchi, Yuichi, Masuma, Rokuro*, Kim, Yong-Pil, Uchida, Ryuji, Tomoda, Hiroshi and Omura, Satoshi. Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University and Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan. masuma@lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp. Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of Pseudobotrytis sp. FKA-25 from Yakushima Island. Continued on following page Inoculum 56(4), November 2005 65
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Newsletter of the Mycological Socie
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Cordyceps Diversity in Korea Cordyc
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From the President’s Corner … D
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of fungal glucan synthesis. This in
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Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H.,
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one new IGS1 RFLP banding pattern f
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Page 71 and 72: MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF This issue
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Page 75 and 76: Ascomycota of Sweden www.umu.se/myc
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