Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
munity <strong>of</strong> several arctic plants in the Canadian High Arctic. Warming was simulated<br />
using Open Top Chambers on three distinct sites. Three replicates <strong>of</strong> warming<br />
and ambient plots were studied for each site. Fungal communities were assessed<br />
using T-RFLP analysis <strong>of</strong> the nrDNA and by isolation <strong>of</strong> fungi from roots.<br />
T-RFLP analysis was conducted directly on Salix arctica roots, but cultures were<br />
isolated from three additional host plants. T-RFLP genotype frequency and diversity<br />
was examined for S. arctica. Ordination <strong>of</strong> a distance matrix generated<br />
from rDNA RFLP genotypes from cultures was used to examine patterns among<br />
the four host plants. Representative culture isolates were sequenced to identify<br />
taxa. The lowest genotype frequency and richness was found on a site with soils<br />
derived from dolomitic parent materials. Genotype frequency tended to be higher<br />
in warmed compared to ambient plots on all sites. Ordination analyses revealed<br />
that the fungal communities were determined primarily by site characteristics<br />
rather than by warming treatment or host (for cultures). The dominant species isolated<br />
was Phialocephala fortinii. poster<br />
Fujitsuki, Kaori 1 *, Fukuhara Shoji 1 , Aimi Tadanori 2 , Maki, Noboru 2 and Morinaga,<br />
Tsutomu 1 . 1 Hiroshima Prefectural University, School <strong>of</strong> Bioresources, <strong>56</strong>2<br />
Nanatsukacho, Shobara-city, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan, 2 Advanced Life Science<br />
Institute, Inc, 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan, 3 Advanced<br />
Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-<br />
0112, Japan. tmorina@bio.hiroshima-pu.ac.jp. DNA sequence <strong>of</strong> mitochondria<br />
in Tricholoma matsutake.<br />
In general, we know growth <strong>of</strong> Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain having the<br />
mutation in mitochondria genome becomes more slowly than wild strain and<br />
forms small colony. In Neurospora crassa, if mutation occurs in mitochondria<br />
genome, growth rate becomes slow. As these results, the mutation occurs in mitochondria<br />
genome, especially, deficiency <strong>of</strong> respiration, it’s growth become very<br />
bad. By the way, the mycelium <strong>of</strong> Tricholoma matsutake grows only 3cm per one<br />
month. To clear the bad growth, we isolated mitochondria genome and sequenced.<br />
The total length <strong>of</strong> mitochondria genome <strong>of</strong> Tricholoma matsutake was<br />
45.7 kbp. This size is almost same one <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllum commune known as a<br />
saprobe, has a mitochondria genome <strong>of</strong> 49.7 kbp. In the positon <strong>of</strong> E404 to E407<br />
fragment, gene <strong>of</strong> Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 protein was coded but this<br />
gene had the large insertion <strong>of</strong> 1240bp. This insertion had 63% homology to interon<br />
protein <strong>of</strong> Agrocybe aegerita. E711 fragment the homology to NADH dehydrogenase<br />
subunit 5 protein. This gragment also was cut by the large insertion.<br />
Now we already sequenced about 80% <strong>of</strong> mitochondria genome. Until this summer,<br />
we will show the complete sequence <strong>of</strong> mitochondria. poster<br />
Fukasawa, Yu*, Osono, Takashi and Takeda, Hiroshi. Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Forest Ecology,<br />
Graduate school <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.<br />
asobu@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Role <strong>of</strong> Microporus affinis in woody litter decomposition<br />
in a subtropical evergreen forest.<br />
Lignicolous fungi have an important role in woody litter decomposition in<br />
forest ecosystems. Identification <strong>of</strong> species and quantitative analysis <strong>of</strong> wood<br />
structural components <strong>of</strong> individual decay column is necessary to clarify the wood<br />
decay patterns <strong>of</strong> individual lignicolous fungi. In this study, decay columns <strong>of</strong> Microporus<br />
affinis in woody litter <strong>of</strong> Castanopsis sieboldii were identified and physical<br />
and chemical properties <strong>of</strong> the columns were measured. Relative density (RD)<br />
<strong>of</strong> logs were measured and used as an index <strong>of</strong> decay. Lignocellulose index (LCI)<br />
<strong>of</strong> wood in each decay columns were calculated as relative amount <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate<br />
in lignocellulose matrix. Relative volume <strong>of</strong> decay column <strong>of</strong> M. affinisin a<br />
log positively correlated with RD <strong>of</strong> logs. Lignin content and LCI <strong>of</strong>decay<br />
columns were constant among RD <strong>of</strong> logs, although density <strong>of</strong> decay columns<br />
positively correlated with RD <strong>of</strong> logs. Among logs with low RD, decay columns<br />
<strong>of</strong> other fungi had lower LCI than that <strong>of</strong> M. affinis. These results suggest that in<br />
decomposition <strong>of</strong> woody litter <strong>of</strong> C. sieboldii, lignin and carbohydrate were decomposed<br />
simultaneously by M. affinis in early phase <strong>of</strong> decomposition, then, carbohydrate<br />
was decomposed selectively by other fungi in late phase <strong>of</strong> decomposition.<br />
Poster<br />
Fukiharu, Toshimitsu 1 * and Matsumoto, Taeko 2 . 1 Natural History Museum & Institute<br />
Chiba, Aoba-cho 955-2, Chiba 260-8682, Japan, 2 Toho Univ. Fac. <strong>of</strong> Sci.,<br />
Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan. fukiharu@chiba-muse.or.jp.<br />
Change in dominant ectomycorrhizal species during a 12–year period in<br />
Carpinus-Quercus dominated coppice woods in Chiba, Central Japan.<br />
Basidiocarp and ascocarp phenology, species composition and productivity<br />
were investigated in Carpinus-Quercus dominated coppice woods in Chiba, central<br />
Japan. Carpinus-Quercus dominated coppice woods were maintained over<br />
the centuries as secondary woods, traditional rural landscape in Kanto area, Central<br />
Japan. A quadrat (14 x 11 m) was made in the study site and investigated 114<br />
times in 6 years (1990-1993, 1999, 2001). The fruiting season was observed<br />
twice: in summer (June, July) and in autumn (October). In each year, 18-50<br />
species were observed, and a total <strong>of</strong> 106 species in 22 families were recognized<br />
in 6 years. The total number <strong>of</strong> species increased every year and the number was<br />
not saturated. Ectomycorrhizal species were dominant in every year (81 %-99 %;<br />
in total dry weight) such as Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae.<br />
The dominant families fluctuated in each year; Entolomataceae was dominant<br />
in 1990 (70.4 % in total dry weight), in 1991 (33.9 %), in 1992 (30.5 %) and<br />
MSA ABSTRACTS<br />
in 1993 (51.5 %). In 1999, Boletaceae (62.6 %) was dominant and in 2001,<br />
Amanitaceae (47.4 %) was dominant. The total mean productivity was 31.24<br />
kg/ha (upper ground sporocarp; dry weight), the most productive year (62.79<br />
kg/ha) was 12 times more productive than that in the least productive year (5.10<br />
kg/ha). poster<br />
Fukuda, Hideshi 1 * and Sano, Akira 2 . 1 Nihon Fukushi Univ., 26-2 Higashihaemicho,<br />
Handa-city, Aichi 475-0012, Japan, 2 Mie Pref. Sci. Tech. Prom. Ctr., 3769-<br />
1 Nihongi Hakusan-cho, Isshi-gun, Mie 515-2602, Japan.<br />
fukuda@n-fukushi.ac.jp. Propagation <strong>of</strong> Urocerus japonicus, a woodwasp<br />
with a fungal symbiont, in old felled Japanese cedar trees.<br />
Woodwasps are symbiotically associated with Amylostereum fungus spp.<br />
Adult females inoculate the fungus during oviposition on sapwood <strong>of</strong> host trees.<br />
Aided by fungal symbiosis, woodwasp larvae can digest sapwood with low nutritional<br />
value. Urocerus japonicus, a fungus-carrying woodwasp, oviposits selectively<br />
on freshly felled Japanese cedar trees that are presumed to be suitable for<br />
propagation <strong>of</strong> the fungal symbiont. We investigated the potential for growing U.<br />
japonicus in old trees by propagating Amylostereum laevigatum in the wood before<br />
woodwasp oviposition. Oviposition activity levels were higher on oviposited<br />
trees (fungus-inoculated by another woodwasp before oviposition) and on artificially<br />
inoculated trees (fungus-inoculated artificially before oviposition) than on<br />
control trees. Next-generation adults emerged from artificially inoculated trees but<br />
not from previously oviposited and control trees. These results suggest that U.<br />
japonicus can utilize fungus already propagating in wood. Moreover, we investigated<br />
the effect <strong>of</strong> inoculation season on fungus propagation in the wood. Clear<br />
wood discoloration was recognized in summer-inoculated trees but there was almost<br />
no discoloration in fall-inoculated trees. In summer-inoculated trees, fungus<br />
propagated mainly in discolored areas; in fall-inoculated trees, it propagated widely<br />
irrespective <strong>of</strong> discoloration. These results suggest that fall-inoculated trees<br />
would be best for growing these woodwasps. poster<br />
Fukushima, Kazutaka* and Chikamori, Minoru. Research Center for Pathogenic<br />
Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba<br />
260-8673, Japan. A new hexose transporter (Hxt1) from Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>ormans:<br />
molecular cloning and structural and functional characterization.<br />
We carried out a screen for Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>romans genes involved in resistance<br />
to copper ion toxicity and identified a new hexose transporter (Hxt) gene,<br />
HXT1. Hxt1 consists <strong>of</strong> 520 amino acids and functions to transport hexoses such<br />
as glucose and galactose. Although Hxt1 conferred copper resistance to Saccharomyces<br />
cerevisiae, disruption <strong>of</strong> the HXT1 gene showed that Hxt1 is not necessary<br />
for copper resistance. In virulence test, an hxt1 mutant strain showed 12%<br />
less phenoloxidase activity than the wild-type strain, and no difference in the ability<br />
to form melanin was identified. In addition, the hxt1 mutant strain showed virulence<br />
similar to that <strong>of</strong> the wild-type strain in experiments with Caenorhabditis<br />
elegans. However, the hxt1 mutant strain generated larger capsules than were generated<br />
by the wild-type strain. Thus, Hxt1 appears to be involved in capsule formation.<br />
poster<br />
Fukushima, Kazutaka*, Hashizume, Toko and Takizawa, Kayoko. Research Center<br />
for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,<br />
Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673 Japan. kfuky@faculty.chiba-u.jp. Identification<br />
and molecular phylogeny <strong>of</strong> dematiaceous fungi Phialophora species<br />
based on the D1/D2 domain <strong>of</strong> rDNA and their ubiquinone systems.<br />
Species in the deuteromycete genus Phialophora are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan<br />
and are important saprobes as well as plant and human pathogens. Accurate<br />
species identification is difficult because <strong>of</strong> the limited number <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
characters and their pleomorphism. The present study was designed to<br />
explore the potential use <strong>of</strong> the D1/D2 domain <strong>of</strong> rDNA as a tool for species identification<br />
<strong>of</strong> Phialophora spp. and to perform phylogenic analysis <strong>of</strong> the fungal<br />
taxa using the domain. Ubiquinone system being useful as a chemotaxonomic<br />
classification tool was also analyzed. 38 species <strong>of</strong> Phialophora including medically<br />
important species as P. verrucosa were used. Two kinds <strong>of</strong> ubiquinone (Q)<br />
molecules, Q- 10 (7 species) and Q-10(H2)(31 species), were identified as the<br />
major Q and most <strong>of</strong> the 7 species with Q-10 were related to human diseases. The<br />
D1/D2 domain provided very significant information in species identification; it<br />
had adequate sequence difference for the identification <strong>of</strong> medically important<br />
species and suggested the necessity <strong>of</strong> reclassification between some species. The<br />
phylogenetic tree constructed by NJ method showed three clusters with following<br />
characteristics: I (all species with Q-10, most <strong>of</strong> human pathogens), II (species related<br />
to the genus Cadophora), and III (saprophytic species with strong variability<br />
in hyphal pigmentation).<br />
poster<br />
Gallery, Rachel E. 1 *, Dalling, James W. 1 , Higgins, K. Lindsay 2 , and Arnold, A.<br />
Elizabeth 2,3 . 1 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Biology, University <strong>of</strong> Illinois, Urbana, IL<br />
61801, USA, 2 Department <strong>of</strong> Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708,<br />
USA, 3 Current address: Division <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Plant Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA.<br />
Continued on following page<br />
<strong>Inoculum</strong> <strong>56</strong>(4), November 2005 19