Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
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MSA ABSTRACTS<br />
We have studied various fungi as a screening source for useful bioactive<br />
compounds. Fungal strain FKA-25, isolated from forest soil collected in Yakushima<br />
Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, was assigned to genus Pseudobotrytis<br />
based on its morphological characteristics. Conidiophores were erect, swollen at<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> the tip, and gave rise to umbellate conidiogenous cells that were in an<br />
expanded denticulate portion at the end and formed ellipsoidal to clavate conidia<br />
in sympodial succession. Identification as Pseudobotrytis terrestris was made on<br />
the basis <strong>of</strong> the character <strong>of</strong> 1-septate conidium. Though Pseudobotrytis terrestrisis<br />
distributed widely in nature, its isolation has been rarely reported in Japan. Furthermore,<br />
no secondary metabolites have been reported from the genus<br />
Pseudobotrytis. The culture broth <strong>of</strong> strain FKA-25 was analyzed, leading to isolation<br />
<strong>of</strong> four secondary metabolites A to D. From the structure elucidation,<br />
metabolites B to D were identified as FK-17-p2a, lunatinin, and 3,4-dihydro-<br />
3,4,8-trihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone, respectively. Metabolite A was found to<br />
be a new compound designated Sespendole possessing a unique indole-sesquiterpene<br />
skeleton. Sespendole showed inhibitory activity against lipid droplet accumulation<br />
in macrophages. poster<br />
Yamaoka, Naoto* and Matsumoto, Isao. Lab. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Ehime University,<br />
Matsuyama 790-8<strong>56</strong>6, Japan. yamaokan@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp. The role <strong>of</strong><br />
primary germ tube for the life cycle <strong>of</strong> Blumeria graminis.<br />
The conidia <strong>of</strong> Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), following contact<br />
with the host surface, first form a short germ tube, called the primary germ tube<br />
(PGT), and then second, an elongating germ tube emerges. It differentiates into<br />
the appressorial germ tube (AGT), and then the AGT elongates and swells. It<br />
forms a hooked, appressorial lobe that penetrates the epidermal cell wall <strong>of</strong> the<br />
host. In a series <strong>of</strong> infections, the positive role <strong>of</strong> PGT for morphogenesis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fungus is unclear except for the possibility reported by Carver and Ingerson that<br />
the growth <strong>of</strong> a long germ tube, with the potential to differentiate an appressorium,<br />
seems to be dependent on the perception <strong>of</strong> a suitable host surface through<br />
contact with the PGT. Therefore, the aim <strong>of</strong> the present studies is to further clarify<br />
the role <strong>of</strong> PGT for morphogenesis <strong>of</strong> the fungus. When the conidia <strong>of</strong> Bgh<br />
were inoculated onto the coleoptile surface whose cuticle was removed with cellulose<br />
acetate, the emergence <strong>of</strong> the AGT was delayed. This delay was related<br />
with the length <strong>of</strong> PGT, that is, on the cuticleless coleoptile surface, the PGT tended<br />
to continue elongating without stopping. If there were gaps on the coleoptile<br />
surface such as a cell border, the PGT stopped elongating there and after that AGT<br />
emerged. Therefore, it is necessary for the trigger <strong>of</strong> AGT emergence to stop the<br />
PGT elongation. poster<br />
Yamaoka, Yuichi 1 *, Masuya, Hayato 2 , Chung, Wen-Hsin 1 , Goto, Hideaki 3 , To-<br />
Anun, Chaiwat 4 and Tokumasu, Seiji 1 . 1 Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan, 2 Forestry and Forest Products Research<br />
Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan, 3 Kyusyu Branch <strong>of</strong> FFPRI, Kumamoto<br />
860-0862, Japan, 4 Department <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand.<br />
yyamaoka@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp. Ophiostoma species with Leptographium<br />
anamorph isolated from pines invaded by bark beetles in Thailand and<br />
Japan. During survey <strong>of</strong> ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles invading<br />
pines, Leptographium yunnanense was isolated from Pinus kesiya in Thailand<br />
and Pinus densiflora in Japan. Teleomorph state was obtained from a cross between<br />
isolates <strong>of</strong> the fungus. Ascocarps are black, globose to subglobose , 206-<br />
349 X 206-357 µm in diam lacking neck. Ascospores are hyaline, 1-celled surrounded<br />
by hyaline sheaths, appearing cucullate in side view, 5.6-7.2 X 2.8-4.0<br />
µm, quadrangular in face view, triradiate in end view. We consider the present<br />
fungus as a new species. poster<br />
Yamashita, Satoshi 1,2 * and Hijii, Naoki 1 . 1 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Forest Protection, Graduate<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601,<br />
Japan, 2 Present Address: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN),<br />
335 Takashima-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0878, Japan. satosiy@chikyu.ac.jp.<br />
Loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae does not significantly reduce Collybia sp.<br />
spore count.<br />
To examine the effects <strong>of</strong> loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae on the number <strong>of</strong> spores discharged,<br />
we collected 28 fruiting bodies <strong>of</strong> Collybia sp. such as C. dryophila in a<br />
Japanese red pine forest and estimated the daily discharge from each fruiting<br />
body. We divided the fruiting bodies into four groups according to the extent <strong>of</strong><br />
loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae and the developmental stage: sound at early stage (n = 11); sound<br />
at late stage (n = 8); damaged at early stage (n = 5); and damaged at late stage (n<br />
= 4). We found a heavy loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae on four fruiting bodies, which lost more<br />
than 2/3 <strong>of</strong> the lamellae on the pileus in orthogonal projection area. The daily discharge<br />
<strong>of</strong> spores from each <strong>of</strong> the sound and damaged fruiting bodies ranged from<br />
31 250 to 95 317 500. The result <strong>of</strong> ANCOVA showed that neither the developmental<br />
stage nor the loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae significantly affected the number <strong>of</strong> spores<br />
discharged. We suggest that under natural conditions, loss <strong>of</strong> lamellae has little effect<br />
on the number <strong>of</strong> discharged spores <strong>of</strong> Collybia sp., probably because <strong>of</strong> insect<br />
feeding. poster<br />
66 <strong>Inoculum</strong> <strong>56</strong>(4), August 2005<br />
Yamato, Masahide. Biological Environment Institute, Kanso Technos Co., Ltd.,<br />
8-4 Ujimatafuri, Uji, Kyoto 611-0021, Japan. yamato_masahide@kanso.co.jp.<br />
Morphology and ecology <strong>of</strong> arbuscular and orchid mycorrhizas.<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is morphologically divided into two types,<br />
Arum and Paris type. The Arum type was dominantly found in herbaceous plants<br />
in a vacant land and seedlings <strong>of</strong> pioneer woody plants in an oil palm plantation,<br />
whereas the Paris type was dominant in understory plants in deciduous<br />
broadleaved forests. These results suggest that the Arum type could be advantageous<br />
to the fast-growing plants, while the Paris type is advantageous to slow<br />
growers in shaded condition. The hyphal coils <strong>of</strong> mycorrhizal fungi, which are<br />
similar to those <strong>of</strong> Paris type AM, are also formed in orchid mycorrhiza (OM). It<br />
was first shown in this study that Coprinus and Psathyrella in Coprinaceae form<br />
OM in an achlorophyllous orchid, Epipogium roseum. Most <strong>of</strong> the coiled hypae<br />
<strong>of</strong> the mycorrhizal fungi in E. roseum were found to be degenerated. In OM, it is<br />
well known that nutrients including carbon compounds are transferred from mycorrhizal<br />
fungi to orchids. Mycorrhizal fungus <strong>of</strong> an achlorophyllous plant<br />
Sciaphila tosaensis forming Paris-type AM was revealed to be Glomus sp. by<br />
fungal isolation and molecular analysis. The degeneration <strong>of</strong> coiled hyphae was<br />
found in this mycorrhiza, which was similar to that <strong>of</strong> OM. The intact and/or the<br />
degenerated coiled hyphae <strong>of</strong> the Paris-type AM in S. tosaensis were assumed to<br />
have the function to transfer the carbon compounds from AM fungi to the plant.<br />
MSJ Research Encouragement Award Lecture.<br />
Yoshida, Kouta 1 *, Yamada, Akiyoshi 1 , Murata, Hitoshi 2 and Kobayashi, Hisayasu<br />
3 . 1 Faculty <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-<br />
4598, Japan, 2 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki<br />
305-8687, Japan, 3 Ibaraki Prefectural Forestry Center, Naka-machi, Ibaraki 311-<br />
0122, Japan. akiyosh@gipmc.shinshu-u.ac.jp. Mycorrhiza synthesis between<br />
Tricholoma matsutake and Pinaceae plants.<br />
Tricholoma matsutake, one <strong>of</strong> the most commercially important edible ectomycorrhizal<br />
mushrooms in the world, has been established the technique for in<br />
vitro mycorrhization with the Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora. Although several<br />
other Pinaceae species have been reported their mycorrhization with T. matsutake<br />
in vitro, another combination is desired from the viewpoint <strong>of</strong> suitable tree<br />
species for transplantation at the local scale. In vitro mycorrhiza syntheses were<br />
conducted between T. matsutake and three Pinaceae plants, i.e. Pinus koraiensis,<br />
Pinus parviflora, and Picea abies. Five months after cultivation <strong>of</strong> the seedlings<br />
with T. matsutake myeclium, fine roots were observed under the microscope. All<br />
three combinations showed ectomycorrhizal features, i.e. fungal sheath and Hartig<br />
net structure at the root cortex. poster<br />
Yoshimi, Akira 1 *, Shimizu, Kiminori 2 , Kojima, Kaihei 3, 4 , Takano, Yoshitaka 3 ,<br />
Kawamoto, Susumu 2 and Tanaka, Chihiro 1 . 1 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Environmental Mycoscience,<br />
Graduate School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502,<br />
Japan, 2 Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba<br />
University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan, 3 Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, Graduate<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan, 4 Present address:<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University<br />
Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. akira@remach.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp.<br />
Functional comparison <strong>of</strong> the group III histidine kinases in ascomycetous<br />
and basidiomycetous fungi.<br />
In many filamentous fungi including a model ascomycetous fungus Neurospora<br />
crassa and a maize pathogenic ascomycete Cochliobolus heterostrophus,<br />
the mutations <strong>of</strong> the group III histidine kinase (HK-III) genes resulted in resistance<br />
to dicarboximide- and phenylpyrrole-fungicides and also in increased osmosensitivity.<br />
In this presentation, we analyzed structure and function <strong>of</strong> CnNIK1<br />
encoding an HK-III from Cryptococcus ne<strong>of</strong>ormans, a human pathogenic basidiomycetous<br />
yeast, to ask whether the the HK-III in basidiomycete is involved in<br />
drug resistance and other features. The results revealed that CnNIK1 is also responsible<br />
for the phenylpyrrole sensitivity but not in osmo-resistance, suggesting<br />
that the HK-IIIs function similarly in terms <strong>of</strong> drug resistance in both ascomycete<br />
and basidiomycete, but not in case <strong>of</strong> osmo-tolerance. It has been shown that exposure<br />
to the phenylpyrrole led to improper activation <strong>of</strong> HOG1-type MAPKs in<br />
ascomycetous plant pathogens C. heterostrophus and Colletotrichum lagenarium.<br />
We analyzed the phosphorylation pattern <strong>of</strong> HOG1-type MAPKs <strong>of</strong> C. heterostrophus,<br />
C. ne<strong>of</strong>ormans and N. crassa to elucidate the relationship between<br />
HK-IIIs and the MAPKs in fungi in general. The results indicated that HK-IIIs<br />
positively regulate the activation <strong>of</strong> HOG1-type MAPKs in all fungi tested, suggesting<br />
that this signaling pathway is broadly conserved in the fungal kingdom.<br />
poster<br />
Yuan, G. F., Chu, W. S., Chen, C. C., Liaw, L. L. Chen, Y. P., Huang, L. N., Liua,<br />
T. D. and Liao, C. C. Food Industry Research and Development Institute, P.O.<br />
Box 246, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. gfy@firdi.org.tw. Functional genomics<br />
study <strong>of</strong> Monascus spp.<br />
Monascus can produce various secondary metabolites useful as food additives<br />
and/or pharmaceuticals. A Monascus strain, BCRC 38072, isolated from red rice<br />
can produce monacolin K, a cholesterol serum synthesis inhibitor. The genome<br />
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