Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America

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MSA ABSTRACTS 2004, we began a study of Alaskan Erysiphales focusing initially on subarctic Erysiphales occurring in interior Alaska. Results of work thus far completed suggest that the diversity of Erysiphales in the region has been underestimated, both on native and introduced hosts. Consistent with Amano’s and Braun’s accounts, Sphaerotheca and Erysiphe (sensu lato) included most of the species collected. Species can differ significantly in host specificity, ranging from those associated with a single host genus to those occurring on hosts in multiple plant families. Teleomorphs appeared to be formed earlier and more consistently than is the case in the same or similar species observed in coastal Washington State where anamorphs frequently over-winter. Life cycles of Erysiphales in interior Alaska may be adapted for short growing seasons, reminiscent of the case in rust fungi occurring in similar regions. Some species, such as Microsphaera palczewskii appear to be recent arrivals on introduced host plants, while species occurring on native Salix, Vaccinium, and other host species appear ubiquitous and long-established. Observed associations included those of the powdery mildew fungus and host, but also powdery mildew-powdery mildew [coinfection of Alnus crispa by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) alni and Phyllactinia guttata], and powdery mildew fungus-mycoparasite (several Erysiphales species were found infected by Ampelomyces quisqualis). Alaska is expected to undergo profound ecological changes during the next century as a result of global warming. As climate change occurs, altered host distributions likely will affect significantly the distributions, life histories, and ecology of Erysiphales. It will be important to establish baseline information on the distribution and behavior of Erysiphales in the region in order to understand the effects of climate change on these fungi and their hosts, and to determine whether they may be used as indicators of change. Because of their superficial growth habit, relatively easy detection, and varied host relationships, Erysiphales may provide useful model systems for studying how plant-fungus interactions will be affected by climate change in extreme environs at high latitudes. symposium presentation Gomi, Katsuya. Lab. of Bioindustrial Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan. gomi@biochem.tohoku.ac.jp. Recent developments in recombinant protein production by a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. Aspergillus oryzae is an industrially important filamentous fungus in the Orient, especially in Japan, since it has been used for sake, soy sauce, and soybean paste manufacturing for more than a thousand years. In addition, A. oryzae has also been used for production of various commercial enzymes for food processing. Because of its safety proved by the long history of extensive use in food industries and its high capability of protein secretion, A. oryzae has been attracting much attention for a suitable host organism for industrial production of heterologous proteins. Actually, alkaline lipase of Thermomyces lanuginosus has been industrially produced by an A. oryzae recombinant strain. However, the amount of heterologous proteins produced has not been comparable to those of homologous or fungal proteins. To date, many attempts have been done to improve the productivity of foreign proteins in Aspergilli, and yield improvement has been accomplished mainly by the introduction of multiple copies of expressed genes, the use of strong promoters, and gene fusions to own well-secreted proteins. Recently, codon optimization of the foreign gene resulted in significant increase in secreted non-fungal protein yield caused by the increased mRNA level. This strategy may lead to stabilize heterologous mRNA. In addition to stability of mRNA, alternations in 5’-untranslated region of the gene to be expressed had a considerably beneficial effect on the translation efficiency owing presumably to promotion of translation initiation of the gene. Moreover, since degradation of heterologous proteins has been recognized to be caused by the action of own proteases, molecular genetically modified strains deficient in proteases have been constructed and the use of them has resulted in increased heterologous protein levels. symposium presentation Goto, Yasuhiko 1 *, Ando, Yoko 1 , Maruyama, Kokichi 1 , Sasaki, Hiromi 1 , Masai, Toshiro 2 , Orihara, Takamichi 2 , Shimono, Yoshito 2 , Fukiharu, Hiroko 3 and Osaku, Koichi 3 . 1 The Mycologist Circle of Japan, c/o Y. Goto, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1175 Japan, 2 The Yokin-no-Kai, c/o K. Matsumura, Egawa, Shimamoto, Osaka 618- 0013, Japan, 3 The Chiba Mycological Club, c/o Natural History Museum & Institute Chiba, Aoba-cho, Chiba 260-8682, Japan. hattori@affrc.go.jp. Poisonous mushrooms in Japan: their taxonomy, toxicology and folklore. In many regions of Japan, people enjoy hunting wild edible mushrooms. Certain regions have ‘professional mushroom hunters’ and wild mushrooms are sold in local markets. On the other hand, poisonous mushrooms are occasionally eaten accidentally in Japan. In 2004, it was repeatedly reported that people undergoing kidney dialyses suffered serious encephalitis after eating Pleurocybella porrigens, that was supposed to be an edible mushroom and frequently eaten in certain areas of Japan. Some poisonous species such as Amanita ibotengutake, Boletus rhodocarpus and B. venenatus, are recently described from Japan. An undescribed species of Tylopilus was revealed to contain a deadly poison in 2002. Additionally, several poisonous species were originally described from Japan: Clitocybe acromelalga, Galerina fasciculata, Omphalotus guepiniformis (= Lampteromyces japonicus), and Russula subnigricans. We introduce the above species in addition to other important poisonous mushrooms, discussing their taxonomy, toxicology and folklore, and exhibit color photographs from the field. poster 22 Inoculum 56(4), August 2005 Gotou, Takanobu*, Mizuno, Seiichi, Shinoda, Tadashi, Ohki, Kohji and Yamamoto, Naoyuki. Calpis Co., Ltd.,11-10, Fuchinobe 5chome, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 229-0006, Japan. takanobu.gotou@calpis.co.jp. Purification of proteolytic enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae needed in processing of antihypertensive peptide, Ile-Pro-Pro, in casein hydrolysis. Recently, a method to prepare antihypertensive peptides, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro from casein was newly developed with Aspergillus oryzae protease. However, there is no information about key enzymes which play important roles in the processing of the two peptides in A. oryzae protease. Therefore, we tried to identify proteinases and peptidases which can catalyze the processing of Ile-Pro- Pro from A. oryzae protease in the present study. We purified two types of proteolytic enzymes needed in the processing of Ile-Pro-Pro from A. oryzae extract by three steps of chromatographies. One of the enzymes that hydrolyze casein had an identical N-terminal amino acid sequence to that of Neutral protease I. The other enzyme had a similar N-terminal amino acid sequence to Leucine aminopeptidase reported from Aspergillus sojae. Ile-Pro-Pro was processed from casein by adding of these purified two enzymes but not by single enzyme. From these results, importance of these two enzymes of A. oryzae protease in processing of Ile-Pro-Pro was suggested. poster Grubisha, Lisa C.* and Bruns, Thomas D. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA. grubishl@nature.berkeley.edu. High levels of genetic differentiation are detected within island populations in two sympatric Rhizopogon species. We are investigating the relationship between genetic and geographic structure in two sympatric species of Rhizopogon on two of the California Channel Islands. R. vulgaris and R. occidentalis are hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with pines. Spore dispersal is by mammals that consume fruiting bodies, thus dispersal should be restricted by geographic barriers and distance between populations. R. vulgaris and R. occidentalis were sampled from native pine populations on Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island. Results from analysis of microsatellite data reveal that in both species populations separated by very short distances can exhibit a high degree of genetic differentiation if intervening areas do not contain suitable habitat. Within Santa Cruz Island, populations of both species showed a high degree of structure even though they were only separated by 11- 18 km. Physical barriers, such as the lack of pines and a large dry valley, separated these populations, that were located on two mountain ranges. On Santa Rosa Island, R. occidentalis populations have extremely low levels of gene diversity possibly resulting from a bottleneck. These results are consistent with the idea that in isolated pine populations gene flow between populations of these fungi is restricted by the movement of the mammals that disperse their spores. contributed presentation Gueidan, Cécile* and Lutzoni, François. Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham NC 27708, USA. cg19@duke.edu. Molecular phylogeny of the Verrucariales (Fungi, Ascomycota) and the evolution of nutritional modes in the Chaetothyriomycetidae. Verrucariales is a poorly studied order of mostly rock-dwelling lichenized ascomycetes, found in varied habitats ranging from marine and fresh water to dry environments. Phylogenetic relationships among members of Verrucariales are mostly unknown and the morphology-based classification has never been tested with molecular data. The first goal of this project is to reconstruct a multilocus phylogeny for this order. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies showed the Verrucariales as sister to the Chaetothyriales. These two orders share a most common ancestor with members of the order Pyrenulales. Together, these three orders are recognized as forming the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae. The order Chaetothyriales is strictly non-lichenized, whereas the orders Verrucariales and Pyrenulales contain both lichenized and non-lichenized taxa. The order Verrucariales includes non-lichenized taxa living on lichens as parasites, commensals or saprobes (lichenicolous fungi). The diversity of lifestyles within these three orders provides evidence that host-switches and changes in nutritional habits occurred frequently. The second goal of this project is to reconstruct ancestral states to test if lichenicolous lichens and fungi were transitional stages between mutualism and parasitism. contributed presentation Hallen, Heather E.* and Trail, Frances. Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. hallenhe@msu.edu. Examination of sexual development in Gibberella zeae using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays. Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight, a serious disease of wheat and other cultivated crops. We have developed a genome-wide Affymetrix GeneChip microarray of Gibberella zeae. Our lab has used the first-generation GeneChips to investigate sexual development in vitro. We sampled from zero-hour (0H) vegetative hyphae, 24H wide dikaryotic hyphae, 48H unpigmented perithecial initials, 72 and 96H immature perithecia, and mature perithecia with ascospores (144H) (time points refer to time following induction of sexual development). We have performed from three to five biological replicates per time point; additionally, we have begun sampling Continued on following page
the corresponding growth stages in planta. While analysis is still at an early stage, we have been able to identify several clusters of differentially regulated genes. We are particularly interested in genes that are upregulated during sexual development, and are focussing our further research efforts on these genes. poster Hallen, Heather E.*, Guenther, John C. and Trail, Frances. Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. hallenhe@msu.edu. Two novel mutants in Gibberella zeae affect ascospore development and discharge. Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) infects wheat, corn and numerous other crop plants to inflict substantial economic losses worldwide. The primary inoculum is the ascospore, forcibly discharged from perithecia developed on crop debris. Consequently, ascospore discharge is of considerable interest in understanding the disaese cycle of this fungus. We have been investigating the role of ion channels in ascospore discharge by performing targeted gene knockouts. Recently, we have generated two mutants which affect ascospore development and discharge. One produces apparently normal perithecia and asci, but lacks ascospores. Meiosis and reduction division apparently take place within the ascus, but spores are not fully developed. The second mutant produces ascospores but does not discharge them. The perithecia are considerably drier than wild type. contributed presentation Hambleton, Sarah 1 *, Seifert, Keith A. 1 , Nickerson, Nancy L. 2 , and Hill-Rackette, Grace 3 . 1 Biodiversity Theme (Mycology & Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada, 2 Biodiversity Theme (Mycology & Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5 Canada, 3 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. hambletons@agr.gc.ca. Chlamydosporic ascomycetes: an examination of relationships and variation among taxa with minimal or reduced morphology. Many fungi isolated from soil produce thick-walled, melanized, resistant structures called ‘aleurioconidia’ or ‘chlamydospores.’ Some isolates also produce synanamorphs that facilitate identification, but others are simply described as humicola- or trichocladium-like on the basis of brown aleurioconidia produced laterally or terminally on minimally differentiated conidiophores. Our recent studies of fungi isolated from soil and plant roots recovered a number of chlamydosporic taxa that were distinct according to analyses of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences. Some were identified (eg. Humicolopsis) while others await names, or are newly described based on results of detailed morphological studies and comparisons with known genera of chlamydosporic fungi, including Thermomyces, Humicola and Trichocladium. Characters of the colony, conidium (germ pores, septation, ornamentation), conidium ontogeny, and synanamorph were useful for differentiating new taxa. Chlamydospore production was inconsistent among isolates and sometimes required special incubation conditions. Analyses of new and existing sequence data highlighted the diverse phylogenetic relationships of these fungi allied to four Classes of Ascomycota. In some cases, closely related sequences from GenBank were for unnamed root-associated fungi. ITS data suggest that Humicola is a synonym of Trichocladium. contributed presentation Gowland, Kelli M. 1,2 , Clements, Mark A. 2 , and Nicotra, Adrienne 1 . 1 School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; 2 Center for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. kelli.gowland@csiro.au. Detecting bias in host and fungal associates of three epiphytic Aeridinae orchids of Australia An epiphyte is an organism that utilizes another organism as a substrate upon which to live. Epiphytes derive no direct benefit from, nor do they confer any direct benefit to their host, thus most epiphytes are not host specific. Despite this, research on three epiphytic Aeridinae orchids of eastern Australia uncovered non-random distribution patterns within four disparate field sites. Two of the orchids, Sarcochilus olivaceous and Plectorrhiza tridentata, exhibited distinct host species preferences. All orchids depend upon a mycorrhizal fungus to germinate, thus it is intuitive that the host bias reflects a non-random fungal distribution. To test this hypothesis Rhizoctonia-like fungi were isolated from orchid roots from two field sites, pure cultures were obtained and the nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences of these isolates determined. The results suggest that these fungi are neither restricted to particular species of woody plants, nor to the different sites. They also demonstrate that these orchids associate with distinct clades of Ceratobasidium fungi and that their fungal associates correlate strongly with their ecological preferences. poster Hanlin, Richard T. 1 * and González, Maria C. 21 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga, 30602-7274, USA, 2 Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico. mcgv@ibiologia.unam.mx. Fungal Philately. Fungal Philately, the collecting of postage stamps, is one of the most popular hobbies in the world. Postal services in many countries take advantage of this by designing stamps that will appeal to collectors, as well as serve their primary function as postage. For some smaller countries, the sale of postage stamps to collectors represents a significant percentage of their national income. The majority of philatelists are general collectors, but many others are thematic, or topical, col- MSA ABSTRACTS lectors, concentrating on stamps with a particular theme, such as birds, animals, flowers, etc. One such topic is mushrooms and other fungi. The first postage stamps depicting mushrooms were issued by Romania in 1958. Since then, about 160 countries have issued over 2,500 stamps depicting some 700 species of fungi. A notable exception is the USA. This number does not include souvenir sheets that have been produced by many countries. Amanita muscaria is the most common mushroom found on stamps, followed by A. caesarea, A. phalloides and A. pantherina. Other frequent genera include Agaricus, Cantharellus, Coprinus, Hygrocybe, Lactarius, Macrolepiota and Russula. Boletus edulus is the most common bolete. Among the ascomycetes, Morchella esculenta is most common, along with a few cup fungi and Xylaria species. Most groups of fungi are represented by at least one stamp, including rusts, smuts, polypores, slime molds, lichens and hyphomycetes, especially Penicillium notatum, which is often shown with Sir Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin. poster Hanna, John W. 1,2 *, Klopfenstein, Ned B. 1 , Kim, Mee-Sook 1 , McDonald, Geral I. 1 and Moore, James, A. 2 1 USDA Forest Service-RMRS, 1221 South Main Street, Moscow, ID 83843, USA, 2 Dept. of Forest Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA. jhanna@fs.fed.us. Phylogeographic structure of Armillaria ostoyae in the western United States. Direct-PCR was used to obtain sequences of nuclear rDNA regions (large subunit, internal transcribed spacer including 5.8S, and intergenic spacer) from Armillaria ostoyae genets collected in the western USA. Many genets contained heterogeneous sequences that indicate intragenomic variation and/or intraspecific hybridization. Intragenomic variation in rDNA regions was verified with the application of specific internal primers and visual analysis of sequence chromatograms. Bayesian inference methods defined three phylogenetic groups. Two phylogeographic groups were associated with the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions of the USA. Additional analysis of A. ostoyae from outside the western USA indicates the presence of a circumboreal group with representation in Utah, USA. Individual genets containing heterogeneous sequence combinations from multiple groups were common in some geographic regions. Analysis of phylogeographic structure among these groups and hybrids allows for conjecture of paleogeographic and paleoclimatic influences. Hypothetically, groups may have physically converged after long-term geographic isolation. Subsequent hybridization events may have influenced evolution and contributed to variation in ecological behavior of Armillaria species. contributed presentation Hasebe, Nobukatsu 1 , Henkel, Terry W. 1 and Stephenson, Steven L. 2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95512, USA, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA. nhqri@earthlink.net. Myxomycete communities of the Upper Potaro River, Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana. Myxomycete diversity in the rain forests of the Upper Potaro River area of Guyana’s Pakaraima Mountains was investigated. Data from field collections and moist-chamber cultures of bark, aerial and ground substrata collected along transects in mixed and Dicymbe monodominant forests are discussed with respect to myxomycete distribution and microhabitats in the two forests. Putatively new species of Lamproderma are examined, and new distributional records for species in several genera are discussed. poster Hasegawa, Eri 1 *, Ota, Yuko 1 and Ito, Susumu 2 . 1 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan, 2 157-62 Tsutsui-Yatsuhashi, Aomori 030-0944, Japan. haseg@ffpri.affrc.go.jp. Armillaria isolated from herbaceous plant roots. We attempted to detect Armillaria on plants in abandoned rice fields in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Sampling sites were seasonally inundated, though wet all year. Soil blocks containing plants were removed from the ground, the soil was washed off with water, and isolations were attempted from underground plant parts. Armillaria sp. was isolated from herbaceous plant species including Carex spp. The fungus was isolated from living roots 3-18 cm below ground, but not from rhizomes or dead roots. No mycelial mats or rhizomorphs were observed on roots. Host plants were not wilted or yellowed, and did not show other symptoms. There were no trees or bushes in the sampling sites and soil samples did not contain tree roots. The fact that Armillaria inhabits living roots of herbaceous plants other than achlorophyllous orchids without causing disease symptoms indicates new ecological characteristics of the fungus. poster Hashimoto, Yasushi 1 *, Kunishi, Ayako 1 and Hasegawa, Shigeaki 2 . 1 Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan, 2 Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060- 0810, Japan. yhashi@obihiro.ac.jp. Interspecific C transfers from Larix kaempferi Carr. to Pyrola incarnata Fischer by way of mycorrhizal fungi. Our knowledge of the function of Pyrola mycorrhizas in forest ecosystems has been limited. To confirm the interspecific C transfer from Larix kaempferi to Pyrola incarnata by way of mycorrhizal fungi, 13C tracer studies were performed. We fed 13CO 2 to L. kaempferi and measured the excess atom% of 13C Continued on following page Inoculum 56(4), November 2005 23
Page 1 and 2: Newsletter of the Mycological Socie
Page 3 and 4: Cordyceps Diversity in Korea Cordyc
Page 5 and 6: From the President’s Corner … D
Page 7 and 8: of fungal glucan synthesis. This in
Page 9 and 10: Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H.,
Page 11 and 12: one new IGS1 RFLP banding pattern f
Page 13 and 14: first contribution on the knowledge
Page 15 and 16: of diversity in the warm climes of
Page 17 and 18: nizing fungi on bay laurel, both ep
Page 19 and 20: munity of several arctic plants in
Page 21: and subantarctic regions and conduc
Page 25 and 26: Maryland 20705, USA, 3 1089 A Stree
Page 27 and 28: growth at 10 o C on potato-dextrose
Page 29 and 30: Johnston, Peter R. Landcare Researc
Page 31 and 32: esults have shown evidence of repro
Page 33 and 34: term survival of Aspergillus flavus
Page 35 and 36: species from each of the five Eumyc
Page 37 and 38: attack by spruce bark beetle (Dendr
Page 39 and 40: Matheny, P. Brandon Dept. of Biolog
Page 41 and 42: examine fungal communities associat
Page 43 and 44: data from four protein-coding genes
Page 45 and 46: Novick, Rachel S. Yale University,
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Page 49 and 50: document remediation after flooding
Page 51 and 52: Sakai, Shunsuke 1a , Nishide, Tatsu
Page 53 and 54: strain was also discussed. The addi
Page 55 and 56: Stadler, Marc 1 *, Hellwig, Veronic
Page 57 and 58: on the telial hosts followed by rad
Page 59 and 60: glucosidase activity was higher com
Page 61 and 62: Upadhyay, Srijana, Long, Melissa an
Page 63 and 64: gon State University and downloaded
Page 65 and 66: transmission electron, and epifluor
Page 67 and 68: sequence of Monascus sp. BCRC 38072
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Page 71 and 72: MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF This issue
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MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF Previously
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Ascomycota of Sweden www.umu.se/myc
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inoculum The Newsletter of the Myco
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