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Chapter 1 10 Loading ratio p Cole. E>p 3 A 5 ——— • N« 0.8 Figure 18. Tsuji et al (1987). Particle concentration distribution for gas-solid flow in a horizontal channel at 7 and 15m/s. Notice that the integral equation gives a good fit at 7m/s, at which velocity the model was correlated, but a poor fit at the higher velocity. V • 15 m/» •M* o.s Figure 19. Tsuji et al (1987). The air and particle velocities as computed for the two mean stream speeds in figure 18. The error at 15m/s in figure 18 would appear to be due either to the particle model or to the use of the integral method which ignores the fluctuations from the mean that are so important for two phase modelling.
Chapter 1 StCMl STRESS SCALE « K /I Figure 20. Johns et al (1990). Computed and experimentally determined distributions of mean and turbulent quantities over sandwaves. a) Velocity profiles b) TKE density c) Kinematic shear stress d) Kinematic bed shear stress. The failure of this model to predict separation (as shown by poor fit in graphs b and c) was put down to the assumption of hydrostatic pressure. Nevertheless the model was used to predict sediment transport over a series of three bedforms. Any agreement with sediment transport data must therefore be fortuitous.
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FLUID-PARTICLE TRANSPORT DYNAMICS O
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SYNOPSIS The local dynamics of sand
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES C
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CHAPTER 3: JETTING EXPERIMENTS Summ
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2 Numerical scheme 6-5 3 Results 6-
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LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.
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U=830mm/s. Figure 16. Thomas et al
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in the boundary layer. a) The forma
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 3 Figure 1. After Alien (19
Page 19 and 20: at various values of U/V from 2.7 t
Page 21 and 22: y Coanda-flapping of the free shear
Page 23 and 24: of a sandwave crest in the estuary
Page 25 and 26: Figure 7h-i. The temporal fluctuati
Page 27 and 28: inclined downwards whereas the time
Page 29 and 30: starting position (X,Y) at zero ini
Page 31 and 32: d Sand grain diameter (m) Fi Number
Page 33 and 34: G Vortex core growth rate (tn/s) ki
Page 35 and 36: 1 INTRODUCTION Sand forms the botto
Page 37 and 38: where U is the depth-averaged veloc
Page 39 and 40: The wavelengths of dunes primarily
Page 41 and 42: detached and then confined within a
Page 43 and 44: The vortex radius rn and apparent w
Page 45 and 46: Recent work by Nezu & Nakagawa (199
Page 47 and 48: found in the outer streaks. 4 MODEL
Page 49 and 50: (1987), for example, modelled gas-s
Page 51 and 52: Profiles of shear stress and turbul
Page 53 and 54: 6ft v "' ' Re In the limit of large
Page 55 and 56: that the particle radius was much s
Page 57 and 58: and travels downstream at speed }*U
Page 59 and 60: capture by transient large eddies s
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 1 Figure 3. Alien (1984). L
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 1 10 8 e 4 I 08 •- 02 Yal
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 1 bw speed fluid Figure 11.
Page 67: Chapter 1 Figure 16. Thomas et al (
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1 Haiht Vdodty Figure 22. S
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1 Time = 1.2 2.4 ' ' :•
Page 75 and 76: 1 INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN CONSIDERA
Page 77 and 78: Initial costing for a flume of the
Page 79 and 80: flanges and a maximum flow rate of
Page 81 and 82: could be wound above or below the l
Page 83 and 84: 4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODS He
Page 85 and 86: 4.2 Flow visualisation and model pa
Page 87 and 88: any divergence from the beam and to
Page 89 and 90: even flow over 0.45m width and up t
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 2 Opt 1 h(m) 0.01 Max D(m)
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 2 Part of side section Putt
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 2 Suction tank Bypass Disch
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 2 QUncorrectedflow £ Corre
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 2 60 r 501 40? 30r 20 r lOr
Page 101 and 102: 1_ INTRODUCTION The main features o
Page 103 and 104: 2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A detailed d
Page 105 and 106: the relationship is then simply ^ -
Page 107 and 108: number about 0.14. They were taken
Page 109 and 110: along the stoss slope. Figures 8 an
Page 111 and 112: 3.3a) Jetting trajectories when U/V
Page 113 and 114: errors increase substantially due t
Page 115 and 116: likely distributions. 4 DISCUSSION
Page 117 and 118: Our suggestion here is akin to that
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not accommodate the differing migra
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considered by proponents of numeric
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Chapter 3 C,;: Figure 3a-j. The pla
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Q CO 23 Figure 6. Distribution of p
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Chapter 3 X(cm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
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Chapter 3 U(m/s) V(m/s) U/V M1+M2 M
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O I r+ 21 CO 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 >
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8 11 14 17 20 23 25 + Position Figu
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Chapter 3 U/V= B5.7 Q9.3 BlO.7^12.8
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Chapter 3 Band 1 2 3 4 U(m/s) 0.2 0
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1 INTRODUCTION In chapter 3 we cons
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velocity for a maximum of 40% of th
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layer vortices extending over the d
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2.2 Methods for measuring Coanda-fl
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Section 3.4 considers suspension fr
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This same flow structure has also b
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3.2b) Effect of varying inter-crest
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those with fall speed 0.060m/s for
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3.4 Particle capture from stoss slo
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are discussed in the context of est
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jetted grains settling to the lee s
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Chapter 4 ENTRAINED FLOW Figure 1.
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Figure 3a-j. The plates show partic
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Chapter 4 Percentage occurrence •
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Chapter 4 Interval (s) 60 80 100 12
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Chapter 4 0.024m Conc=8% Figure 12.
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Chapter 4 Figure 16. A cloud of par
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1 INTRODUCTION We use a Rankine vor
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effective particle fall speed in th
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particle velocity Vx=0. The initial
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the vortex axis. Vortex circulation
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dimensional fall times T^ for diffe
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horizontal component lift force (fi
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corresponds to the trajectory trave
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stepping the calculation in VT . Do
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averaged exclusion of the coherent
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C from figure 11 (ie 2.2) then we h
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PflRTICLE DENSITY=1000.000 Kg/n3 LI
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Chapter 5 ft) J k I Figure 4. Varyi
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Chapter 5 Relative Fall Time va Sta
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Chapter 5 Figure 7a. Trajectories o
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Chapter 5 Velocity X —Inertia X L
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Chapter 5 Velocity X —Velocity Y
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Chapter 5 Velocity Y Inertia Y Lift
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Chapter 5 DENSITY PARTICLE=2850.000
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Chapter 5 Rad = 0.006 Rad=0.003 Rad
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Chapter 5 H3 Y=0 Oy=i m Y=2 D-y=3
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CHAPTER 6: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF
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next. If we now adopt the classical
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st = (4) Where p p was the particle
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3 RESULTS 3.1 Specified 6 and V Fig
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the blue squares to double loops an
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A0fl0 = 1.25V-0.33G-0.005 (7) and f
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Conversely, the upper line of the p
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equations. Such a discrete vortex m
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Figure 1. Schematic of the shear la
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Chapter 6 J G H K M Figure 3. Seven
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Chapter 6 1 T V=0.161 0.1 -- V41185
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Chapter 6 - DataV=0.0335, G=0.01
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CHAPTER 7: RECAPITULATION AND RECOM
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were shown to compare well with pre
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We have shown Coanda-flapping makes
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figure 5, was critically dependant
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stoss slope suspension studies of c
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Figure la-g. The seven trajectory m
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 0.0351 0.03 " 03 0.025 0.
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Flow 16 (1) pp 19-34. Bernal LP (19
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Mechanics of Sediment Transport. Is
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turbulence near a smooth wall in a
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moderate Reynolds number shear laye
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Spalding (1961). A single formula f
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USA. 1-12
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APPENDIX 1: BOUNDARY LAYER STUDIES
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(1967) used hydrogen bubble visuali
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The burst-sweep dynamics study of U
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Horseshoe vortex Vortex filament Ho
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APPENDIX 2: FAST9003.HR(RW)/NHT - P
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of the vorticity shed into the near
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transport dynamics of multiphase fl
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APPENDIX 3: FUNDAMENTAL NAVIER-STOK
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APPENDIX 4: CLOSURE METHODS 1 ZERO
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where cr k and CD are empirical con
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K = CDe^ 2 p 2 \U2 -U1 \=e 1e 2 c (
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APPENDIX 6: K-e MODEL OF JOHNS ET A
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They then defined a hydrodynamic co
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with respect to the rest of the vor
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The vorticity equation can be split
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around the crest and the motion of
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micrometers, with mean of 80 microm
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i——COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WOR
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width speed (metres) ^(cm/s) 11 Fig
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U (33) = 1.16ms-' Depth = 2.65 m Fi
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APPENDIX 9 : DERIVATION OF FORCES O
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APPENDIX 10 : MODEL CODE FOR CALCUL
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APPENDIX 11: MODEL CODE FOR GROWING
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105 if (scancode .eq. 57) stop GOTO
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