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Chapter 2 U(m/s) 0.20 0.31 0.36 0.43 D(m) 0.162 0.177 0.188 0.205 Froude num. 0.158 0.235 0.265 0.289 W/D 2.80 2.55 2.40 2.20 DevL/D 24 22 20 19 h/D 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.21 Figure 11. Experimental flow parameters at the four depth-averaged flow velocities used for experiments in chapters 3 and 4. Height (cm) above crest 2 20 -• D 0.20 O 0.31 ^s 0.36 -X 0.43 18 -• 16 -• 14 -• 12 - 10 - 8 -• 6 - A -• 2 -• 0 0.05 —i— 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Velocity (m/s) Figure 12. The four velocity profiles at crest two corresponding to the mean flow velocities in the table above. Notice the accelerated flow around 8cm above the crest. Fall sp (m/s) 0.034 0.060 0.076 Length (mm) 3.0+/-0.3 2.5+/-0.3 3.0+/-0.3 Diam (mm) 2.0+/-0.3 2.0+/-0.3 2.0+/-0.3 S.g. 1.13 1.18 1.25 Figure 13. Physical properties of the experimental particles.
Chapter 2 60 r 501 40? 30r 20 r lOr 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 a) Mean=0.034m/s. 4.4 5 5.5 6 6.5 b) Mean=0.060m/s 35- 7 7.5 8 c) Mean=0.076m/s. 8.5 d) Mean Vel 0.034 0.060 0.076 S.D. 0.102 0.103 0.106 Figure 14. a, b and c) show the distributions of the measured fall speed of 100 particles of each type. The mean velocities and standard deviations of these distributions are shown in d).
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FLUID-PARTICLE TRANSPORT DYNAMICS O
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SYNOPSIS The local dynamics of sand
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES C
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CHAPTER 3: JETTING EXPERIMENTS Summ
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2 Numerical scheme 6-5 3 Results 6-
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LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.
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U=830mm/s. Figure 16. Thomas et al
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in the boundary layer. a) The forma
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Chapter 3 Figure 1. After Alien (19
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at various values of U/V from 2.7 t
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y Coanda-flapping of the free shear
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of a sandwave crest in the estuary
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Figure 7h-i. The temporal fluctuati
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inclined downwards whereas the time
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starting position (X,Y) at zero ini
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d Sand grain diameter (m) Fi Number
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G Vortex core growth rate (tn/s) ki
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1 INTRODUCTION Sand forms the botto
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where U is the depth-averaged veloc
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The wavelengths of dunes primarily
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detached and then confined within a
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The vortex radius rn and apparent w
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Recent work by Nezu & Nakagawa (199
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Page 49 and 50: (1987), for example, modelled gas-s
Page 51 and 52: Profiles of shear stress and turbul
Page 53 and 54: 6ft v "' ' Re In the limit of large
Page 55 and 56: that the particle radius was much s
Page 57 and 58: and travels downstream at speed }*U
Page 59 and 60: capture by transient large eddies s
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 1 Figure 3. Alien (1984). L
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 1 10 8 e 4 I 08 •- 02 Yal
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 1 bw speed fluid Figure 11.
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 1 Figure 16. Thomas et al (
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 1 StCMl STRESS SCALE « K /
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 1 Haiht Vdodty Figure 22. S
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 1 Time = 1.2 2.4 ' ' :•
Page 75 and 76: 1 INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN CONSIDERA
Page 77 and 78: Initial costing for a flume of the
Page 79 and 80: flanges and a maximum flow rate of
Page 81 and 82: could be wound above or below the l
Page 83 and 84: 4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODS He
Page 85 and 86: 4.2 Flow visualisation and model pa
Page 87 and 88: any divergence from the beam and to
Page 89 and 90: even flow over 0.45m width and up t
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 2 Opt 1 h(m) 0.01 Max D(m)
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 2 Part of side section Putt
Page 95 and 96: Chapter 2 Suction tank Bypass Disch
Page 97: Chapter 2 QUncorrectedflow £ Corre
Page 101 and 102: 1_ INTRODUCTION The main features o
Page 103 and 104: 2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A detailed d
Page 105 and 106: the relationship is then simply ^ -
Page 107 and 108: number about 0.14. They were taken
Page 109 and 110: along the stoss slope. Figures 8 an
Page 111 and 112: 3.3a) Jetting trajectories when U/V
Page 113 and 114: errors increase substantially due t
Page 115 and 116: likely distributions. 4 DISCUSSION
Page 117 and 118: Our suggestion here is akin to that
Page 119 and 120: not accommodate the differing migra
Page 121 and 122: considered by proponents of numeric
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 3 C,;: Figure 3a-j. The pla
Page 125 and 126: Q CO 23 Figure 6. Distribution of p
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 3 X(cm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
Page 129 and 130: Chapter 3 U(m/s) V(m/s) U/V M1+M2 M
Page 131 and 132: O I r+ 21 CO 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 >
Page 133 and 134: 8 11 14 17 20 23 25 + Position Figu
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 3 U/V= B5.7 Q9.3 BlO.7^12.8
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 3 Band 1 2 3 4 U(m/s) 0.2 0
Page 139 and 140: 1 INTRODUCTION In chapter 3 we cons
Page 141 and 142: velocity for a maximum of 40% of th
Page 143 and 144: layer vortices extending over the d
Page 145 and 146: 2.2 Methods for measuring Coanda-fl
Page 147 and 148: Section 3.4 considers suspension fr
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This same flow structure has also b
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3.2b) Effect of varying inter-crest
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those with fall speed 0.060m/s for
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3.4 Particle capture from stoss slo
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are discussed in the context of est
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jetted grains settling to the lee s
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Chapter 4 ENTRAINED FLOW Figure 1.
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Figure 3a-j. The plates show partic
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Chapter 4 Percentage occurrence •
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Chapter 4 Interval (s) 60 80 100 12
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Chapter 4 0.024m Conc=8% Figure 12.
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Chapter 4 Figure 16. A cloud of par
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1 INTRODUCTION We use a Rankine vor
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effective particle fall speed in th
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particle velocity Vx=0. The initial
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the vortex axis. Vortex circulation
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dimensional fall times T^ for diffe
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horizontal component lift force (fi
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corresponds to the trajectory trave
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stepping the calculation in VT . Do
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averaged exclusion of the coherent
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C from figure 11 (ie 2.2) then we h
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PflRTICLE DENSITY=1000.000 Kg/n3 LI
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Chapter 5 ft) J k I Figure 4. Varyi
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Chapter 5 Relative Fall Time va Sta
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Chapter 5 Figure 7a. Trajectories o
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Chapter 5 Velocity X —Inertia X L
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Chapter 5 Velocity X —Velocity Y
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Chapter 5 Velocity Y Inertia Y Lift
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Chapter 5 DENSITY PARTICLE=2850.000
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Chapter 5 Rad = 0.006 Rad=0.003 Rad
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Chapter 5 H3 Y=0 Oy=i m Y=2 D-y=3
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CHAPTER 6: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF
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next. If we now adopt the classical
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st = (4) Where p p was the particle
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3 RESULTS 3.1 Specified 6 and V Fig
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the blue squares to double loops an
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A0fl0 = 1.25V-0.33G-0.005 (7) and f
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Conversely, the upper line of the p
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equations. Such a discrete vortex m
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Figure 1. Schematic of the shear la
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Chapter 6 J G H K M Figure 3. Seven
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Chapter 6 1 T V=0.161 0.1 -- V41185
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Chapter 6 - DataV=0.0335, G=0.01
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CHAPTER 7: RECAPITULATION AND RECOM
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were shown to compare well with pre
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We have shown Coanda-flapping makes
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figure 5, was critically dependant
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stoss slope suspension studies of c
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Figure la-g. The seven trajectory m
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 0.0351 0.03 " 03 0.025 0.
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Flow 16 (1) pp 19-34. Bernal LP (19
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Mechanics of Sediment Transport. Is
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turbulence near a smooth wall in a
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moderate Reynolds number shear laye
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Spalding (1961). A single formula f
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USA. 1-12
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APPENDIX 1: BOUNDARY LAYER STUDIES
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(1967) used hydrogen bubble visuali
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The burst-sweep dynamics study of U
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Horseshoe vortex Vortex filament Ho
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APPENDIX 2: FAST9003.HR(RW)/NHT - P
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of the vorticity shed into the near
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transport dynamics of multiphase fl
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APPENDIX 3: FUNDAMENTAL NAVIER-STOK
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APPENDIX 4: CLOSURE METHODS 1 ZERO
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where cr k and CD are empirical con
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K = CDe^ 2 p 2 \U2 -U1 \=e 1e 2 c (
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APPENDIX 6: K-e MODEL OF JOHNS ET A
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They then defined a hydrodynamic co
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with respect to the rest of the vor
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The vorticity equation can be split
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around the crest and the motion of
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micrometers, with mean of 80 microm
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i——COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WOR
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width speed (metres) ^(cm/s) 11 Fig
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U (33) = 1.16ms-' Depth = 2.65 m Fi
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APPENDIX 9 : DERIVATION OF FORCES O
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APPENDIX 10 : MODEL CODE FOR CALCUL
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APPENDIX 11: MODEL CODE FOR GROWING
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105 if (scancode .eq. 57) stop GOTO
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