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PjtGE 10 — SECTION TWO
THE SENTINEL-LE0OER, OCEAN CITY, N.J.
Agricultural agent tips
Dry and hot weather spells trouble for many vegetable crops
ftyLAIWYE.NEWBOLD
County Agricultural Agent
, Most of the garden state has
suffered a prolonged period of
dry' weather, topped off
filth skyrocketing temperatures,
leaving vegetable
gardeners wife a number of
setbacks from this unhappy
weather combination
;Even though a lot of water
tfis beat put on the gardens,
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in many Instances, it still has
not been sufficient to keep up
with plant demands.
Under the but conditions it
is not uncommon for
vegetable plants to develop
some stress from insufficient
moisture.
The periods of such stress
are brief, perhaps only a few
hours in a day, and the crop is
not adversely affected.
However, with the extended
period of dry weather this
summer, gardeners often fall
to supply water to enure
satisfactory plant growth.
When there ia no rain, young
plants and shaUow-roooted
vegetables, such as lettuce nd
onions.should be watered
every three or four days for
relatively short periods of
time. Generally about one
half to three quarters of an
inch is applied at each
irrigation when using an
overhead sprinkler.
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Maturing crops, especially
those with deep root systems
(squash, tomatoes), require
irrigation about once a week
during dry periods.
Deep rooted vegetables
require about one to me and
one half inches of water In a
single overhead sprinkler
application.
It is important to note that
one inch of irrigation water is
the equivalent of 62 gallons
par 100 square feet of garden
area, Many gardeners fail
to apply enough water to do
fee job properly.
The simplest method of
measuring the amount of
water you are applying Is by.
placing a few tin cans in
various locations under fee
sprinkler, When feeamount of
water in the cans average one
inch In depth, you know fairly
acurately how much water
you have applied,
Some far-sighted gardeners
have Installed trickle
Irrigation which uses only 30
to M percent of fee water
needed for overhead
sprinklers, Trickle irrigation
is placed in the garden for fee
entire season and does not
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require movng, as is
necessary with sprinklers,
Serious gardeners would do
weU to consider installing
trickle irrigation for the 1981
season.
The high temperatures
have caused blossoms and
young fruit to fall off
tomatoes, peppers, and other
fruiting vegetables, As soon
as the temperature becomes
normal, this condition win be
corrected.
Other problems Oat have
developed in vegetable
gardens are such things as
blossom-end rot in tomatoes,
"firing" of leaves and poor
earfUllng in sweet corn,
Browning of leaf edges In
many crops, tough fiber
formation in celery ajid other
salad crops, and malformed
quash and cucumber fruits
wherein the blossom ad of
the fruit falls to develop.
Carrots are reported to
have a bitter flavor and in
most cases this can be traced
to the hot dry weather.
Some gardeneri have
complained about nutrient
deficiencies developing In
certain vegetables, even
though the recommended
amount and proper of fertilizer
was applied. These
deficienees Indicate that the
gardener has not applied
enough water for the nutrients
to dissolve. ,
Plants obtain nutrients
from me sou solution which
can only be maintained by
proper watering.
Wien weather conditions
improve, many long-season
crops will resume normal
production, although crops
mat mature In a relatively
short time, 30 to SO days, may
be beyond a stage where
recovery Is possible.
Gardeners sometime Mm
leaves from tomato plants
and muskmelon plants in tie
belief that the fruit will ripen
better If they are exposed to
i sunlight
Vegetable crops which
produce fruit must have a
good supply of leaves to
manufacture the food
material that goes Into the
fruit. The manufacturing
process la called h s
thesis and the food
Is sugar.
All the materials produced
In the plant are derived from
photosynthesis arid from
minerals and water absorbed
from the sou. Cutting away
foliage destroys the "factory"
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mat produces the fruit.
Besides reducing food
material for fruit production,
removal of leaves exposes the
fruit on the direct rays of the
sun. This will usually result in
a burning or scorching of the
fruit.
Remember, the factor
responsible for sweetness In
inuskmelons Is the organic
sugar produced by the leaves.
Fewer leaves mean less sugar
which means less sweetness
in the fruit.
Care must always be
exercised not only when
rolling presUddes but also
when applying them to ornamental
plants.
All too often, damage can be
inflicted onto the leaves of
ornamental plants by the
improper use of insecticides
and fungicides. (Mee this type
of damage is done, there is
little one can do about it,
except preventing it from
happening again.
Here are a few rules to
follow:
1) Refrain from spraying
ornamental plants when the
temperatures are hot (8048
degrees +) and the soil
moisture level is very dry •
early morning and evening
are the best hours to spray.
2) If you are mixing two or
more chemicals together,
make sure they are com*
patlble with each other.
3) Always mix only
emulsifiable concentrates
(liquids) with emulsifiable
concentrates or wettable
. powders only with wettable
powders.
4) Know your spraying
equipment so Oat you know
precisely how much material
you will be applying.
, 5) Always follow the
-manufacturer's recommendations
when using any
spray material. The injury
symptoms most often evident
from spray injury are burnt
or yellow chlorotlc areas
along the margins of the
leaves, especially near the
tips. Other possibilities are
small brownish, yellow spots
randomly scattered over the
leaf surface, or for those
leaves tprayed moat neavily,
dlwithin
Hie foliage of oaks and
other trees provides us with
beauty throughout the year.
Their color/ and texture
provide a pleasant
background for our homes
and the area in which we work
and play.
Trees provide relief from
flie heat and temper breezes.
There are numerous paste
which feed on the foliage of
our trim but few are as
devastating as the gypsy
moth.
This pest is capable of
defoliating enure oak hardwood
forest and repeated
defoliation can drastically
change the habitat which we
desire.
Observations indicate an
increase In foliage
destruction and gypsy moth
populations throughout Long
Island.
Defoliation — what happens
to a tree after it has been
defoliated by mis destructive
pest?
To answer this question, we
must first consider how much
foliage was eaten and the
vigor of the plants, A free can
be lightly defoliated, in which
case only a portion of the total
foliage Is removed, and the
tree will probably Buffer very
little noticeable effect.
However, as we progress In
degrees to complete
defoliation, the story becomes
much more dismal.
A completely defoliated
free, depending upon its vigor
will very often produce a new
set of leaves.
This process of refoliating
demands a considerable
amount of the treee's energy
reserves and significantly
weakens the tree.
In Us situation the tree
has lived for a significant
portion of the year utilizing its
stored food reserves to
produce two sets of leaves.
The new foliage on frees to
often sparse, less than full
size, and not as efficient as the
original leaves. Additionally,
FRIDAY, AUGUST 8. I'M) •
winter months starting with
fee twigtattht top ef the tree.
In spring older buds on the
sides of larger branches,
sprout and cause fee tree to
break from the trunk. Less
fee new foliage feat wa§
formed has drained fee tree's
food reserves beyond the
point which can be recouped
during fee remainder of fee
growing season.
These reserves are nor-
growth Is produced the season
mally stored for fee free to following defoliation on which'
utilize during fee winter to produce foliage and;
dormant leason and to nourishment for the next;
nourish the ipring growth. year,
This stored energy shortage A tree canopy wlth ;
causes the tree to respond In decreased vigor sustain fee
several ways.
entire tree's root system. And
When fee free enters fee feus, an overall weakening of
winter without adequate food the tree has resulted. :
reserves, twig and branch If a tree is defoliated fee;
dleback may occur during fee (Please turn to pap 11)
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 8,1980
Agricultural agent tips
THfi SENTINEL-LEDGER. OCEAN CITY, N.J.
PAGE U — SECTION
Healthy trees may die if left defoliated for more than twoyears
fdlottfhg year it la further
weakened. Even a healthy
free am die if defoliated for
IW or three years in a row.
THOMAS 1
MOORE
20 Years Experience
PAINTING
CONTRACTOR
•RESIDENTIAL
• COMMERCIAL
filly Iniured
Ucenied-OceinClty
ntEeSTIMATtS
399-0205
^
nsw
Initial canopy Is consumed.
Less vigorous or stressed
frees may limp to their
eventual demise two or three
years.
Once in a weakened condition,
• fr§§ becomes preyed
upon by numerous Insects and
disease organisms which are
capable of killing it.
The gypsy moth may not
HU the ptontin one defoliation
or even too, however, it may
make the tree susceptible fen
attack by pots which are
capable of killing the tree or
weaken it so it no longer
performs in the landscape,
What should be dona to
those trees that have a sparse
canopy of haves? A light
application of an organic
(slow release) fertilizer would
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provide the nutrients needed
for healthy growth and
stimulate the new foliage to
fully expand as rapidly as
possible.
Water Is the plants other
essential need.
Most of the root system of
many of our trees is contained
within the first few feet of
soil. This root zone is subject
to drying. Be sure the tree is
watered periodically
throughout the summer.
The additional strew applied
by drought might be the
silent killer of defoliated
trees.
Water Infrequently (every
week or two) but deeply — let
the soaker note run slowly
overnight so the entire root
zone Is moistened. Reduce
competition from weeds and
grasses for water and
nutrients by removing them
and applying a thick layer of
mulch.
Providing the best possible
growth envirnonment for fee
remainder of the season will
yield measurable results tot
the health and vigor of
defoliated trees. Provide
protection for next season's
foliage if it needed so metres
will not be further weakened.
Home gardeners can enjoy
fee blooms W their petunia
WITH