The Effect of Background Music on the Mathematics Test Anxiety of ...

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48 References Alexander, L., & Cobb, R. (1987). Identification <strong>of</strong> the dimensions and predictors <strong>of</strong> math anxiety among college students. Journal <strong>of</strong> Human Behavior and Learning, 4(1), 25-32. Alexander, L., & Martray, C. (1989). <strong>The</strong> development <strong>of</strong> an abbreviated version <strong>of</strong> the mathematics anxiety rating scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 22(3), 143-150. Anderson, S., & Sauser, J. W. (1995). Measurement <strong>of</strong> test anxiety: An overview. In C. Spielberger & P. Vagg (Eds.), Test Anxiety: <strong>The</strong>ory, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 15-34). University <strong>of</strong> South Florida: Taylor & Francis. Anton, W., & Lisch, M. (1995). Perspectives on mathematics anxiety and test anxiety. In C. Spielberger & P. Vagg (Eds.), Test Anxiety: <strong>The</strong>ory, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 93-106). University <strong>of</strong> South Florida: Taylor & Francis. Bessant, K. (1995). Factors associated with types <strong>of</strong> mathematics anxiety in college students. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 26(4), 327-345. Betz, N. (1978). Prevalence, distribution, and correlates <strong>of</strong> math anxiety in college students. Journal <strong>of</strong> Counseling Psychology, 25(5), 441-448. Blanchard, B. (1979). <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> music on pulse rate, blood pressure and final exam scores <strong>of</strong> university students. <strong>The</strong> Journal <strong>of</strong> School Health, 49(8), 470-471. Bohuslov, R. (1980). A method for dealing with attitudes and anxieties in mathematics. Ed.D. Practicum: Nova University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 194 158).
49 Brush, L. R. (1978). A validation study <strong>of</strong> the mathematics anxiety rating scale (MARS). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(2), 485-490. Bushnell, D. (1978). Altering test environments for reducing test anxiety and for improving academic performance. Fielding Institute: Santa Barbara, California. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 161 946). Calvert, E. (1981). A study <strong>of</strong> the relationship between level <strong>of</strong> mathematics anxiety and sex, age, mathematical background, and previous success in mathematics. Graduate seminar paper: Western Illinois University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 200 265). Campbell, D. (1997). <strong>The</strong> Mozart <strong>Effect</strong>. New York, NY: Avon Books. Cohen, J. (1994). <strong>Effect</strong>s <strong>of</strong> a relaxation treatment and age on test-anxious students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University <strong>of</strong> South Florida, Department <strong>of</strong> Adult and Vocational Education. Cool, V., Yarbrough, D., & et al. (1994). Experimental effects <strong>of</strong> radio and television distracters on children's performance on mathematics and reading assignments. Journal <strong>of</strong> Experimental Education, 62(3), 181-195. Cooper, S., & Robinson, D. (1989). <strong>The</strong> influence <strong>of</strong> gender and anxiety on mathematics performance. Journal <strong>of</strong> College Student Development, 30(5), 459-461. Davis, W., & Thaut, M. (1989). <strong>The</strong> influence <strong>of</strong> preferred relaxing music on measures <strong>of</strong> state anxiety, relaxation, and physiological responses. Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Music</strong> <strong>The</strong>rapy, 26(4), 168-187.
Page 1 and 2:
The Effect
Page 3 and 4:
iii Acknowledgements I would like t
Page 5 and 6: v Table of Content
Page 7 and 8: vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Factors
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Rationale, Literature Rev
Page 11 and 12: 3 Spielberger (1985) described trai
Page 13 and 14: 5 Factor analyses. Researchers have
Page 15 and 16: 7 Anxiety Subscale of</stro
Page 18 and 19: 10 Table 1 (continued) Ferguson (19
Page 20 and 21: 12 to 66 students attending the Tex
Page 22 and 23: 14 the Missouri Mathematics Placeme
Page 24 and 25: 16 differences between the mean exa
Page 26 and 27: 18 students to one of</stro
Page 28 and 29: 20 background music on reading comp
Page 30 and 31: 22 Anxiety level. Researchers have
Page 32 and 33: 24 The final study
Page 34 and 35: 26 Definitions math-test-anxious st
Page 36 and 37: 28 group, while sections 002 and 00
Page 38 and 39: 30 Research Question 1. Does the us
Page 40 and 41: 32 CHAPTER 3 Results This research
Page 42 and 43: 34 Table 2 Hypothesis 1B: 2 (Anxiet
Page 44 and 45: 36 Hypothesis 2A The</stron
Page 46 and 47: 38 Table 3 Hypothesis 2B: Pre-Exam
Page 48 and 49: 40 group between lower anxiety and
Page 50 and 51: 42 Figure 2 Hypothesis 2B: Interact
Page 52 and 53: 44 CHAPTER 4 Discussion The
Page 54 and 55: 46 low anxiety students or the high
Page 58 and 59: 50 D'Ailly, H., & Bergering, A. (19
Page 60 and 61: 52 Mowsesian, R., & Heyer, M. (1973
Page 62 and 63: 54 Wolf, R., & Weiner, F. (1972). <
Page 64 and 65: 56 APPENDIX A Last 4 digits <strong
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