The Effect of Background Music on the Mathematics Test Anxiety of ...

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52 Mowsesian, R., & Heyer, M. (1973). <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> music as a distraction on test-taking performance. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 6(2), 104-110. Osterhouse, R. (1975). Classroom anxiety and the examination performance <strong>of</strong> testanxious students. Journal <strong>of</strong> Educational Research, 68(7), 247-250. Plake, B., & Parker, C. (1982). <strong>The</strong> development and validation <strong>of</strong> a revised version <strong>of</strong> the mathematics anxiety rating scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42(2), 551-557. Plante, T. G., Marcotte, D., Manuel, G., & Willemsen, E. (1996). <strong>The</strong> influence <strong>of</strong> brief episodes <strong>of</strong> aerobic activity, soothing music-nature scenes condition, and suggestion on coping with test-taking anxiety. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Stress Management, 3(3), 155-166. Rabalais, A. (1998). Identification <strong>of</strong> math anxiety subtypes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Eberly College <strong>of</strong> Arts and Science. Richardson, F., & Suinn, R. (1972). <strong>The</strong> mathematics anxiety rating scale: Psychometric data. Journal <strong>of</strong> Counseling Psychology, 19(6), 551-554. Rounds, J., & Hendel, D. (1980). Measurement and dimensionality <strong>of</strong> mathematics anxiety. Journal <strong>of</strong> Counseling Psychology, 27(2), 138-149. Sachs, S. (1982). A refinement <strong>of</strong> the relationship between examination performance and mathematics test anxiety. Ed.D Practicum: Nova University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 226 776). Spielberger, C., & Vagg, P. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. In C. Spielberger & P. Vagg (Eds.), Test Anxiety: <strong>The</strong>ory, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 3-14). University <strong>of</strong> South Florida: Taylor & Francis.
53 Spielberger, C. (1985). Assessment <strong>of</strong> state and trait anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues. Southern Psychologist, 2(4), 6-16. Stanton, H. (1973). <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> music on test anxiety. Australian Psychologist, 8(3), 220-228. Stanton, H. (1975). <strong>Music</strong> and test anxiety: Further evidence for an interaction. British Journal <strong>of</strong> Educational Psychology, 45(1), 80-82. Stoudenmire, J. (1975). A comparison <strong>of</strong> muscle relaxation training and music in the reduction <strong>of</strong> state and trait anxiety. Journal <strong>of</strong> Clinical Psychology, 31(3), 490- 492. Suinn, R., Edie, C., Nicoletti, J., & Sinelli, P. (1972). <strong>The</strong> MARS, a measure <strong>of</strong> mathematics anxiety: Psychometric data. Journal <strong>of</strong> Clinical Psychology, 28(3), 373-375. Suinn, R., & Edwards, R. (1982). <strong>The</strong> measurement <strong>of</strong> mathematics anxiety: <strong>The</strong> mathematics anxiety rating scale for adolescents - MARS-A. Journal <strong>of</strong> Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 576-580. Summers, S., H<strong>of</strong>fman, J., Neff, J., Hanson, S., & Pierce, K. (1990). <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> 60 beats per minute music on test taking anxiety among nursing students. Journal <strong>of</strong> Nursing Education, 29(2), 66-70. UCLA Academic Technology Services (n.d.). What does Cronbach’s alpha mean? Retrieved May 21, 2003 from http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html. Wolf, R. (n.d.) Reliability <strong>of</strong> measures. Retrieved May 21, 2003 from http:// www.iea.fmi.uni-s<strong>of</strong>ia.bg/Module6/index.html.
Page 1 and 2:
The Effect
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iii Acknowledgements I would like t
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v Table of Content
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vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Factors
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Rationale, Literature Rev
Page 11 and 12: 3 Spielberger (1985) described trai
Page 13 and 14: 5 Factor analyses. Researchers have
Page 15 and 16: 7 Anxiety Subscale of</stro
Page 18 and 19: 10 Table 1 (continued) Ferguson (19
Page 20 and 21: 12 to 66 students attending the Tex
Page 22 and 23: 14 the Missouri Mathematics Placeme
Page 24 and 25: 16 differences between the mean exa
Page 26 and 27: 18 students to one of</stro
Page 28 and 29: 20 background music on reading comp
Page 30 and 31: 22 Anxiety level. Researchers have
Page 32 and 33: 24 The final study
Page 34 and 35: 26 Definitions math-test-anxious st
Page 36 and 37: 28 group, while sections 002 and 00
Page 38 and 39: 30 Research Question 1. Does the us
Page 40 and 41: 32 CHAPTER 3 Results This research
Page 42 and 43: 34 Table 2 Hypothesis 1B: 2 (Anxiet
Page 44 and 45: 36 Hypothesis 2A The</stron
Page 46 and 47: 38 Table 3 Hypothesis 2B: Pre-Exam
Page 48 and 49: 40 group between lower anxiety and
Page 50 and 51: 42 Figure 2 Hypothesis 2B: Interact
Page 52 and 53: 44 CHAPTER 4 Discussion The
Page 54 and 55: 46 low anxiety students or the high
Page 56 and 57: 48 References Alexander, L., & Cobb
Page 58 and 59: 50 D'Ailly, H., & Bergering, A. (19
Page 62 and 63: 54 Wolf, R., & Weiner, F. (1972). <
Page 64 and 65: 56 APPENDIX A Last 4 digits <strong
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