Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization

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Crossing-Over Enhances Genetic Reassortment • Chromosomal crossing-over – DNA segments of homologous chromosomes are exchanged • On average, between two <strong>and</strong> three crossovers occur between each pair of human homologs.
Crossing-Over Is Highly Regulated • hold homologs together; properly segregated • double-str<strong>and</strong> breaks at “hot spots” • Crossovers operate before the synaptonemal complex assembles. • at least one crossover forms between the members of each homolog pair. • Crossover interference – presence of one crossover event inhibits another from forming close by
Page 1 and 2: Chapter 21 Sexual Reproduction: Mei
Page 3 and 4: OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION •
Page 5 and 6: Fertilization • a haploid sperm f
Page 7 and 8: • germ line (or germ cells) - inc
Page 9 and 10: Crossing-over • the maternal and
Page 11 and 12: MEIOSIS • haploid germ cells aris
Page 14 and 15: Duplicated Homologs (and Sex Chromo
Page 16 and 17: Pairing between sex chromosomes •
Page 18 and 19: During dividing prophase I • Lept
Page 20 and 21: Homolog Segregation Depends on Meio
Page 22 and 23: • Meiosis II occurs without DNA r
Page 24 and 25: Normal Gametogenesis
Page 26 and 27: Nondisjunction
Page 30 and 31: Meiosis Is Regulated Differently in
Page 32 and 33: PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS AND SEX DETER
Page 34 and 35: • Totipotent - the potential to g
Page 36: Male Female
Page 41 and 42: Four ways Sertoli cells influencing
Page 44 and 45: • molecule retinoic acid produced
Page 46 and 47: EGGS • once activated, it can giv
Page 48 and 49: • Yolk - rich in lipids, proteins
Page 50 and 51: Oogenesis Eggs Develop in Stages
Page 52 and 53: • each chromosome is still compos
Page 54 and 55: Extra gene copies in the cell • d
Page 56: • Follicle stimulating hormone (F
Page 59 and 60: Secondary Follicle
Page 61 and 62: Oocyte in Follicle
Page 63 and 64: SPERM • Sperm (spermatozoon, plur
Page 65 and 66: Sperm Are Produced Continuously in
Page 70 and 71: •Seminiferous Tubule
Page 73 and 74: FERTILIZATION • the binding of sp
Page 75 and 76: Capacitation • sperm arrive in th
Page 77 and 78: Fertilization
Page 79 and 80:
TEM of the sea urchin egg • Cell
Page 81 and 82:
Sperm Fusion Activates the Egg by I
Page 84:
The Cortical Reaction Helps Ensure
Page 87 and 88:
The Sperm Provides Centrioles as We
Page 89 and 90:
(A) A meiotic spindle in a mature u
Page 91:
• Transferring the nucleus of a s
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Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization

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