Gender Diversity on the Board - BI Norwegian Business School

GRA 19001 Master Thesis
Table 5.1: The relationship between gender diversity and firm characteristics
FE-models Expected sign Large firms All firms
Coeff. P-value Coeff. P-value
R 2 0.017 0.034
Durbin-Watson 1.714 1.561
N 17,762 538,130
Independent variables
Past performance - 0.007 0.342 0.000 0.727
Family ownership - -0.017 0.022 0.019 0.000
CEO gender + 0.080 0.000 0.178 0.000
Control variables
Firm age 0.093 0.000 0.043 0.000
Firm size 0.003 0.688 0.004 0.005
Table 5.1 shows estimates of the base-case fixed effect regression model estimated with OLS. The dependent variable
is percentage of female stockholder elected directors. Every variable is demeaned by subtracting a given firm’s
observation in a given year from the overall mean across the years. Only standardized coefficients are presented.
In Table 3.A1 in the appendix both standardized and unstandardized coefficients are
presented. In our interpretation we focus on standardized coefficient to be able to infer
economic significance.
When interpreting the coefficients in the base-case model, we find a positive relationship
between past performance and gender diversity. However, our result is not statistically
significant and the coefficient is not very strong. This is the case both for large firms, as
well as all nonlisted firms. Adams and Ferreira (2008) and Bøhren and Strøm (2009) find
the contrary, that gender diversity is inversely associated with performance. Neither finds
very strong coefficients. Our insignificant findings may indicate that performance do not
explain the share of female directors on corporate boards in nonlisted firms.
There is a negative relationship between family owners and the share of female
stockholder-elected directors in large nonlisted firms. The result shows that a 10%
increase in family ownership decreases female stockholder-elected directors by 0.17%.
Thus, diversity on the board decreases with the extent of family ownership. The result is
statistically significant at the 5% level. This is consistent with Hypothesis 2, that family
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