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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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36 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS<br />

of radiation, temperature, aaturation deficit, <strong>and</strong> wind apeed, weighted for<br />

altitude <strong>and</strong> latitude. They are calculated on the buis of Thomthwaite'a concept<br />

of moisture induea (1948), combined with Penman'a eatimate of evaporation<br />

(1948).<br />

3. In many areas of the tropics, a liveatock unit is taken to be a mature<br />

Hbu cow with calf at foot (averacinl about 300 kl liveweilht <strong>and</strong> having a<br />

daily dry matter requirement of 6.5 to 8.5 kl)'<br />

4. In an ecological context, information is aimply organised or patterned<br />

energy or material that tells the obaerver IOmething about the put, present,<br />

or probable future atate of an ecoeyatem or ita componenta. Human responae<br />

to environmental information is unique compared with that of other organism.<br />

becauae it occurs largely at the cognitive level where cultural conditioning<br />

affecta both perception <strong>and</strong> the aelection of appropriate reaponaea.<br />

REfERENCES<br />

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01 tIN OommonwcaltJa ForuCry IrvCitutc 13:1-85.<br />

French, M. H. 1957. Nutritional value of tropical grasses <strong>and</strong> fodders. HaW<br />

Abmuctl 27:1-9.<br />

Harris, D. R. 1969. Agricultural syatems, ecosystema <strong>and</strong> the origins of agriculture.<br />

In The DomCltietJlion <strong>and</strong> EsploWaion 01 Planll <strong>and</strong> Animall. P. J. Ucko<br />

<strong>and</strong> G. W. Dimbleby, eda. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago, Dlinois; USA.<br />

Johnaon, D. L. 1969. The Nalut'e 01 NomtUlirm: A Oompcrativc Stwlv 01 PtJItorol<br />

Migrutioru in SoutJatoeltem Alia <strong>and</strong> Nortlalm Africa. Department of Geography<br />

Reaearch Paper No. 118, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br />

National Reaearch Council. 1981. Environmental DCf"ldation in MClUJ"ittJflia.<br />

Board on Science <strong>and</strong> TechnolOC for International Development. National<br />

Academy Press, Washington D.C., USA.<br />

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Science <strong>and</strong> Technology for International Development. National Academy<br />

Pre.., Washington D.C., USA.<br />

National Reaearch Council. 1983b. Environmental OIaangc in tIN Welt AfrWm<br />

Sahel. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., USA.<br />

Penman, H. L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare loil <strong>and</strong> gr.....<br />

Proceeding, 01 tIN Rollal Sociq. Series A, 193:120-145.<br />

Pratt, D. J. 1968. Ranlel<strong>and</strong> development in Kenya. AI'II'ICIlI 01 Arid Zone 7:177­<br />

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Pratt, D. J. <strong>and</strong> M. D. Gwynne, eds. 1977. Rangel<strong>and</strong> MClMfcment <strong>and</strong> EcoI09II<br />

in ECIIt Africa. Hodder <strong>and</strong> Stoulhton, London, Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Rambo, A. T. <strong>and</strong> P. E. Sajise. 1984. An Introduction to Humo.n EIlO109ll Be,careh<br />

on Agricultural Svlte"" in SoutJacut Alia. University of the Philippines at Lol<br />

BanOl, College, Laguna, Philippines.<br />

Sanchel, P. A. 1975. Propcme, <strong>and</strong> Managcment 01 Soill in tIN 7h>pic,. John Wiley<br />

<strong>and</strong> Sons, New York, New York, USA.<br />

Sauer, C. O. 1952. Agricultural Originl <strong>and</strong>Dilpcr,alI. Bowman Memorial Lectures,<br />

aer. 2. American Geographical Society, New York, New York, USA.<br />

Schmidt-Niellen, K. 1964. De,ert Animall: Phllliological ProNe"" 01 HIlCIt <strong>and</strong><br />

Water. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Engl<strong>and</strong>.

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