A Rationale-based Model for Architecture Design Reasoning

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1.2. Research motivations and research questions • the argumentation-based design rationale systems do not effectively capture and communicate design reasoning; • some of the design rationale methods are not practical in the industry setting because they do not work effectively with the development process; • practitioners are not aware of the benefits to explicitly justify and capture design decisions, so they continue the traditional design practice without an explicit reasoning process; • lack of methodology and tool support. If design rationale is not used systematically, and architects continue to practise unstructured decision-making instead of an objective and verifiable reasoning process [156], a number of issues may arise: • architects may not have considered all the factors that influence a design, resulting in a system with inferior quality; • architecture decisions do not have to be justified in an objective way, therefore the argumentation, analysis and tradeoffs about a decision could be incomplete or biased; • the verification of the architecture design remain a subjective exercise and its quality assurance ability questionable; • the reasoning of the architecture decisions is not systematically captured and can “evaporate” over time; • change impact analysis during architecture design maintenance requires reasoning support and the lack of such knowledge can lead to difficulties in understanding and maintaining a system; • unstructured design rationalisation may cause difficulties in future system enhancements such that a minor change in requirement may cause a major architecture design change, therefore increases the risks and costs of a project inproportionally. These are fundamental issues which have not been studied in detail and they relate primarily to architecture design rationale. Thus, we need to study the use and documentation of architecture design rationale. In the next section, we discuss the related research questions and the research approaches. 5
1.2. Research motivations and research questions 1.2.2 Research questions and research approach Argumentation-based design rationale methods have mostly focused on design rationale deliberation but they have largely omitted the relationships with design elements. These methods are ineffective in the capture and communication of design rationale [139]. Given these shortcomings, we aim to investigate the following questions in this thesis to provide some improvements: • In order to establish the usefulness of this research, the following background questions have been investigated: – Is design rationale important in architecture development? – Is design rationale important in system maintenance? – What is the current state of practice of design rationale in the software industry? • How to improve the representation of design rationale for architecture development? • How to implement traceability between requirements, architecture design elements and design rationale? • How to quantify and estimate change impact analysis using architecture design elements and design rationale? Since these research questions are inter-related, they need to be examined together in a holistic way. Our research approach is to first establish the importance of design rationale for this work to be meaningful. The perception that design rationale is useful is supported only by anecdotal evidence. Empirical evidence is thus required to establish that design rationale is indeed useful for architecture design and maintenance. We also need to determine what are the key elements in design rationale. To this end, we have conducted a survey involving architects and designers in the Asia Pacific region to study the usefulness and applications of design rationale. Secondly, we analyse the implementation issues that exist in current design rationale methods. Using the analysis as a guideline, we designed the AREL representation scheme to overcome those issues. We then validate the AREL method using an empirical study to compare the effectiveness of AREL with traditional design specifications. Finally, we study the impact analysis and the traceability aspects of design rationale to propose methods for their applications. We use a case study based on an electronic payment system to demonstrate the design rationale applications. 6
Page 1 and 2: A Rationale-based Model for Archite
Page 3 and 4: maintenance. These techniques can h
Page 5 and 6: Declaration This thesis contains no
Page 7 and 8: 2.2.6 DoD Architecture Framework .
Page 9 and 10: 5.4.6 Risk assessment in architectu
Page 11 and 12: 8.2 The architecture rationalisatio
Page 13 and 14: 12.2 Contributions . . . . . . . .
Page 15 and 16: 6.10 ≪AR≫ and ≪AAR≫ Stereot
Page 17 and 18: 11.13A Process to Synchronise Chang
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Page 21 and 22: that architecture design is highly
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Page 27 and 28: 1.4. Structure of the thesis the ch
Page 29 and 30: Part I Problem Analysis 10
Page 31 and 32: 2.1. Industry practice of design ra
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5.1. Architecture rationale in the
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5.2. Survey methodology data collec
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5.3. Survey findings experience). I
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5.3. Survey findings Table 5.1: Fre
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5.3. Survey findings Business Goals
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5.3. Survey findings 5.3.5 Document
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5.3. Survey findings Table 5.8 summ
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5.3. Survey findings We used Spearm
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5.3. Survey findings previous desig
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5.4. Discussion of findings Since t
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5.4. Discussion of findings or cons
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5.5. Limitations and use design rat
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Part III The Representation and App
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6.1. A conceptual model for design
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6.2. Architecture Rationale and Ele
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6.2. Architecture Rationale and Ele
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6.3. Architecture elements Figure 6
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6.4. Architecture rationale Figure
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6.4. Architecture rationale • ris
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6.4. Architecture rationale depicts
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6.5. The extended AREL To prevent c
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6.6. A UML representation of AREL a
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6.6. A UML representation of AREL a
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6.7. AREL usability AE by ≪AEsupe
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6.8. Summary The AREL model is exte
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7.1. The EFT system reasoning, a co
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7.1. The EFT system The processing
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7.1. The EFT system not chosen beca
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7.1. The EFT system Figure 7.5: Int
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7.1. The EFT system sequence checki
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7.1. The EFT system Figure 7.7: Dec
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7.1. The EFT system Therefore, in a
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7.1. The EFT system Figure 7.10: De
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7.2. An empirical study to validate
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7.3. Summary The case study is spec
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8.1. Background Based on these assu
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8.2. The architecture rationalisati
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8.3. Other applications of ARM As d
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8.3. Other applications of ARM Figu
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8.3. Other applications of ARM area
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Chapter 9 Architecture rationale an
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9.1. Background 9.1 Background In t
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9.2. Traceability of architecture r
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9.4. AREL and eAREL traceability ap
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Chapter 10 Architecture decision de
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10.1. Background 10.1.2 Introductio
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10.2. Building a BBN to represent a
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10.3. Reasoning about change impact
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10.5. Summary design object may cau
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11.1. Capturing architecture design
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11.1. Capturing architecture design
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11.2. Checking AREL models Figure 1
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11.3. Tracing AREL models Figure 11
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11.4. Analysing AREL with BBN • S
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11.5. Limitations Figure 11.13: A P
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Chapter 12 Conclusions 12.1 Summary
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12.2. Contributions reasoning metho
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12.2. Contributions implementations
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12.3. Future work architecture deci
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12.3. Future work to examine the co
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [10] B. W. Boehm, Soft
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [37] A. Eden and R. Ka
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [62] J. D. Herbsleb an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [89] N. Lassing, D. Ri
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [115] D. L. Parnas,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [142] Z. Simsek and J.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [167] W. F. Tichy, N.
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Appendix A AREL Tool User Manual 1
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4.1 AREL Check Model When the Check
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4.2 AREL Model Tracing AREL model t
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Figure 9 - result of downward trace
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To initiate the graph’s creation,
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onto the diagram 14 Assign values t
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Useful Definitions The following ar
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) Some projects only c) Not at all
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19. I revisit architecture design d
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Complaint Procedure If you have any
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Privacy Protection Only investigato
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B. Exploring design reasoning. 1. W
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3. Why does the system use asynchro
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C. General Comments on AREL Modelli
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IEEE Computer Society Press. A. Tan
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