Bruce Allen Scharlau PhD thesis - Research@StAndrews:FullText

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the belief systems of the collective group body.
The variables of
beliefs, ideology, social conditions, individual motivation, internal
and external group influences, are integrated into the one approach. The
crucial factor is the leadership's perception of available resources,
opportuni ties, threats and possible reactions.
The survival of the group as the determining goal of the group
places entrepreneurship as
an essential ingredient; the leaders who establish an
organization must skillfully create and manipulate
incentives to attract members. The founders must have
an exceptional cormni tment to the group f s purposes and
an exaggerated sense of the group's likely efficacy.117
The three stages of task-accomplishment (orientation, evaluation and
control) may
therefore not be absolutely objectively determined as
leaders manipulate the incentives to reach desirable decisions. These
stages, however,
determine the necessary sub-tasks of the terrorist
organisation leadership to maintain the group.
'Orientation' involves
acquainting the group with infonnation and points the members towards
the task. 'Evaluation I
is the assessment of the different ideas as the
group moves towards a decision. 'Control' refers to the way people seek
to influence decisions via control of the group members, and is
discussed under desertion from the groUp.118
Orientation highlights ideas that legitimise violence by the group.
The leadership provide the 'moral dispensation' for the violent acts the
members undertake. They promote ideas in a previously identified
direction, which was determined by the members' acceptance of the group
belief system discussed earlier.119
The leaders of the organisation, who have their own reputation and
personal ambitions linked with the group, seek to influence the group
orientation. They seek to maintain group cohesion and organisation
survival because their own lives and those of the members are dependent
on a minimum level of group cooperation and survival due to the limited
options for the course of their actions. To maintain this state of
affairs the leaders need to provide rewards and incentives for members
of both an instrumental and an emotional nature, as described earlier.
The rewards and incentives will reflect short, medium and long term
116 Crenshaw (1985), 472-3.
117 Crenshaw (1988 II), 21.
118 Brown, 34.
119 Zawodny, 284; Crenshaw (1988 I), 12; Crenshaw (1988 II), 21.