turkmen in iraq and their flight - orsam

TURKMEN IN IRAQ AND THEIR FLIGHT: A DEMOCRAPHIC QUESTION
asured by lack of employment opportunities,
low income levels, poor health services and
poor health record, and poor educational services.
Social and demographic deprivation can
be measured by high mortality rates, conflictinduced
mortality, malnutrition, tensions and
conflicts between ethnic groups. Cultural and
political deprivation is largely marked by lack
of representation for some ethnic and religious
groups, actual and potential ethnicisation of
political power and social services. These are
embedded into a broader environment which
is dominated by conflict and violence. Despite
five years passed on since the invasion, there is
little hope for these ethno-political conflicts to
settle down. Given the potential effects of US
elections and withdrawal of troops from the
country, the future chaos is hard to predict.
Civil war is already started according to some
commentators but after withdrawal we are yet
to see what will follow.
The environment of human insecurity in Iraq,
insofar as it leads to future immigration flows,
will primarily concern the above-mentioned
countries. It seems certain that established
networks of migration (e.g. earlier migrants,
friends, and family), sectarian violence, political
and economic deprivation in Iraq, as well
as economic pull factors (e.g. wage differentials,
job opportunities) will remain among the
factors prompting Iraqis to flee the country.
Today, an Iraqi migration culture, rooted in the
decades-long conflict, has emerged. Iraq is now
pretty much a significant source country in the
global transnational migration regime.
Obsession with immigration control in Europe
and of other industrialised countries suggests
that many of those Iraqis who are suffering
from human insecurity at home and seeking
security abroad will be forced to bypass regular
migration channels. In turn, such attempts
are likely to produce tragic humanitarian situations
along the borders of Europe, the likes of
which have already been seen at the borders
and shores of Turkey, Greece, Spain, Italy, and
Malta. We have to accept that desperate Iraqi
people need help to survive, which requires
switching from a state security approach to an
approach focusing on “human security.” Like
Bosnians, Kosovars, and Kurds over the past
two decades, we will see more Iraqis arriving at
the shores and borders of Europe through various
channels. Europe must avoid discourses
demonising immigrants (particularly Muslim
and/or Middle Eastern immigrants) as potential
terrorists and, instead, recognise their needs
as human beings. A shift to considerations
of human insecurity as a basis for migration
policy-making is imperative.
Europe needs to focus and improve on the (human)
security policies in its neighbourhood.
Ethnic or not, conflicts in the periphery mean
more uncontrolled immigration to Western
Europe. Capacity building in Iraq with Iraqis
and stabilisation of the economy and political
power in a democratic way to respect human
rights in Iraq are the main objectives to achieve
in order to maintain a healthy international
migration regime (involving two-way flows
between Iraq and Europe. However, this is a
difficult mission as it involves many international,
national, and individual actors and also
requires the eradication of the root causes of
international migration, which are, for Iraq,
violence and economic and political deprivation.
Main target here obviously should not be
and cannot be to control immigration which is
often a futile effort. Castles 87 points out three
types of reasons for such failure: a) effect of
social dynamics of the process of migration, b)
the effect of globalisation and the North-South
divide, and c) the different agendas of political
systems. To those, I would add the multiplying
effect of the conflicts at the country of origin.
The migration (including internal displacement)
of Iraqis is one of the most striking outcomes
of the 2003 invasion, and thus it has
attracted the attention and efforts of several international
organisations. So far a rich volume
of data has been collected in the depositories
of these organisations, which include the IOM
www.orsam.org.tr
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