soil - Lublin

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ESTIMATION OF THE HYDROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON THE BASE OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL STRUCTURE In the Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, a database of hydrophysical properties of Polish arable soils was created [11], containing, among others, the information about physical properties of the soils, the water retention curves and the values of water conductivity coefficients under different values of soil water potential. Therefore, a possibility was created to study the impact of chosen soil physical parameters on the value of the water content and water conductivity coefficient under chosen soil water potential values. The measurements of the water retention curve and the water conductivity coefficient in saturated and unsaturated zones are time and labor consuming and require a specific instrumentation. Therefore, a general tendency exists to evaluate those characteristics with acceptable accuracy with the use of elaborated physical, mathematical and statistical models and algorithms. The investigations, performed in this direction have resulted in creation of numerous models and algorithms, which enable to evaluate the water retention curve and the values of the coefficient of water conductivity. A large group of these models are pedotransfer functions. Therefore in the Institute of Agrophysics PAS in Lublin, the model of retention curve was elaborated, based on the following equations of multiple regression [10, 12]: p = b0 + b1Y 1 + b2Y2 + b3Y3 θ (4) for water potential values in the range from pF 0 to pF 2.7 (0.98-490 hPa) and p = b0 + b1Y 1 θ (5) for the water potential values higher then pF 2.7 (490 hPa), where: θp is the predicted water content [g g -1 ], Y 1 - the specific surface area [m 2 g -1 ], Y 2 - the mean weight diameter of particles [mm], Y 3 - the bulk density [g cm -3 ] and the parameters b 0 , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 are the regression coefficients. The obtained correlation coefficients for this model were in the range 0.94 < R < 0.98. The impact of chosen soil physical parameters on the value of the water conductivity coefficient under chosen soil water potential values was investigated [5]. The following values of the soil water potential were taken for the statistical analysis and the respective pF values: pF 0 (0.98 hPa); pF 1 (9.8 hPa); pF 1.5 (31 hPa); pF 2 (98 hPa); pF 2.2 (155 hPa); pF 2.5 (310 hPa); pF 2.7 (490 hPa); pF 3 (980 hPa). The investigations were performed for 290 soil profiles selected from the Bank of Samples of the Mineral Arable Polish Soils.The performed analysis of the segmental regression for the logarithms of the coefficient of water conductivity showed that for the regression equations with the following set of parameters: the percentage content of clay – F clay , the percentage content of sand – F sand , the spe- 144
cific surface area- S BET , the percentage content of organic carbon - C org , the content of gravitational water – W G and the water content under the potential corresponding with the field water capacity - FWC, the values of correlation coefficient 0.81 ≤ R ≤ 0.85 were obtained. The relatively high correlation coefficients caused that this model was used for particular soil textures. The correlation coefficient values within the range 0.86 ≤ R ≤ 0.96 were obtained for the following set of parameters: the percentage content of clay- F clay , the percentage content of sand – F sand , the specific surface - S BET , the percentage content of organic carbon - C org , the content of gravitational water – W G and the water content under the potential corresponding with the field water capacity – FWC. The general form of this model’s equation is: LogK + a 4 B( b C + b C 4 0 org = A( a + b F org 1 + a W 5 clay + b W 5 0 + a F G + b G + a FWC) + 2 1 F + b clay sand 6 6 + a + b S FWC 3 2 F sand BET + a 3 S BET (6) where: A=1and B=0 for LogK≤ PP as well as A=0 and B=1 for LogK > PP, PP is the point of break. The soil hydrophysical characteristics obtained by measurements or/and modeling can be use as input data for water transport models. In the frame of EURO-ACCESS (AgroClimatic Change and European Soil Suitability) project [1, 4, 6, 7, 9] (Fig. 6.) the model of crop growth and yield prediction was elaborated. Hydrological part of this model is based on onedimensional Richard’s equation. For the purpose of heterogeneity of the soil profile, in the Institute of Agrophysics PAS, the model of bypass flow was elaborated and included into the hydrological part of EURO-ACCESS model. Main assumptions of bypass flow submodel: Heterogeneous soil profile is divided into homogeneous compartments. Vertical water flow in soil matrix is described by Richard’s equation (onedimensional flow model). Part of water is flowing directly in macropores (proportionally to relative cracks area). Part of water which can not vertically infiltrate in soil profile (runoff) is flowing into the macropores. Water fills crack (Fig. 7.), giving the hydrostatic pressure distribution at the crack wall which is used as the boundary condition for the water infiltration into the soil. Initial moisture for each time step of horizontal infiltration is assumed to be constant in space. The Green-Ampt approach is use for the horizontal infiltration description. 145
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Jan Gliński, Grzegorz Józefaciuk,
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CONTENTS PART A: GAS EXCHANGE Revie
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SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
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In single observations, rates of N
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than in the night while CH 4 uptake
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Pumpanen et al. (2003b) measured wi
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5. Liikanen A 2002. Greenhouse gas
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EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND COMPACTI
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Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 600 F
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Soil depth (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 Diffu
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METHANE Main suppliers to the atmos
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3. Emission of N 2 O is higher from
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30. Kusa, K., Sawamoto, T., Hatano,
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GAS EMISSION FROM WETLANDS Stępnie
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ater retention capacity in the chan
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zone, while in Nadrybie lake the le
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Eh 350 300 250 mV 200 150 100 50 0
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Table 1. Sources and sinks of atmos
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Fig. 1. Quasi - equilibrium methane
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Fig. 5. Concentration of nitrous ox
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drooxygenology, such subbranches as
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Fig. 3. Soil microbial respiration
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NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
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N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
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7. McKenney, D.J., C.F. Drury, and
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AERATION STATUS OF SOIL AND ENZYME
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Catalase is heme-containing enzyme
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8. Deng S., Dick R. Sulfur oxidatio
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The number of profiles representing
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tics (Stępniewski et al., in press
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MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SOIL POROUS ME
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The bulk of non-rhizosphere soil is
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RELATIONS The relations between soi
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23. Mamilov A.Sh., Byzov, B.A. Zvya
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silts. The content of C org in the
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Table 2. Continued Location Day of
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5 o C Eh (mV 400 300 200 100 1A 1B
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STRUCTURE FORMATION AND ITS CONSEQU
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when water content differences are
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authors stated that O 2 gradients i
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strength of the already existing st
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source of transforming DNA for Acin
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THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE
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der field conditions r-strategists
Page 90 and 91: 22. Tarafdar JC and Jungk A 1987. P
Page 92 and 93: ics behavior have been published (K
Page 94 and 95: Activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) was
Page 96 and 97: The rather small concentration of A
Page 98 and 99: The effect of the pesticide dosage
Page 100 and 101: METHANOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF COAL MIN
Page 102 and 103: GC TESTS Air-tight bottles (60 ml)
Page 104 and 105: dumping. For older rock samples, af
Page 106 and 107: SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
Page 108 and 109: - properties of plant surface and c
Page 110 and 111: mination, should be considered.The
Page 112 and 113: Considering a possibility of detect
Page 114 and 115: SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND THE
Page 116 and 117: clay content the latter processes p
Page 118 and 119: der alkaline treatment the silica o
Page 120 and 121: COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PHYSICAL
Page 122 and 123: suming and expensive regression-bas
Page 124 and 125: CROP RESPONSE Roots A characteristi
Page 126 and 127: CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the aggr
Page 128 and 129: 27. Keller, T., Arvidsson, J., Dawi
Page 130 and 131: MONITORING OF POROUS MEDIA PROCESSE
Page 132 and 133: - temperature: semiconductor, therm
Page 134 and 135: This is the reason why the optimisa
Page 136 and 137: CONCEPTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF HYDROMOR
Page 138 and 139: conditions applied to the soil samp
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 6. Scheme of EURO-ACCESS-II mo
Page 144 and 145: The experimental field is located a
Page 146: Nannipieri Paolo Ostrowska Aneta Os
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