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Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 600 FALL 500 400 300 200 Moldboard 100 Not tilled 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 SPRING 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2500 SUMMER Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 20 40 60 80 Time since plow ing (d) Fig. 1. CO 2 -C losses from a plowed and a non-tilled soil following plowing (after Rochette and Angers, 1999). Lower rates of organic matter decomposition and CO 2 evolution with decreasing tillage intensity resulted in sequestration of crop-derived C and thereby increase the soil’s ability to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere (Dick et al., 1998; Halvorson et al., 2002; West and Marland, 2002). Using a global database of 67 long-term experiments in US West and Post (2002) indicated that a change from conventional tillage to no-till sequestered on average 57 g C m -2 y -1 (0.0065 g C m -2 h -1 ). This figure was more than doubled (125 g C m -2 y -1 or 0.0143 g C m -2 h -1 ) under Spanish conditions (Sánchez et al., 2002). This impact can be enhanced when the C-building practices are maintained because soil C sequestered due to reduced tillage is not stable and rapidly mineralized to CO 2 (Dick et al., 1998; McConkey et al., 2003). 20
Table 1. CO 2 emissions as related to tillage operations Implement: Emissions CO 2 Reference Norfolk sandy loam, Alabama, USA [g -C m -2 h -1 ] None 0.079* Kinze planter (5-8 cm) 0.101 Coulter (10cm) 0.317 Prior et al. (2000) Ro-til, coulters and rolling basket (45 cm) 0.554 Implement: Acid dark red latosol, Sao Paulo State, Brazil None 0.055** Rotary tiller (20 cm) 0.087 Chisel plough (20 cm) 0.131 La Scala et al. (2001) Disk plow (20 cm) 0.106 Disk harrow (20 cm) 0.35 *Means over 30-60 s after tillage; ** means over 2-week period. NITROUS OXIDE Agricultural soils are a major source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Production of nitrous oxide in soils is mainly from mineral N by the microbial process of nitrification and denitrification (Bandibas et al., 1994; MacKenzie et al., 1997) that are affected by soil tillage and compaction (Soane snd Ouwerkerk, 1995). Effects of tillage and compaction In general N 2 O emision is greater in no-tilled compared with conventionalltilled soils (Lal et al., 1995; Jacinthe and Dick, 1997; Mummey et al., 1998) although the opposite effect was also reported (Arah et al., 1991). Greater N 2 O emission from no-tilled soil can be partly associated with lower air-filled porosity (Ball et al., 1999) increased availability of C (Palma et al., 1997) and contribution of large aggregates (Linn and Doran, 1984) with anoxic centers (Horn et al., 1994; Hatano and Sakuma 1991) under no-till. Faster emission of N 2 O from no-tilled than ploughed soil took place despite low diffusivity near the soil surface in the former (Fig…). This can be to the production sites close to the soil surface, as shown by the high concentrations at shallow depth (Ball et 1999). Modelling studies of Mummey et al. (1998) revealed that differences between the two tillage scenarios were strongly regional and suggest conversion of conventionally tilled soil to no-till may have a greater effect on N 2 O emissions in drier regions. Several studies showed increased denitrification (Bakken et al., 1987; Hatano and Sawamoto (1997) and N 2 O emissions (Hansen et al., 1993; Ruser et al., 1998) with increasing soil and subsoil compaction. The enhanced N 2 O-N emission from compacted soil was often accompanied by greater N 2 O concentration in the soil air. 21
Page 2 and 3: Jan Gliński, Grzegorz Józefaciuk,
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS PART A: GAS EXCHANGE Revie
Page 6 and 7: SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
Page 8 and 9: In single observations, rates of N
Page 10 and 11: than in the night while CH 4 uptake
Page 12 and 13: Pumpanen et al. (2003b) measured wi
Page 14 and 15: 5. Liikanen A 2002. Greenhouse gas
Page 16 and 17: EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND COMPACTI
Page 20 and 21: Soil depth (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 Diffu
Page 22 and 23: METHANE Main suppliers to the atmos
Page 24 and 25: 3. Emission of N 2 O is higher from
Page 26 and 27: 30. Kusa, K., Sawamoto, T., Hatano,
Page 28 and 29: GAS EMISSION FROM WETLANDS Stępnie
Page 30 and 31: ater retention capacity in the chan
Page 32 and 33: zone, while in Nadrybie lake the le
Page 34 and 35: Eh 350 300 250 mV 200 150 100 50 0
Page 36 and 37: Table 1. Sources and sinks of atmos
Page 38 and 39: Fig. 1. Quasi - equilibrium methane
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 5. Concentration of nitrous ox
Page 42 and 43: drooxygenology, such subbranches as
Page 44 and 45: Fig. 3. Soil microbial respiration
Page 46 and 47: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
Page 48 and 49: N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 50 and 51: 7. McKenney, D.J., C.F. Drury, and
Page 52 and 53: AERATION STATUS OF SOIL AND ENZYME
Page 54 and 55: Catalase is heme-containing enzyme
Page 56 and 57: 8. Deng S., Dick R. Sulfur oxidatio
Page 58 and 59: The number of profiles representing
Page 60 and 61: tics (Stępniewski et al., in press
Page 62 and 63: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SOIL POROUS ME
Page 64 and 65: The bulk of non-rhizosphere soil is
Page 66 and 67: RELATIONS The relations between soi
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23. Mamilov A.Sh., Byzov, B.A. Zvya
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silts. The content of C org in the
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Table 2. Continued Location Day of
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5 o C Eh (mV 400 300 200 100 1A 1B
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STRUCTURE FORMATION AND ITS CONSEQU
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when water content differences are
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authors stated that O 2 gradients i
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strength of the already existing st
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source of transforming DNA for Acin
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THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE
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der field conditions r-strategists
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22. Tarafdar JC and Jungk A 1987. P
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ics behavior have been published (K
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Activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) was
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The rather small concentration of A
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The effect of the pesticide dosage
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METHANOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF COAL MIN
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GC TESTS Air-tight bottles (60 ml)
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dumping. For older rock samples, af
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SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
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- properties of plant surface and c
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mination, should be considered.The
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Considering a possibility of detect
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SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND THE
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clay content the latter processes p
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der alkaline treatment the silica o
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COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PHYSICAL
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suming and expensive regression-bas
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CROP RESPONSE Roots A characteristi
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CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the aggr
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27. Keller, T., Arvidsson, J., Dawi
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MONITORING OF POROUS MEDIA PROCESSE
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- temperature: semiconductor, therm
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This is the reason why the optimisa
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CONCEPTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF HYDROMOR
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conditions applied to the soil samp
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ESTIMATION OF THE HYDROPHYSICAL CHA
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Fig. 6. Scheme of EURO-ACCESS-II mo
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The experimental field is located a
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Nannipieri Paolo Ostrowska Aneta Os
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