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22. Tarafdar JC and Jungk A 1987. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus. Biol. Fertil Soils 3: 199. 23. Uren NC 2001. Types, amounts, and possible functios of compounds released into rhizosphere by soil-grown plants. In Pinton R, Varanini Z and Nannipieri P eds. The Rhizosphere. Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil-Plant Interface. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 19-40. 24. Werner D 2001. Organic sugnals between plants and microorganisms. In Pinton R, Varanini Z and Nannipieri P Eds. The Rhizosphere. Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil-Plant Interface. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 197-222. 93
SOIL AERATION AND PESTICIDE DECOMPOSITION Stępniewska Z., Fornal E., Kosiorowska I., Charytoniuk P. ABSTRACT The behaviour of two pesticides (glyphosate and fonofos) was investigated under different oxygen conditions in Haplic Phaeozem. Soil samples were incubated in glass columns 20 cm high and 3 cm in diameter at three glyphosate and fonofos treatments (control, 0.63 mg kg -1 , and 6.3 mg kg -1 ) and two moisture regimes (flooded and non-flooded) for 4 weeks, with weekly elution with 7 mm of water. After 4 weeks of incubation, the effect of glyphosate and fonofos amendment on dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase activity was tested. It was found that acid phosphomonoesterase activity was positively and linearly correlated with the redox potetial, while the alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity increased when Eh dropped to negative values, not significantly except for the acid phosphatase under flood conditions. INTRODUCTION Herbicide is usually applied under aerated soil conditions, but as a result of transport processes in the landscape it can be transferred to anaerobic conditions occurring in lowlands and sediments. Due to this, its fate and environmental effects, both under aerobic and anoxic conditions, are of scientific interest. N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate), one of the most frequently used herbicides, is an active substance of many popular concoctions. In soil it is degraded at a moderate rate, and one of the degradation reactions involves the carbon-phosphorus bond cleavage by soil bacteria enzymes. On the other hand, glyphosate can inhibit biosynthesis of aromatic amino-acids of some bacteria, thus affecting protein synthesis in bacteria cells and consequently also the synthesis of enzymes of the xenobiotics degradation pathways (Schäffer 1993, Wiersema et al. 2000). Fonofos (Methylphenylsulphone) is a very popular insecticide well-bound to soils, with a field half-life of ~ 40 days (Wauchope et al.1992). Fonofos can be transported in runoff (water solubility: 13 mg dm-3); in ground water it was detected on the level of 0.01-0.03 µg·dm-3 (Panshin et al. 1998). A general inhibitory effect (from 5% to 98%) was observed for phosphatase in the presence of glyphosate (Sannino and Gianfreda, 2001). One of the factors affecting microbiological activity in soil, and thus the rate and pathways of biodegradation of introduced organic substances, is the aeration status of soil (Ponnamperuma 1972, Gliński and Stępniewski 1985, Picek et al. 2000) which can be characterized by redox potential (Eh). Under natural conditions, Eh values of soils vary from –0.4 V (anaerobic conditions) to +0.8 V (aerobic conditions). Several relationships between O 2 availability (and thus the Eh value) in soil and the xenobiot- 94
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Jan Gliński, Grzegorz Józefaciuk,
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CONTENTS PART A: GAS EXCHANGE Revie
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SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
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In single observations, rates of N
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than in the night while CH 4 uptake
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Pumpanen et al. (2003b) measured wi
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5. Liikanen A 2002. Greenhouse gas
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EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND COMPACTI
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Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 600 F
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Soil depth (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 Diffu
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METHANE Main suppliers to the atmos
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3. Emission of N 2 O is higher from
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30. Kusa, K., Sawamoto, T., Hatano,
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GAS EMISSION FROM WETLANDS Stępnie
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ater retention capacity in the chan
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zone, while in Nadrybie lake the le
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Eh 350 300 250 mV 200 150 100 50 0
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Table 1. Sources and sinks of atmos
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Fig. 1. Quasi - equilibrium methane
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 5. Concentration of nitrous ox
Page 42 and 43: drooxygenology, such subbranches as
Page 44 and 45: Fig. 3. Soil microbial respiration
Page 46 and 47: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
Page 48 and 49: N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 50 and 51: 7. McKenney, D.J., C.F. Drury, and
Page 52 and 53: AERATION STATUS OF SOIL AND ENZYME
Page 54 and 55: Catalase is heme-containing enzyme
Page 56 and 57: 8. Deng S., Dick R. Sulfur oxidatio
Page 58 and 59: The number of profiles representing
Page 60 and 61: tics (Stępniewski et al., in press
Page 62 and 63: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SOIL POROUS ME
Page 64 and 65: The bulk of non-rhizosphere soil is
Page 66 and 67: RELATIONS The relations between soi
Page 68 and 69: 23. Mamilov A.Sh., Byzov, B.A. Zvya
Page 70 and 71: silts. The content of C org in the
Page 72 and 73: Table 2. Continued Location Day of
Page 74 and 75: 5 o C Eh (mV 400 300 200 100 1A 1B
Page 76 and 77: STRUCTURE FORMATION AND ITS CONSEQU
Page 78 and 79: when water content differences are
Page 80 and 81: authors stated that O 2 gradients i
Page 82 and 83: strength of the already existing st
Page 84 and 85: source of transforming DNA for Acin
Page 86 and 87: THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE
Page 88 and 89: der field conditions r-strategists
Page 92 and 93: ics behavior have been published (K
Page 94 and 95: Activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) was
Page 96 and 97: The rather small concentration of A
Page 98 and 99: The effect of the pesticide dosage
Page 100 and 101: METHANOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF COAL MIN
Page 102 and 103: GC TESTS Air-tight bottles (60 ml)
Page 104 and 105: dumping. For older rock samples, af
Page 106 and 107: SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
Page 108 and 109: - properties of plant surface and c
Page 110 and 111: mination, should be considered.The
Page 112 and 113: Considering a possibility of detect
Page 114 and 115: SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND THE
Page 116 and 117: clay content the latter processes p
Page 118 and 119: der alkaline treatment the silica o
Page 120 and 121: COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PHYSICAL
Page 122 and 123: suming and expensive regression-bas
Page 124 and 125: CROP RESPONSE Roots A characteristi
Page 126 and 127: CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the aggr
Page 128 and 129: 27. Keller, T., Arvidsson, J., Dawi
Page 130 and 131: MONITORING OF POROUS MEDIA PROCESSE
Page 132 and 133: - temperature: semiconductor, therm
Page 134 and 135: This is the reason why the optimisa
Page 136 and 137: CONCEPTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF HYDROMOR
Page 138 and 139: conditions applied to the soil samp
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ESTIMATION OF THE HYDROPHYSICAL CHA
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Fig. 6. Scheme of EURO-ACCESS-II mo
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The experimental field is located a
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Nannipieri Paolo Ostrowska Aneta Os
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