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Catalase is heme-containing enzyme that catalyses decomposition hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Reactive oxygen species, such as H 2 O 2 , formed during aerobic respiration as a by-product in a number of cellular systems, are the price, which aerobic organisms have to pay for the high efficiency of O 2 - dependent respiration metabolism. Because of its extreme reactivity, H 2 O 2 creates a risk of the irreversible damage of proteins by oxidising the SH-groups (Alef and Nannipieri, 1995). Thus, catalase plays an important role in protection of cell proteins and membranes. All aerobic and most of the facultative anaerobic microbes exhibit catalase activity. Deterioration of soil oxygen conditions, in contrary to dehydrogenases, results in inhibition of soil catalase activity. Catalase activity in soil showed positive correlations with air-filled porosity, oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential, but negative with water and Fe +2 content. (Gliński et al., 1986; Gliński et al., 1983; Gliński et al., 2000; Stępniewska et al., 2000). mol KMnO 4 g -1 min -1 a) 6 4 2 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 µmol KMnO 4 g -1 min -1 6 4 2 0 0 25 50 75 b) D/Do k, µ m 2 Fig. 3. Soil catalase activity versus gas diffusion coefficient (a) and air permeability (b) (From Stępniewska et al., 2000) Catalase activity of loess soil was found to be depressed under soil hypoxia only by 16% (Brzezińska et al., in preparation). This incomplete enzyme inhibition may result from the activity of facultative and microaerophilic microorganisms, equipped with this defensive mechanism. Moreover, the action of enzymes still active outside living cells may contribute to the estimated activity, as catalase is known to be very stable in soil (Alef and Nannipieri, 1995). Extracellular enzyme activity is not related to microbial activity and, therefore, not subjected to repression or induction and probably not sensitive to environmental conditions affecting the physiological state of the microorganisms (Nannipieri et al., 1996). Irrigation with wastewaterchanges soil aeration status. Additionally, nutrients and toxic substances present in wastewater create the special conditions for soil biota. The experiment with Eutric Histosol periodically irrigated with treated wastewater showed an elevation of soil dehydrogenase activity on average by 44% and 27% for the low (750mm per year) and high (1500mm) wastewater doses, but reduction of catalase activity on average by 12% (Brzezińska et al., 2001a). 57
mol KMnO4 g -1 min -1 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.20 1.35 Mg m -3 1.50 pF 2.2-2.9 pF 1.3-1.7 pF 0 Fig. 4. Combined effect of soil compaction and water potential on catalase activity in Orthic Luvisol (Brzezińska et al., in preparation) SOIL AERATION AND HYDROLASES Pulford and Tabatabai (1988) studied the effect of soil redox potential on the activity of eight hydrolases involved in C, N, P and S cycling in soil. Hydrolysis of native soil organic P and pyrophosphate added to soil are significantly affected by waterlogging. Mostly decreases in phosphatase activities were found, especially in acid and alkaline phosphatases and pyrophosphatases. Some soils showed the increase in phosphodiesterase activity. The activity of arylsulphatase diminished and the change in activity of β-glucosidase depended on the soil. Urease activity decreased but amidase activities increased after soil waterlogging. Flooded rice soils showed higher urease activity than upland rice soils (Baruah and Mishra, 1984). Invertase activity was retarded by soil flooding (Chendrayan et al., 1980). Deng and Dick (1990) reported that the response of rhodanese activity (transferase converting S 2 O 3 2- to SO 3 2- ) to change in water potential depended on soil. Similarly, Ray et al. (1985) showed a 2.5-6-fold increase in rhodanese activity in a pokkali (acid sulphate) soil after flooding but no changes in a flooded alluvial soil. REFERENCES 1. Alef K., Nannipieri P. 1995 Enzyme activities. In: Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry Eds K. Alef, P. Nannipieri. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company Publishers, London, 311-373. 2. Baruah M., Mishra R. R. 1984 Dehydrogenase and urease activities in rice field soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16, 423-424. 3. Brzezińska M., Stępniewska M., Stępniewski W. 1998 Soil oxygen status and dehydrogenase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 1783-1790. 4. Brzezińska M., Stępniewska M., Stępniewski W. 2001a Dehydrogenase and catalase activity of soil irrigated with municipal wastewater. Pol. J. Environ. St. 10, 307-311. 5. Brzezińska M., Stępniewska M., Stępniewski W., Włodarczyk T., Przywara G., Bennicelli R. 2001b Effect of oxygen deficiency on soil dehydrogenase activity pot experiment with barley. Int. Agrophysics 15, 3-7. 6. Brzezińska M., Stępniewski W., Włodarczyk T. Soil aeration status and catalase activity. in peparation. 7. Chendrayan K., Adhya T.K., Sethunathan N. 1980 Dehydrogenase and invertase activities of flooded soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 271-273. 58
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Jan Gliński, Grzegorz Józefaciuk,
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS PART A: GAS EXCHANGE Revie
Page 6 and 7: SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
Page 8 and 9: In single observations, rates of N
Page 10 and 11: than in the night while CH 4 uptake
Page 12 and 13: Pumpanen et al. (2003b) measured wi
Page 14 and 15: 5. Liikanen A 2002. Greenhouse gas
Page 16 and 17: EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND COMPACTI
Page 18 and 19: Cumulative CO 2 (kg C ha -1 ) 600 F
Page 20 and 21: Soil depth (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 Diffu
Page 22 and 23: METHANE Main suppliers to the atmos
Page 24 and 25: 3. Emission of N 2 O is higher from
Page 26 and 27: 30. Kusa, K., Sawamoto, T., Hatano,
Page 28 and 29: GAS EMISSION FROM WETLANDS Stępnie
Page 30 and 31: ater retention capacity in the chan
Page 32 and 33: zone, while in Nadrybie lake the le
Page 34 and 35: Eh 350 300 250 mV 200 150 100 50 0
Page 36 and 37: Table 1. Sources and sinks of atmos
Page 38 and 39: Fig. 1. Quasi - equilibrium methane
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 5. Concentration of nitrous ox
Page 42 and 43: drooxygenology, such subbranches as
Page 44 and 45: Fig. 3. Soil microbial respiration
Page 46 and 47: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
Page 48 and 49: N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 50 and 51: 7. McKenney, D.J., C.F. Drury, and
Page 52 and 53: AERATION STATUS OF SOIL AND ENZYME
Page 56 and 57: 8. Deng S., Dick R. Sulfur oxidatio
Page 58 and 59: The number of profiles representing
Page 60 and 61: tics (Stępniewski et al., in press
Page 62 and 63: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SOIL POROUS ME
Page 64 and 65: The bulk of non-rhizosphere soil is
Page 66 and 67: RELATIONS The relations between soi
Page 68 and 69: 23. Mamilov A.Sh., Byzov, B.A. Zvya
Page 70 and 71: silts. The content of C org in the
Page 72 and 73: Table 2. Continued Location Day of
Page 74 and 75: 5 o C Eh (mV 400 300 200 100 1A 1B
Page 76 and 77: STRUCTURE FORMATION AND ITS CONSEQU
Page 78 and 79: when water content differences are
Page 80 and 81: authors stated that O 2 gradients i
Page 82 and 83: strength of the already existing st
Page 84 and 85: source of transforming DNA for Acin
Page 86 and 87: THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE
Page 88 and 89: der field conditions r-strategists
Page 90 and 91: 22. Tarafdar JC and Jungk A 1987. P
Page 92 and 93: ics behavior have been published (K
Page 94 and 95: Activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) was
Page 96 and 97: The rather small concentration of A
Page 98 and 99: The effect of the pesticide dosage
Page 100 and 101: METHANOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF COAL MIN
Page 102 and 103: GC TESTS Air-tight bottles (60 ml)
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dumping. For older rock samples, af
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SOIL - PLANT - ATMOSPHERE AERATION
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- properties of plant surface and c
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mination, should be considered.The
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Considering a possibility of detect
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SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND THE
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clay content the latter processes p
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der alkaline treatment the silica o
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COMPACTION EFFECTS ON SOIL PHYSICAL
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suming and expensive regression-bas
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CROP RESPONSE Roots A characteristi
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CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the aggr
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27. Keller, T., Arvidsson, J., Dawi
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MONITORING OF POROUS MEDIA PROCESSE
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- temperature: semiconductor, therm
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This is the reason why the optimisa
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CONCEPTS AND MORPHOLOGY OF HYDROMOR
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conditions applied to the soil samp
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ESTIMATION OF THE HYDROPHYSICAL CHA
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Fig. 6. Scheme of EURO-ACCESS-II mo
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The experimental field is located a
Page 146:
Nannipieri Paolo Ostrowska Aneta Os
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