a socio-economic baseline assessment of the mnazi bay - IUCN

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1.4.3 Focus groups and mapping Focus group discussions (Slocum et al., 1995; Bunce et al., 2000) were the main source of information for the resource use patterns study. Key informant interviews and informal interviews were also used to cross check specific information. Focus group discussions were carried out in all the marine associated villages (Mkubiru, Mngoji, Msimbati, Madimba, Mitambo, Litembe, Tangazo, and Kilambo) except Nalingu. Groups were composed of 3 to 10 participants (of mixed ages and gender when relevant). Groups were user based (fishers grouped according to gear, shell fishers, traders according to product traded, and seaweed farmers). Themes discussed included: • Who carries out the activity? • How many people are involved? • Where is the activity carried out? • When? • How is the activity carried out (i.e. techniques, equipment …)? • What resources are used/targeted? • How much is exploited/traded? • Preferred gear • Conflicts between marine user groups. Because seasonal fluctuations highly affect the East African Coast and its marine activities (McClanahan, 1988; King, 2000; Malleret King et al., 2003; Shao et al. 2003) the seasonal aspects of the themes investigated were given emphasis. A team of six researchers facilitated the group discussions. These researchers were selected because they had facilitation skills but they were given additional training. The discussions were based on interview guides developed by the Team Leader (see Appendix 5). In addition to the verbal interview process, fisher groups were also asked to draw maps on the ground or on a flip chart of where their main fishing grounds were located. These maps were then transferred onto paper by the facilitators (see examples Appendix 6). A total of 46 focus group discussions and 343 participants were interviewed through this process. 1.4.4 Household survey A questionnaire was used to investigate the socio-economic status of Marine Park households and factors affecting this status. The questionnaire was composed of four parts (see Appendix 7).The first part concentrated on household characteristics, the second part on activities carried out by household members and their relative importance. The third part focused on the well-being of the households based on Material Style of Life data (Pollnac and Crawford, 2000; Berkes et al., 2001). Further details on the indicators used to measure the relative socio-economic status of households are provided in section 5. The fourth part of the questionnaire targeted fishing households. More detailed information was sought on the fishing activities and assets, including an estimation of income derived from fishing. As well as providing information on households’ relative socio-economic status, the questionnaire provided complementary information to the occupational structure and resource use patterns surveys. Households were surveyed in five villages (Mngoji, Msimbati, Tangazo, Litembe, and Mahurunga). These were selected based on their importance in marine resource use (findings from the occupational 6
structure), and their representation of locations in the Marine Park (the three areas identifies as seafront, mangrove and inland/river). Questionnaires were administered in Swahili. A team of interviewers was trained in each of the villages surveyed. The questionnaire took no more than 15 to 20 minutes to be administered and a total of 643 households were interviewed (see Table 1). 1.4.5 Sampling strategy The “household” was chosen as the unit of study. Indeed, the household is considered as being the unit at which resources are pooled and decisions taken about consumption, production and investment (Corbett, 1988). Non-random as well as random sampling methods were used. For the Occupational structure, purposive sampling was chosen (Bernard, 1995). Informants (men and women who knew the community well) were suggested by the Village Liaison Committee according to research needs. The occupational structure provided a comprehensive list of households (head of household name) which was then used as a sampling frame for the focus groups and the household survey. Participants to the focus groups were selected randomly according to their activity. Simple random sampling was used to select the households to be surveyed. Between 20 and 40% of the households were surveyed in the five villages as shown in the Table 1. Villages Table 1: Villages and number of household surveyed. No. of households % of the Marine Park households (excluding Nalingu) Surveyed households % village households surveyed Location Mngoji 434 8.8 89.0 20.5 Sea Front Msimbati 911 18.4 187.0 20.5 Sea Front Litembe 323 6.5 92.0 28.5 Mangrove Tangazo 921 18.6 185.0 20.1 Mangrove Mahurunga 222 4.5 90.0 40 River Total 2811 56.8 643 The villages selected represented more than half of the population of the Marine Park when Nalingu is excluded. 1.4.6 Analysis 1.4.6.1 Quantitative data Basic statistics were used to analyse the occupational structure data, and dependence on marine resources. Most of the analysis was done at the community level. For communities involved in marine resource associated activities, data was also at sub-community levels. Analysis of Variances, simple t-tests and Pearson correlations were carried out using with Systat (10.2) and Excel (Microsoft) software packages, to analyse the household survey data and identify factors influencing households’ socio-economic status. In addition, GIS technology was used to show how the occupational structure, farming systems, and more specifically the level of dependence on fisheries resources by fisheries dependent households varied within the spatial context of the Marine Park. Maps produced combining GIS technology and Power Point (Microsoft) software were produced to identify core threat areas in the Marine Park 7
Page 1: IUCN Eastern Africa Programme Mnazi
Page 4 and 5: The designation of geographical ent
Page 6 and 7: Appendix 5: Examples of maps of vil
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work could no
Page 10 and 11: Tidal and seasonal patterns affect
Page 12 and 13: • Destructive methods, particular
Page 14 and 15: A UNDP/GEF project was initiated in
Page 16 and 17: establishing sustainable management
Page 20 and 21: (number and proportion of marine re
Page 22 and 23: 2.3 Fishing In 1996, the number of
Page 24 and 25: Other opportunities are facilitated
Page 26 and 27: The proportion of women headed hous
Page 28 and 29: % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 30 and 31: As shown in Map 1, the proportion o
Page 32 and 33: Map 2: Level of dependence on marin
Page 34 and 35: Table 8: Average number days and mo
Page 36 and 37: On average in mangrove villages, th
Page 38 and 39: Stakeholders Type of activity Origi
Page 40 and 41: Boats are used for most gears. A sm
Page 42 and 43: Larger mesh size set nets (4-7 inch
Page 44 and 45: large and medium size mesh nets are
Page 46 and 47: Table 13: Timing, location and main
Page 48 and 49: Interviews suggest that for most ge
Page 50 and 51: Fishing in the Marine Park is mainl
Page 52 and 53: The daily income per fisher can be
Page 54 and 55: 4.2.6 Perceived changes in the last
Page 56 and 57: Table 18: Resource use patterns, sp
Page 58 and 59: 4.4.2 Perceived changes in shell re
Page 60 and 61: The Marine Park marine products are
Page 62 and 63: Drying swim bladder (by E. Mottier)
Page 64 and 65: 4.5.1.2 Fish and ‘dagaa’ (fresh
Page 66 and 67: 4.6.1 Marine Park related issues an
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Fishing is dominated by men, except
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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS 5.1 Measuri
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5.2 Results: Asset distribution 5.2
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Figure 14: Livestock type as a % of
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For fishing households, the link be
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5.3.3 Wealth and activities No sign
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Table 39: Average MSL score of fish
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6 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.
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6.1.1.2 On shell extraction and tra
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for MBREMP marine resources is guid
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Prompting will be used in order to:
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For traders: - where they buy their
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6.2.6.2 Why more monitor more infor
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7 CONCLUDING REMARKS Apart from inc
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Linden, O. & C.G. Lundin (1996) Pro
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9 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: TRAINING M
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4. Note taking • Write informatio
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4. Interview Preparation 4.1. Autho
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Shell collectors (what equipment do
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At the beginning of each sheet: Lis
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APPENDIX 3: DATA ENTRY TEMPLATE (FO
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APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW GUIDES RESOUR
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5. B SEA WEED FARMERS: INTERVIEW GU
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5. C. SHELL FISHERS INTERVIEW GUIDE
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5.D. TRADERS INTERVIEW GUIDE/FORM V
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APPENDIX 5: EXAMPLES OF MAPS OF VIL
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Map 4: Litembe Fishing grounds (han
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Map 9: Mkubiru fishing grounds (han
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APPENDIX 6: QUESTIONNAIRE (SOCIO-EC
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13. Tafadhali orodhesha shughuli zo
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20: wavuvi au mvuvi wa kaya hii ana
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10. Do they get power? 11. Do they
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18. Please ask about this household
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APPENDIX 8: TRAINING NOTES ON THE H
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FILLING THE SHEETS AND SAVING THE D
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Ntuvituvi Nyumdo Osala/Chaa Pandupa
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