A review of the dense Z-pinch

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Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 53 (2011) 093001 Topical Review 9. The future The Z-pinch remains a strong candidate for ICF, though funding of the order required for ignition is only likely to be available if the NIF falls short of expectations. Meanwhile, more compact hohlraum designs, perhaps building on the recent promising results from planar wire arrays, should make Z-pinch driven ICF require a smaller driver and a more manageable yield. The development of a more compact and repetitively pulsed new power source, the LTD, could be the answer. Some basic physics still requires to be done, for example, clarifying the enhanced radiation power. The author hopes that the discussion in this review will assist in understanding this phenomenon. Six candidate explanations have been put forward; ion-acoustic turbulence (or some generally enhanced collision frequency); ingestion of magnetic energy of m = 0 (MHD bubbles; Hall resistance in an inhomogeneous plasma; a 3D MHD with longer current paths (plus numerical heating); drift wave instabilities; and viscous dissipation (both ion and electron viscosity in different regimes) of short wavelength nonlinear m = 0 MHD modes. Related to this, the Z-pinch, using wire arrays or a series of gas puffs at lower line densities, is an impressive K α source and could be further developed. The deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch gives 3.9 × 10 13 neutron yield at 17 MA, and could be further enhanced at higher current, perhaps leading with DT to a useful source of 14 MeV neutrons. At high line density these neutrons are almost certainly thermal rather then beam–target in origin. The capillary Z-pinch is useful not only in x-ray laser development but also in providing a suitable guide for laser wakefield acceleration. The application of pulsed power to high energy density physics is impressive. Because of the larger spatial and temporal scales available, compared with laser-driven experiments, more accurate equation of state, transport properties and opacities can be obtained. This was demonstrated at Sandia National Laboratory by using the Z-accelerator to drive flyer-plates on to material samples and examining the shock propagation. For example Knudson et al [737], by measuring the principal Hugoniot, the reverberating wave and the mechanical re-shock in liquid deuterium contained by an aluminium drive-plate and a sapphire rear window obtained an equation of state that corrected earlier laser-driven measurements, at pressures up to 400 Gpa. The greater accuracy occurred because of the larger sample and longer times possible with pulsed power. An exciting development is that of laboratory astrophysics. Scaled experiments have demonstrated Mach 20 jets, with and without magnetic fields, their interaction with other plasma and the development of magnetic towers. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank all his colleagues at Imperial College and Sandia National Laboratory, for discussions and providing material, especially Sergey Lebedev, Simon Bland, Jerry Chittenden, Tom Sanford, Mike Cuneo, Christine Coverdale, Brent Jones, and also Chris Deeney (DOE) and John Apruzese (NRL). I am also indebted to Neal Powell for his excellent draughtsmanship with many of the figures. My patient wife, Polly, is particularly thanked, not only for typing the manuscript but also living with a thousand scattered Z-pinch papers in the house for several years. Then also thanks to Simon Bott, Gareth Hall and Chris Jennings for reading the manuscript and making many useful suggestions and lastly to the editors and reviewers for their patience and suggestions. 153
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A review of the dense Z-pinch

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