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22 K. Fiszdon, K. Góral, J. Narojek TABLE 8. Influence of living conditions on excessive self-grooming Living condition Excessive grooming yes % no % Total Exclusively indoor 5 3.6 135 96.4 140 Limited access outdoor 2 2.3 84 97.7 86 Unlimited 0 0.0 43 100 43 Total 7 2.6 262 97.4 269 Origin of cat Cattery 0 0.0 28 100 28 Born and reared in current home 0 0.0 15 100 15 Born in other household 3 3.6 80 96.4 83 Adopted as strays or of unknown origin 4 2.8 139 97.2 143 Total 7 2.6 262 97.4 269 Age at time of purchase/adoption Kitten up to 2 months 3 2.2 136 97.8 139 From 2 months up to 2 years 2 1.8 107 98.2 109 Over 2 years 2 10.0 18 90.0 20 Total 7 2.6 261 97.4 268 2 years of age, in 1 between 2 and 8 years, and in 3 over 8 years. One case related to a cat whose age was not determined. Only one of those cats was pure-bred, whereas all others were of random breeding. When analyzing possible relations between excessive grooming and living conditions, it is worth noticing that no case occurred in cats, having unlimited access to outside world, and also in cats born in their current homes or purchased from breeders (Tab. 8). Far more cases were reported with cats purchased/ /adopted after they had finished 2 years of age. Confining cats in limited space and change of environment may both lead to stress and it manifests itself by excessive grooming behaviors. It can be also presumed that selective breeding aims at producing individuals better suited to living as family pets. Autoaggression Only few cases were reported, therefore it was not possible to study any influence on them. Survey revealed 5 cases (1.9%), all of them in neutered individuals of European breed, adopted and of unknown origin. 4 cases were attributed to cats kept permanently indoor and in one case a cat was occasionally allowed out. This clearly indicates that restricted living conditions negatively influence animal well-being, especially in case of individuals used to live semi-wild for at least part of their lives. CONCLUSIONS Undesirable behaviours were observed in 73% of all animals surveyed. This result is distinctly higher than any previous ones, reported by different authors.
Occurrence of behavioural disorders in domestic cats 23 The most common behaviour was scratching furniture and walls, found in 52% of cats. It was significantly more common in case of animals adopted before they were 2 months old, in households with no other animals present, but with children aged 5–10 and 14–18 years. The second most frequent behaviour was urinating/defecating in places other than provided for these purposes, observed in 23.8% of animals. It occurred two times more often in cats over 8 years of age than in younger ones. Contrary to results reported earlier, it was also twice more common in neutered cats, irrespective of their sex. Aggression towards other cats was reported in almost 20% of cats and was significantly influenced by age – most cases were observed among specimens over 8 years of age – as well as by living conditions (aggression was far less common among cats, kept permanently indoor). Aggression towards other animals occurred in 10% of cats and it was more frequent in females, both intact and spayed, than in males. It was also significantly more common among cats, having unlimited access outdoor. Destructive behaviours were reported in 10% of all cats and no influence of factors taken into consideration was found. Aggression towards people was rare – only 6.7% cases. Despite such low numbers, we found correlations between this type of aggression and number of children present in household – the more children, the higher likelihood of aggression. Excessive grooming behaviours were found in 7 cats (2.6%) and autoaggression – in 5 cats (1.9%). REFERENCES BEAVER B.V., 2003: Feline Behavior. Elsevier Health Sciences, 335. BERGMAN L., HART B.L., BAIN M., CLIFF K., 2002: Evaluation of urine marking by cats as a model for understanding veterinary diagnostic and treatment approaches and client attitudes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221(9): 1282–1286. BLACKSHAW J.K., ALLAN D.J., McGREEVY P., 2003: Notes on some topics in applied animal behavior. School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia. BORCHELT P.L., VOITH V.L., 1996: Common Behaviour Problems and their Management: Feline and Canine. In: VOITH V.L., BOR- CHELT P.L., [eds] Readings in Companion Animal Behavior. Trenton, Veterinary Learning Systems, 208–216. HART B.L., COOPER L.C., 1984: Factors relating to urine – spraying and fighting in pre-pubertally gonadectomized cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203: 254–258. HEIDENBERGER E., 1997: Housing conditions and behavioural problems of indoor cats as assessed by their owners. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 52: 345–364. HORWITZ D., 1997: Behavioural and environmental factors associated with elimination behaviour problems in cats: A retrospective study. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 52(1–2): 129–137. HORZINEK M.C., SCHMIDT V., LUTZ H., 2004: Praktyka kliniczna: Koty. Wyd. Galaktyka, Bratislava 2004; rozdz. 1. KUDŁA J., 2006: Zaburzenia behawioralne u psów i kotów w podeszłym wieku. Magazyn Weterynaryjny, 109: 38–40. KUDŁA J., 2008: Przyczyny agresji u kotów. Magazyn Weterynaryjny, 134: 506–508. LANDSBERG G., HUNTHAUSEN W., ACKER- MAN L., 2003: Handbook of Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England, 365–384. LEVINE E., PERRY P., SCERLETT J., HOUPT K.A., 2005: Intercat aggression in households following the introduction of a new cat. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 90: 325–336. LINDELL E.M., ERB H.N., HOUPT K.A., 1997: Intercat aggression: a retrospective study examining types of aggression, sexes of fighting pairs,
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