UN Guide for Anti-Corruption Policies - United Nations Office on ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
<strong>UN</strong>ITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION
I INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................14
A. Background..........................................................................................................14
B. Purpose of the <strong>Guide</strong>............................................................................................16
C. Future developments............................................................................................19
II. WHAT IS “CORRUPTION”? .............................................................................21
A. Introduction..........................................................................................................21
B. The nature of corruption ......................................................................................23
C. Consequences of corruption.................................................................................25
D. Types of <strong>Corruption</strong>.............................................................................................28
1. “Grand” and “Petty” corruption ...............................................................28
2. “Active” and “passive” corruption ............................................................29
3. Bribery.........................................................................................................29
4. Embezzlement, theft and fraud. ...................................................................31
5. Extortion......................................................................................................32
6. Abuse of discretion......................................................................................33
7. Favouritism, nepotism and clientelism........................................................33
8. Conduct creating or exploiting conflicting interests...................................33
9. Improper political contributions .................................................................34
III DEVELOPING ANTI CORRUPITON STRATEGIES; AN INTEGRATED
APPROACH ................................................................................................................35
A. Introduction ....................................................................................................35
B. Lessons learned and the construction of anti-corruption strategies................36
1. Negative impact of corruption.....................................................................36
2. Conditions facilitating corruption...............................................................36
3. Conditions required to prevent corruption .................................................37
4. Involving all key stakeholders .....................................................................38
5. The links between corruption and money-laundering.................................38
C. Requirements <strong>for</strong> anti-corruption strategies ...................................................39
1. Inclusive and comprehensive ......................................................................39
2. Integrated ....................................................................................................40
3. Transparent .................................................................................................41
4 Non-Partisan ...............................................................................................41
5. Evidence based............................................................................................42
6. Impact oriented ...........................................................................................43
IV INSTITUTION BUILDING ................................................................................45
A. Introduction ....................................................................................................45
B. The mechanics of institution building ............................................................47
C. Judicial Institutions.........................................................................................48
D. Institution Building in Local and Regional Governments..............................50