United Nations Environment Programme - Stockholm Convention on ...

5.7 METALS PRODUCTION, BY HEIDELORE FIEDLER (BUENOS AIRES,
MANAMA AND NAIROBI CONSULTATIONS)
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Case Study:
Production of Metals
Heidelore Fiedler
UNEP Chemicals
11-13 chemin des Anémones,
CH-1219 Châtelaine (GE),
Switzerland
e-mail: hfiedler@unep.ch
Utopia: Future Projects
Utopia has plans for the following projects:
• Since the country has rich iron ores, in June 2005 to
start construction of a plant to produce 120,000 tons of
iron/steel in blast furnaces;
• In August 2005, one of the electric arc furnaces of the
secondary steel plant A-A has to be replaced;
• In November 2005, the secondary copper plant will
export its dusts/fly ashes to the secondary zinc plant;
• Export of lead acid batteries from automobiles to
Fantasia for recycling.
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Utopia and Fantasia are two countries in Africa
1. Utopia: population of 40 million;
• The country is Party to the Basel <strong>Convention</strong> since 1994;
• The country is Party to the <strong>Stockholm</strong> <strong>Convention</strong> since 3 March 2003;
• The country does not have a laboratory to analyze PCDD/PCDF;
• The country does not have legislation for PCDD/PCDF.
2. Fantasia: population of 15 million
• The country is Party to the Basel <strong>Convention</strong> since 1998;
• The country ratified the <strong>Stockholm</strong> <strong>Convention</strong> on 8 April 2005;
• The country has a governmental laboratory capable to sample and
analyze PCDD/PCDF;
• The country has legislation where in Directive 2378/2003 of Fantasia a
maximum permissible concentration for PCDD/PCDF in emissions to
air of 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³ from stationary sources of incineration of
municipal solid waste and medical waste is established.
Fantasia: Production of Metals
Fantasia has the following industrial activities:
• Lead production based on batteries from automobiles.
There are 5 companies. The annual capacities vary
from 500 to 10,000 tons per year and company;
Of the 5 companies, 4 have reverberatories (P-1 to P-4).
These plants have cyclones for flue gas cleaning.
Plant P-5 has pre-treatment of the batteries;
P-5 has 2 rotary kilns, rapid cooling of the gases, and
bagfilters.
• From 2006, import of lead acid batteries from Utopia
for the rotary kilns in plant P-5.
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Utopia: Production of Metals
Utopia has the following industrial activities:
• Two steel companies, which have electric arc furnaces (EAFs);
The scrap originates from domestic sources and imports from Fantasia;
Plant A-A, built in 1995, is equipped with post-combustion and
bagfilters;
Plant A-B, built in 1975, has electrostatic filters for flue gas cleaning.
The flue gases leave the stack at a temperature of 280 °C .
• One plant for secondary zinc production, which is operating on zinc
scrap. The plant was build in 2002.
• Lead production utilizing batteries from automobiles. There are 7
companies that have 7 reverberatory furnaces. The furnaces are small;
some have cyclones for dust control.
• Production of secondary copper is done in rotary kilns and blast
furnaces. Pierce-Smith converters are used in the conversion step. Wet
scrubbers are present for gas cleaning.
Utopia and Fantasia: Questions to the Ministry of <strong>Environment</strong>
The Ministry of <strong>Environment</strong> is faced with the following
questions:
(1) In relation to present situation:
(a) Which plants can be considered BAT? Why?
(b) Which plants do not fulfill BAT? Why?
(2) In relation to future activities:
(a) Which plants have to apply BAT? Why?
(b) What are their options?
(c) Which plants are not required to apply BAT?
(d) Which possibilities exist to promote BAT or BEP?
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