Tana Delta Irrigation Project, Kenya: An Environmental Assessment

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Rehabilitation of the Tana Delta Irrigation Project, Kenya: An Environmental Assessment. D. That PFM/CFM be based on the twin goals of forest conservation and forest expansion, with consideration given to development of (exotic) woodlots, with full ownership of the process by communities. E. On the basis of A, B and C above: initiate pilot community forest management in the villages of Bfumbwe and Wema; given the organised and active status of their village environmental bodies. F. That technical assistance be made available, particularly in terms of best practice in forest management; and awareness creation/education within the TDIP villages. G. To ascertain the stake (if any) of other villages in the target forest patches. 3. That any forest conservation initiative be accompanied by a separate, but linked, community development component, given the relationship between poverty and forest decline, and based on the rationale that forest conservation twinned with positive community development will have a higher likelihood of long-term success as compared to forest conservation carried out in isolation. For example, it is likely that much of the forestation/reforestation work will be carried out in periods where villages are free from cropgrowing activities; however, these periods are also stress periods in terms of food supply. Appropriate investment into enhancing food production will ideally decrease food shortage, enabling people to be able to work effectively during stress times. Other examples are potential synergies resulting from a twin forest-livelihoods approach include the ability of households to afford fuel-efficient stoves (that typically burn one-third of normal wood supply), through improved crop production. 4. That interventions emanating from rehabilitation of the TDIP - whether concerning forest management and/or community livelihoods - be managed and implemented through effective, trusted, neutral, and mutually agreed third parties, for example, the East African Wildlife Society (EAWLS) in the case of forest conservation; and World Vision or Action Aid, in the case of community livelihoods – rather than through TARDA, given the level of distrust between villages and TARDA. 5. That TARDA engage the TDIP communities as partners in the rehabilitation of the project - through information sharing, consultation and collaboration - as a necessary process for designing and implementing win-win solutions. It is further recommended that this report be shared with the TDIP communities, as a first step towards engaging them as bonafide stakeholders in the process. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks is due to Dr. Abe of JBIC for input into the scope of work; to Richard Mwendandu of TARDA for his continued support throughout; to CEPF for interest and funding, and especially John Watkin of CEPF for bringing the study to fruition; and particularly to Quentin Luke for his support, patience and oversight of the rapid assessment study. In the field Shadrack Kibindyo of TARDA provided excellent assistance; whilst special thanks go to the village enumerators and focus groups (whose names are contained in Annex 2), who willingly provided a rich insight into their livelihoods, challenges and hopes. Lastly, thanks goes to Angela Moraa for patience and support. REFERENCES Carney D, 2001, ‘Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches: Progress and Possibilities for Change’, DFID (Department for International Development), UK. TARDA (Tana and Athi River Development Authority) (1983) ‘Environmental Interface’, Chapter 14 Tana River Irrigation Project (Extension) Feasibility Study Vol. 11, August. TARDA (Tana and Athi River Development Authority) (Year unknown) ‘Environmental Study’, Annex 5 Tana Delta Irrigation Project Definitive Development Plan Vol. IV. TDEAP (Tana Delta Environmental Awareness Programme) (1999) ‘Analysis of the Situation on the Ground report 12-27 th September 1999 – Draft’, October. Rietbergen-McCracken J. and D. Narayan (1998) ‘Participation and Social Assessment: tools and techniques’, World Bank, Washington DC. 27
Rehabilitation of the Tana Delta Irrigation Project, Kenya: An Environmental Assessment. Annex 1: Terms of Reference for the Socio-Economic Study Overview: the research will concern itself with the relevant socio-economic aspects (particularly relating to stakeholder communities) with respect to the proposed protection of existing indigenous forest patches, extension of forest patches, and creation of connecting corridors between forest patches, within the project area. The socio-economic component will comprise three main elements: 1. Desk Study Carry out review of extensive existing literature and reports, in order to • Understand the socio-economic context of the environment • Understand past initiatives, results and consequences that will impact the project • Identify the most important issues relating to the livelihoods-environment interface • Identify data needs 2. Fieldwork Design appropriate field methodology and supervise data collection to be carried out by locally accepted enumerator(s) over a 2 week period. Participatory research by the community will be used as much as possible, and be tested in advance. Due to prior research exposure and fatigue amongst the community, dependable key informants will also be used to cross-check the validity of participatory findings. In addition the methodology will also incorporate unbiased, independent data collection where possible. It is anticipated that TARDA personnel will be able to assist greatly in the design of representative sampling/data collection. Data needs will be targeted towards: A. Prior identification of bona fide community stakeholders (both inside and outside the project site – key informants) B. Assessment of resource and asset base (natural, human and social – participatory/key informants) C. Assessing the relationship and dynamics of the natural resource-livelihood interface (emphasizing forest-livelihood links) – participatory/key informants through e.g. ‣ Description of livelihood community strategies ‣ Assessment of reliance of livelihoods on the natural resource base ‣ Identification of key natural resources ‣ Analysis of key resources: access, use, attitudes towards, and behaviour ‣ Community needs assessment – both general and in relation to key resources ‣ Assessment of livelihood constraints 3. Data analysis and Report Conduct analysis of field data and compile a report in conjunction with the other elements of the project. The main elements are expected to include: A. Threat analysis of the impact of the proposed project on livelihood strategies and key resources respectively, and vice-versa – including (i) direct and (ii) indirect effects B. Identification of and recommendations for opportunities to mitigate threats. These are expected to include: ‣ Guidelines for adopting an appropriate form of Participatory Forest Management ( PFM) ‣ Identification of suitable existing structures and resources ‣ Outline of a process for and the main components of an appropriate FM/NRM action plan 28
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