The Timaeus of Plato

8; B] TIMAIOS. 327
to some bad habit of body and unenlightened training that the
wicked man becomes wicked ;
and these are always unwelcome
and imposed against his will. And where pains are concerned,
the soul likewise derives much evil from the body. For where
and those that are bitter
the humours of acid and salt phlegms
and bilious roam about the body and find no outlet to the surface,
but being pent up within and blending their own exhalations
with the movement of the soul are mingled therewith, they
induce all kinds of mental diseases, more or less violent and
serious : and rushing to the three regions of the soul, in the part
which each attacks they multiply manifold forms of moroseness
and melancholy, of rashness and timidity, of forgetfulness and
dulness. And when, besides these vicious conditions, there are
added bad governments and bad principles maintained in public
and private speech ;
when moreover no studies to be an antidote
are pursued from youth up, then it is that all of us who are
wicked become so, owing to two causes entirely beyond our own
control. The blame must lie rather with those who train than
with those who are trained, with the educators than the educated
: however we must use our utmost zeal by education, pursuits,
and studies to shun vice and embrace virtue. This subject
however belongs to a different branch of inquiry.
10. iroiKtXXei jiiv tl'Srj]
This comes 19. ravra. \&v o3v 81^] i.e. the evil
to the same thing as yevvq. iroiKiXa d5rj. results of physical imperfection and bad
14. Xex8wovi that is
good is fair, all that is fair is symrwAs
that i5n-6 ffo vtovs, Sia- metrical. Now we take great heed to
ffelpovTas St nvas tro^ior&s 3iwri/cot/s, lesser symmetries, but the most important
6 TI Kal atoi> \6yov,