A Treebank-based Investigation of IPP-triggering Verbs in Dutch

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EN: Improving the efficiency [...] FR: L’amélioration de l’efficacité [...] (The improvement of the efficiency) 8 Structural shift: this subclass comprises all those cases when syntactic level is directly involved and affected from translator’s choices or word order constraints. We then include, for example, the cases of discontinuous correspondences: EN: Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable [...] IT: Non potrà del pari essere inflitta alcuna pena superiore a quella applicabile [...] (Cannot be likewise imposed any penalty heavier than the one applicable) passivisation–depassivisation 9 : EN:This Directive seeks to achieve [...] IT:La presente Direttiva è intesa a conseguire [...] (The present Directive is sought to achieve) different syntactic realizations (e.g. light verb constructions or paraphrases): EN: [...] to achieve the promotion of respect [...] IT: [...] promuovere il rispetto [...] (to promote the respect) As already observed in [1], this is the most frequent type of translation shift and, we would rather say, the most evident, when comparing a tree pair. The second main class often involves some of the structural shifts as well; despite this, we preferred to classify them separately. They may include: addition–deletion: EN: [...] the respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms [...] FR: [...] le respect universel et effectif des droits de l’homme et des libertées fonclasses, similarly to [3], with this expression we prefer to indicate only morpho-syntactic categories. 8 The glosses for non-English examples are intended as literal and not necessarily corresponding to the correct English expression. 9 Since in ParTUT translation direction is unknown, we consider the two transformation strategies as counterparts one of each other and put them in the same subclass. We applied the same principle even for the cases of additiondeletion, cited below. 174
damentales [...] 10 (the universal and effective respect of human rights and of fundamental freedoms) mutation: whenever there is a textual equivalence (according to Catford’s terminology), but the correspondence is characterised by a high degree of fuzziness. EN: the right to recognition as a person before the law FR: le droit à la reconnaissance de sa personalité juridique (the right to the recognition of his legal personality) Although to a different extent, both classes of shift (i.e. syntactic and semantic) were equally relevant, being the most prominent the structural shifts (with an overall frequency rate of 47.6%), the addition-deletion semantic sub-class (21%) and the category shifts (16.8%) 11 . The description of such shifts in quantitative terms, besides their classification, may provide an insight on the extent to which it is necessary to take into account such differences while designing an automatic alignment system, as well as on the impact that they may have on its overall performance. 4.1 Alignment proposals Our proposal is based on some fundamental criteria which depend on the observation of the translation shifts. First of all, since in the shifts both morphology and syntax can be involved, we decided that we have to take into account at the same time a morphological and syntactic perspective, as allowed by a format encoding like TUT, with linguistic knowledge for the lexical morphology, dependency structure and argument structure. Observing the several guidelines (see [9] and [12]) and related works (e.g. [7], or [16]) consulted before we started the manual annotation of translational correspondences, we found only one study [15] which dealt with alignment of tree pairs in terms of phrases, rather than single words, and no one where the alignment was based on dependency relations. Useful information on the alignment of argument structure in parallel treebank were instead found in [3] and [6], but in all these guidelines there were significant discrepancies and divergences in the choice of what should actually be put into correspondence. Our proposal includes two distinct steps, respectively referring to the lexical level and to syntactic dependencies. As for the alignment on the word level, we first used the WordAligner, a web-based interface which allows for manual editing and browsing of alignments and represents each pair of sentences as a grid of squares. For the syntactic level, we worked on an alignment procedure that could then be formalized and implemented benefitting from the syntactic information 10 In this example, in particular, we observe both additions and deletions while comparing the English sentence to the French version. 11 And among them, respectively, the shift between name and adjective, (36.3%), and between noun and verb (21.2%). 175
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A Treebank-based Investigation of I
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participle and a (te-)infinitival c
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Some verbs occur twice, since they
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Profiling Feature Selection for Nam
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prepositional objects (FOPP, OPP).
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the limited size of annotated data
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with high precision typically have
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‘This was “not significantly”
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The preposition durch typically has
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Non-Projective Structures in Indian
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the sequential order of nodes in a
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extra-posed relative clause that ge
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Experiments on Dependency Parsing o
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for mitigating the effects of spars
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obtained with MALTParser is 76.61%
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as a standardised serialisation for
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constituency and dependency, possib
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SynAF and/or in . However, they sha
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shows how some elements that are no
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Example
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‏ Example 8: represent
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Chinese) as the direct object NP.
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Example 15: Tokens and Word Forms
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In a second experiment, a dataset w
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[3] Leech G. N., Barnett, R. & Kahr
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Effectively long-distance dependenc
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In French, another case of eLDD is
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elativization, it-clefts or questio
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4.2.3 Annotation methodology Becaus
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Number of occurrences in FTB +SEQTB
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producing treebank based LFG approx
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Logical Form Representation for Lin
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gerundives for a total amount of so
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object+indirect object/object one.
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(VP (VB patch) ) ) ) (VP (VBZ is) (
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Types Adverb. Adject. Verbs Nouns T
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Eventually we may comment that ther
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DeepBank: A Dynamically Annotated T
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from another already existing one,
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to parse now does. The extra manual
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In the derivation show in Figure 1,
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4 Patching Coverage Gaps with An Ap
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will enable further improvements in
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ParDeepBank: Multiple Parallel Deep
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2 The ParDeepBank The PTB has emerg
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undergone extensive scientific scru
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the second combines the structures
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Sofia University). Each sentence wa
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data, and improvements in the infra
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The Effect of Treebank Annotation G
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ut without feature structures. This
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only the lexicon is fine-grained to
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Automatic Coreference Annotation in
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manually annotated Czech sentences.
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citizens of Bilbao] are very involv
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4.1.3 Coreference Selector Module T
Page 117 and 118: Nominal P R F1 MUC 75.33% 81.33% 78
Page 119 and 120: [9] G. Doddington, A. Mitchell, M.
Page 121 and 122: Analyzing the Most Common Errors in
Page 123 and 124: Graph 1 shows results of subsequent
Page 125 and 126: in the semantic type). This situati
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Page 129 and 130: annotation is also based on a depen
Page 131 and 132: Set Name Sentences Tokens % Train/T
Page 133 and 134: dency relations (PRED, OBJ, SBJ, AD
Page 135 and 136: ton and Stacklazy), we trained a mo
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Page 139 and 140: Using Parallel Treebanks for Machin
Page 141 and 142: phrases are generated by a shallow
Page 143 and 144: Figure 2: A Kybot p
Page 145 and 146: SUJ NP SENT MOD PP NP PP PP NP NP P
Page 147 and 148: Checkpoint Instances Google PT Our
Page 149 and 150: 6 Conclusions In this paper we have
Page 151 and 152: An integrated web-based treebank an
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Page 157 and 158: ple subcategorization frames may be
Page 159 and 160: 4 Integrated interface for annotati
Page 161 and 162: of the 5th International Conference
Page 163 and 164: Translational divergences and their
Page 165 and 166: posed so far, Cyrus’ work did not
Page 167: allowed an appropriate coverage of
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Page 175 and 176: Building a treebank of noisy user-g
Page 177 and 178: Phenomenon Attested example Std. co
Page 179 and 180: Figure 1: French Social Media Bank
Page 181 and 182: Impact of treebank characteristics
Page 183 and 184: Det Adj N (a) Danish Det Adj N (b)
Page 185 and 186: sv: Bestämmelserna i detta avtal f
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Page 189 and 190: vidner , tilhørere og tiltalte wit
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Page 193 and 194: Genitives in Hindi Treebank: An Att
Page 195 and 196: A genitive can occur with complex p
Page 197 and 198: quite high. This motivates us towar
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A Treebank-based Investigation of IPP-triggering Verbs in Dutch

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