A Treebank-based Investigation of IPP-triggering Verbs in Dutch

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Umfana wabuya kodwa akayisizanga Um- fana wa- -buy- -a kodwa aka- -yi- -siz- -anga class 1 nom. marker noun stem subj- 3rdcl1 prefix past tense verb root verb ending CONJ neg.su bj- 3rdcl1 prefix obj- 3rdcl9 prefix verb root boy return but (he) her assist not verb negati on marker past tense Table 1: A brief description of the Zulu sentence 'Umfana wabuya kodwa akayisizanga' (The boy returned but he did not assist her) While subject-verb agreement is obligatory, the verb-object phrase only shows grammatical agreement in certain cases, for instance, when the referent of the object is known information in the discourse and therefore omitted, as illustrated in the example sentence. The object-affix –yi- in akayisizanga is an example of pronominal incorporation in the verb, since it refers to the class 9 noun intombazane (girl), a discourse topic that has already been established. Note that, although it is a dependent morpheme, this object affix carries the grammatical function of an object (see also [12] on Kichaga, another Bantu-language). 4.3.3 Inflection (negation and tense indication) One way to negate a sentence in Zulu is to modify the verb. In this case, the sentence is negated by using two verbal affixes, i.e. the prefix aka- and the suffix -anga which also indicates past tense (-i would have marked present tense). In the first verb, wa-buya, past tense is indicated by the class prefix wa-; here, present tense would have been indicated by the prefix u-. 4.3.4 Compound sentences The sentence in Table 1 is an example of a compound sentence that links clauses of equal importance. In this case, the co-ordination is achieved by means of the co-ordinating conjunction kodwa (but). Our suggested encoding in MAF (the token definitions are found in Example 9) reflects the morphosyntactic facts: some of the units consisting of several morphs are formed on word level (see Example 10), while others form the predicate, i.e. a verbal phrase containing an agreement marker, an object, a verb stem and an inflectional element, cf. (Example 11). 48
Example 11: Excerpt of the MAF-encoding: units of the predicate 49
Page 1 and 2: A Treebank-based Investigation of I
Page 3 and 4: participle and a (te-)infinitival c
Page 5 and 6: Some verbs occur twice, since they
Page 7 and 8: Profiling Feature Selection for Nam
Page 9 and 10: prepositional objects (FOPP, OPP).
Page 11 and 12: the limited size of annotated data
Page 13 and 14: with high precision typically have
Page 15 and 16: ‘This was “not significantly”
Page 17 and 18: The preposition durch typically has
Page 19 and 20: Non-Projective Structures in Indian
Page 21 and 22: the sequential order of nodes in a
Page 23 and 24: extra-posed relative clause that ge
Page 25 and 26: Experiments on Dependency Parsing o
Page 27 and 28: for mitigating the effects of spars
Page 29 and 30: obtained with MALTParser is 76.61%
Page 31 and 32: as a standardised serialisation for
Page 33 and 34: constituency and dependency, possib
Page 35 and 36: SynAF and/or in . However, they sha
Page 37 and 38: shows how some elements that are no
Page 39 and 40: Example
Page 41: ‏ Example 8: represent
Page 45 and 46: Chinese) as the direct object NP.
Page 47 and 48: Example 15: Tokens and Word Forms
Page 49 and 50: In a second experiment, a dataset w
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54: [3] Leech G. N., Barnett, R. & Kahr
Page 55 and 56: Effectively long-distance dependenc
Page 57 and 58: In French, another case of eLDD is
Page 59 and 60: elativization, it-clefts or questio
Page 61 and 62: 4.2.3 Annotation methodology Becaus
Page 63 and 64: Number of occurrences in FTB +SEQTB
Page 65 and 66: producing treebank based LFG approx
Page 67 and 68: Logical Form Representation for Lin
Page 69 and 70: gerundives for a total amount of so
Page 71 and 72: object+indirect object/object one.
Page 73 and 74: (VP (VB patch) ) ) ) (VP (VBZ is) (
Page 75 and 76: Types Adverb. Adject. Verbs Nouns T
Page 77 and 78: Eventually we may comment that ther
Page 79 and 80: DeepBank: A Dynamically Annotated T
Page 81 and 82: from another already existing one,
Page 83 and 84: to parse now does. The extra manual
Page 85 and 86: In the derivation show in Figure 1,
Page 87 and 88: 4 Patching Coverage Gaps with An Ap
Page 89 and 90: will enable further improvements in
Page 91 and 92: ParDeepBank: Multiple Parallel Deep
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2 The ParDeepBank The PTB has emerg
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undergone extensive scientific scru
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the second combines the structures
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Sofia University). Each sentence wa
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data, and improvements in the infra
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The Effect of Treebank Annotation G
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ut without feature structures. This
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only the lexicon is fine-grained to
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Automatic Coreference Annotation in
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manually annotated Czech sentences.
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citizens of Bilbao] are very involv
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4.1.3 Coreference Selector Module T
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Nominal P R F1 MUC 75.33% 81.33% 78
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[9] G. Doddington, A. Mitchell, M.
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Analyzing the Most Common Errors in
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Graph 1 shows results of subsequent
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in the semantic type). This situati
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Will a Parser Overtake Achilles? Fi
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annotation is also based on a depen
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Set Name Sentences Tokens % Train/T
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dency relations (PRED, OBJ, SBJ, AD
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ton and Stacklazy), we trained a mo
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Feature Function Column Name Addres
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Using Parallel Treebanks for Machin
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phrases are generated by a shallow
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Figure 2: A Kybot p
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SUJ NP SENT MOD PP NP PP PP NP NP P
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Checkpoint Instances Google PT Our
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6 Conclusions In this paper we have
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An integrated web-based treebank an
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16] and we have earlier reported fr
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Figure 2: Screenshot of the interfa
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ple subcategorization frames may be
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4 Integrated interface for annotati
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of the 5th International Conference
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Translational divergences and their
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posed so far, Cyrus’ work did not
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allowed an appropriate coverage of
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damentales [...] 10 (the universal
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for all lex_pair(s,t) do if head an
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the treatment of typical translatio
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Building a treebank of noisy user-g
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Phenomenon Attested example Std. co
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Figure 1: French Social Media Bank
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Impact of treebank characteristics
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Det Adj N (a) Danish Det Adj N (b)
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sv: Bestämmelserna i detta avtal f
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100 90 80 Unlabelled attachment 70
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vidner , tilhørere og tiltalte wit
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mance is not inconsiderable, as was
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Genitives in Hindi Treebank: An Att
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A genitive can occur with complex p
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quite high. This motivates us towar
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A Treebank-based Investigation of IPP-triggering Verbs in Dutch

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