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CONTENTS 1.6.1 The K-correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.6.2 Space density of AGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.7 Modern instrumentation in X-ray astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.7.1 X-ray telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.7.2 Imaging X-ray detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.7.3 The XMM-Newton observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.8 Aims of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2 AGN surveys with XMM-Newton 33 2.1 The AXIS survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.1 Introduction and field selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.2 Data processing and source selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.3 X-ray properties of the sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2 The XMS survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.2.2 Imaging and selection of optical counterparts . . . . . . . 43 2.2.3 Identification of XMS sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3 Other surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.3.1 Chandra Deep Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.2 ASCA Medium Sensitivity Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.3 XMM-Newton Bright Serendipitous Survey . . . . . . . . . 51 2.3.4 XMM-Newton Hard Bright Serendipitous Survey . . . . . 51 2.3.5 ROSAT International X-ray/Optical Survey . . . . . . . . . 52 2.3.6 ROSAT Deep Survey - Lockman Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.3.7 ROSAT Bright Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 Source counts of the AXIS sources 55 3.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.2.1 The sky areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 xxxvi
CONTENTS 3.2.2 The binned log N − log S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.3 The log N − log S model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.4 Maximum likelihood fit method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.4 Contribution to the Cosmic X-ray Background . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4.1 Contribution from bright sources and stars . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4.2 Total X-ray background intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.4.3 Contribution to the CXB in different flux intervals . . . . . 74 3.4.4 Resolved and unresolved components of the CXB . . . . . 77 3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4 Clustering of AXIS and XMS sources 83 4.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.2 Cosmic variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.3 Angular correlation function of AXIS sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3.3 Poisson statistics test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.3.4 Angular correlation of a hardness ratio selected sample . . 99 4.3.5 Inversion of Limber’s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.4 Spatial clustering of XMS sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.4.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5 Luminosity function of XMS sources 115 5.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.2 The N H function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3.1 Binned luminosity function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 xxxvii
Page 3: Universidad de Cantabria Departamen
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Page 40 and 41: CONTENTS 5.3.2 Analytical model . .
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CHAPTER 2: AGN SURVEYS WITH XMM-New
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Chapter 3 Source counts of the AXIS
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CHAPTER 3: SOURCE COUNTS OF THE AXI
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CHAPTER 4: CLUSTERING OF AXIS AND X
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Chapter 5 Luminosity function of XM
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CHAPTER 5: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF X
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS s
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS b
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS F
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Appendix A Sensitivity maps The val
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APPENDIX A: SENSITIVITY MAPS clearl
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REFERENCES [16] Barger, A. J., Cowi
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REFERENCES [61] Ehle, M., Breitfell
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REFERENCES [107] Hawkins, M. R. S.
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REFERENCES [148] Matarrese, S., Col
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REFERENCES [190] Richstone, D., Ahj
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REFERENCES [236] Wisotzky, L., 1998
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