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CONTENTS 5.3.2 Analytical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.3.3 Model fitting to soft sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.3.4 Model fitting to hard and ultrahard sources . . . . . . . . . 131 5.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.4.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.4.2 Accretion history of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6 Summary of the results 147 6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.2 Future prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 A Sensitivity maps 155 References 160 xxxviii
List of Figures 1.1 The electromagnetic window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Spectrum of the extragalactic CXB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Schematic spectrum of a Type-1 AGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Schematic diagram of the unified model of AGN . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5 Light path on a Wolter-1 X-ray telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.6 Payload of the XMM-Newton observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.7 Lightpath of the XMM-Newton telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.1 Examples of identified XMS sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Sky area of the AXIS survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2 N(>S) 0.5-2 keV and 2-10 keV best fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3 N(>S) 0.5-4.5 keV and 4.5-7.5 keV best fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4 dN(S)/dSdΩ and best fit ratio in Soft and hard bands . . . . . . . 67 3.5 dN(S)/dSdΩ and best fit ratio in XID and Ultrahard bands . . . . 68 3.6 N(>S) for two HR selected Soft subsamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.7 Relative contribution to the total CXB intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.1 w(θ) of AXIS in the 0.5-2 keV and 2-10 keV bands . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2 w(θ) of AXIS in the 0.5-4.5 keV and 4.5-7.5 keV bands . . . . . . . 89 4.3 1 − P µ (N θ ) versus θ for the Soft and Hard samples . . . . . . . . . 93 4.4 1 − P µ (N θ ) versus θ for the XID and Ultrahard samples . . . . . . 94 4.5 Correlation tests for a Soft/3 sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 xxxix
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Page 38 and 39: CONTENTS 1.6.1 The K-correction . .
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CHAPTER 2: AGN SURVEYS WITH XMM-New
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Chapter 3 Source counts of the AXIS
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CHAPTER 3: SOURCE COUNTS OF THE AXI
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61 Table 3.1 Maximum likelihood fit
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CHAPTER 4: CLUSTERING OF AXIS AND X
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Chapter 5 Luminosity function of XM
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CHAPTER 5: LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF X
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS s
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS b
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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS F
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Appendix A Sensitivity maps The val
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APPENDIX A: SENSITIVITY MAPS clearl
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APPENDIX A: SENSITIVITY MAPS 160
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REFERENCES [16] Barger, A. J., Cowi
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REFERENCES [61] Ehle, M., Breitfell
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REFERENCES [107] Hawkins, M. R. S.
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REFERENCES [148] Matarrese, S., Col
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REFERENCES [190] Richstone, D., Ahj
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REFERENCES [236] Wisotzky, L., 1998
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