Golden Alga Workshop Summary Report - Texas Parks & Wildlife ...

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ELA Tests provide rapid means for detecting haemolytic compounds but these must be coupled with species tests for 100% Reliability PWD RP T3200-1203
Controlling Harmful <strong>Alga</strong>l Blooms Donald M. Anderson and Mario R. Sengco Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Abstract.--Efforts to manage harmful algal blooms (HABs) throughout the world have focused mainly on their prevention, and the mitigation of their impacts on public health, fisheries, and important aquaculture industries. While critical and effective, such management programs only address the apparent "symptoms" of HABs without dealing with the causative organisms directly. Currently, there are few strategies to control an existing or persistent outbreak that threatens coastal resources. Bloom control strategies have included the use of ozone and various algicidal chemicals (e.g. copper sulfate, barley straw). Ultrasonic devices induce species-specific algal lysis in small volumes (e.g. ponds and aquaria), but have not been fully explored for use in large-scale brackish or marine systems. The biological control of HABs – through the introduction of algal pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria), parasites, competitors and grazers – has been proposed, but not yet attempted at meaningful scales. Chemicals such as alum and a wide assortment of organic flocculants have been tested to determine whether blooms can be removed from the water column by promoting algal flocculation and rapid settling. In marine systems, attempts to use chemical flocculants have been reported in Asia, although results were limited due to rapid dilution and high cost. A variant to this chemical-flocculation approach is the addition of clay minerals to HABs to flocculate and settle the organisms directly. Essentially, these minute (< 2 µm), but dense minerals bind and act to ballast the organisms to promote cell sinking, despite the organisms’ motility and buoyancy. Underlying cells are further removed by entrainment into the settling aggregates. The high removal efficiency, rapidity, cost effectiveness and low environmental impacts of clay dispersal have made it one of the most promising control methods under investigation. The potential use of clays to control harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been explored in Japan, South Korea, China, Australia, the United States, and Sweden. In Japan and South Korea, minerals such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, and yellow loess, have already been used in the field effectively, to protect fish mariculture from Cochlodinium spp. and other blooms. In the U.S., several clays and clay-rich sediments have shown high removal abilities (e.g. > 80% cell removal efficiency) against Karenia brevis, Heterosigma akashiwo, Pfiesteria piscicida and Aureococcus anophagefferens. Benthic impact studies in the laboratory, and early studies in the field, have revealed some repercussion on survival and growth of certain species, and on the composition and abundance of benthic communities. However, these impacts have to be interpreted in the proper context to evaluate the acceptability of the clay control method. In Sweden, phosphatic clay (at 4 g/L) can remove up to 100% of Prymnesium parvum, but cell removal was influenced by cell concentration and physiology (N- or P- deficiency). Initial experiments with European clays showed promise through the use of raw, unincinerated clay and the addition of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) to enhance clay adhesiveness. A related mitigation method uses a proprietary clay formulation to scavenge phosphorus from freshwater systems, and to “lock” phosphorus in bottom sediments through the formation of a relatively impervious clay layer at the sediment surface. This technology will be described and discussed in the context of its possible utility during P. parvum blooms. The potential control of P. parvum with clay will be discussed, emphasizing the challenges of applying control methodologies developed from marine HABs to a low salinity environment. View the presentation PWD RP T3200-1203
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Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum) Wor
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Golden Alga Workshop Agenda October
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Golden Alga Workshop Table of Conte
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Golden Alga Workshop Background Inf
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The TPWD “GOLD” Team Technical
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While There Is Much We Do Not Know
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Detection Early Simple Basic Resear
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Historical Review of Golden Alga (P
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Prymnesium parvum PWD RP T3200-1203
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Prymnesium parvum in Texas: 28 eve
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Five Texas River Basins Impacted C
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Number and Value of Fish Killed 198
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1 1 5 5 6 6 14 13 15 12 14 13 15 12
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Month Golden Alga Fish Kills Began
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Number of Fish Killed Brazos Basin
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We Want to Solve the Problem Factor
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What We Have Done - continued Repor
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Special Thanks To The Following: We
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Overview of Texas Hatchery Manageme
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Dundee State Fish Hatchery • Febr
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Dundee State Fish Hatchery • Caus
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TPWD Inland Fisheries P. parvum Tas
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Monitoring P. parvum densities •
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Monitoring Toxin Levels • Bioassa
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Monitoring of P. parvum • Needs -
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Physical Treatments Χ Sonication (
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Χ X Chemical Treatments Hydrogen p
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Treatments - Chemical • Ammonium
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Treatments - Chemical • Cutrine
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Achievements • Development of hat
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Phylogeny, life history, autecology
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Overview • morphology - what it l
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Morphology of P. parvum haptonema f
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Prymnesium species Species Habitat
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Haplo-diploid life cycle P. parvum
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Life cycle: mating experiment 2n +
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Possible life cycle for P. parvum H
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Optimum and tolerance for growth Pa
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Mixotrophy • P. parvum can ingest
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Toxins • proteolipids (Ulizur & S
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Occurrence of harmful Typical habit
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What can be done? • Establish a m
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Prymnesium parvum: An overview and
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Presently recognized Prymnesium spe
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Bloom History • Within a decade o
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Dying Shad - Texas - courtesy of C.
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Dead fish at a dam site in Texas -
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Fish showing hemmoragic areas from
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Toxins: (Lethal Cocktail) There is
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How easily can they be identified f
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Body Scales of P.
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Fluorescent labeled P. parvum cell
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Priorities: Cells: • accurate and
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Analysis of Prymnesium parvum bloom
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Overview • Questions Identified b
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Approach - proposed studies • Syn
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Lake Whitney Stations Site P11 Site
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80000 Lake Whitney 2003 P. parvum a
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Feb-April 2003 Lake Whitney: surfac
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Lake Bioassay Methods • Acclimate
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Lake Whitney Bioassay Sites Site P1
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Lake Whitney Nutrient Bioassay 4/29
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Original Questions • What factors
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Next steps? • Continue paired-res
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DY III Media Stock Addtions Nutrien
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Kill your enemies and eat them: the
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5 µm Killed salmons in aquaculture
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When will the first dead bathing gu
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Toxicity in Chrysochromulina polyle
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HE 50 (10 6 cells ml -1 ) Prymnesiu
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Effect of increasing P-deficent P.
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Ichthyotoxic species Prymnesin-2 H
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☺ Before PWD RP T3200-1203
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Effect of Prymnesium parvum filtrat
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Skovgaard and Hansen, 2003, L & O,
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Ciliates Flagellates Diatoms cell l
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Low Prymnesium parvum cell numbers
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6 Bacterivory in P. parvum Ingested
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P. parvum phagotrophy (prey ingesti
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% P. parvum feeding cells and lysed
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Skovgaard and Hansen, 2003, L & O,
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Oxyrrhis marina cell lysis in the p
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Ingestion of Oxyrrhis after 2 and 6
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P-deficient P. parvum ingesting blo
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Conclusions •Toxicity is the key
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C. helgolandicus pellets •Picture
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Laboratory Studies on Prymnesium -
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News Release • May 28, 2002 - mas
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Fish Kill at Prewitt Reservoir PWD
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Pelicans putative of transport agen
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Objectives of this Presentation •
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Prymnesium Strains in Culture • U
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Structure of Prymnesium PWD RP T320
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Scales Haptonema PWD RP T3200-1203
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Cyst Formation • A variety of con
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Growth Observations 0n Prymnesium s
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Prymnesium Twin Buttes Lake, Wyomin
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Hemolytic Bioassay Procedures • 5
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Hemolysis Bioassay • Alga Medium
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Mixotrophy Studies • Several phyt
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Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum N
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Adaptive Advantage of Chloroplast E
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10 µm Kathablepharis sp. Courtesy
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Chrysochromulina parva Long, uncoil
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Ingested Chrysochromulina & some ba
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Return to Prewitt • Prymnesium pa
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Prewitt Reservoir Fact • Five day
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Prewitt Reservoir Explanation • P
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Prewitt Mystery Solved? • Campylo
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Future Prymnesium Problems in Wyomi
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Rapid Tests for the Detection of Pr
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Why rRNA probes? * universally foun
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Page 239 and 240: EUK 1209R CHLO 02 PRYM 02 PELA 01 P
Page 241 and 242: Change from PFA to ETOH Saline Chan
Page 243 and 244: Analysis of Alexandrium strains fro
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Page 247 and 248: Harmful Algal Blooms Noctiluca Kare
Page 249 and 250: PWD RP T3200-1203 Coccolithus pelag
Page 251 and 252: Application & detection methods for
Page 253 and 254: Conclusions • Specific probes cou
Page 255 and 256: 1. ChemScanRDI, a laser based syste
Page 257 and 258: ChemScanRDI combines fluorescent ce
Page 259 and 260: Electrochemical detection of toxic
Page 261 and 262: Electrochemical Detection of rRNA f
Page 263 and 264: Comparison of cell counts with elec
Page 265 and 266: Long term stability of treated sens
Page 267 and 268: Development of DNA-microarrays for
Page 269 and 270: Scheme of a DNA-Chip Experiment Flu
Page 271 and 272: Monitoring Phytoplankton compositio
Page 273 and 274: EUK 1209 CHLO01 Localization of the
Page 275 and 276: Identification of Phytoplankton on
Page 277 and 278: DNA CHIP Clone librairy Dec 2000 1
Page 279 and 280: Research Needs • Monitoring of to
Page 281 and 282: Rapid Tests for the Detection of Ha
Page 283 and 284: abs. units 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 y =
Page 285 and 286: Prymnesium parvumRL10 % lysis 100 8
Page 287: PWD RP T3200-1203 Allelochemical ef
Page 291 and 292: Management of harmful algae • Pre
Page 293 and 294: Chemical control of freshwater alga
Page 295 and 296: •This (small) reservoir had a lon
Page 297 and 298: Chemical flocculants - Phosphorus C
Page 299 and 300: PWD RP T3200-1203 from: River Scien
Page 301 and 302: Biological Control - Viruses Aureoc
Page 303 and 304: Viruses for HAB species Target spec
Page 305 and 306: Biological Control - Bacterial path
Page 307 and 308: Biological Control - Grazers Target
Page 309 and 310: Clay control of HAB species clay mi
Page 311 and 312: Variable removal ability of domesti
Page 313 and 314: PWD RP T3200-1203 Source: Sengco et
Page 315 and 316: Flume studies, WHOI PWD RP T3200-12
Page 317 and 318: Brevetoxin analysis cell concentrat
Page 319 and 320: Impacts - Benthic fauna Archambault
Page 321 and 322: Future directions: Cell removal, se
Page 323 and 324: When the cells reached exponential
Page 325 and 326: Conclusions Kalmar Experiments Phos
Page 327 and 328: Experiments at Woods Hole (in colla
Page 329 and 330: Recent work in Kalmar (data from J.
Page 331 and 332: Conclusions - control of Prymnesium
Page 333 and 334: A review of fish-killing microalgae
Page 335 and 336: Toxic/harmful microalgae • dinofl
Page 337 and 338: PWD RP T3200-1203 Fish kills
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Ichthyotoxic species • Karenia br
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FMRI,FWC Exposure routes • gills
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Gymnodinium pulchellum (brevetoxins
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Reef fish disease - Caribbean, Flor
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Diatoms • physical damage to gill
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Aquaculture in Israel and Prymnesiu
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Prymnesium parvum from Israel PWD R
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Prymnesium parvum blooms in Israel
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From Sarig 1971 Prymnesium parvum t
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From Sarig 1971 Mode of toxin actio
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Fish bioassay • dependence of tox
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Relationship # toxin concentration
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From Sarig 1971 Management of Prymn
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Management strategies • prevent b
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How to Use the Past to Plan for the
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How can studies on other harmful al
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Task Force report identified 7 HAB
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A 5-year federal, state, academic,
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ECONOMIC IMPACT In the 1970s, two r
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What is Needed Based on What is Kno
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Golden Alga Workshop Notes: Present
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facilities was a problem in North C
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Korean fisheries are a $1 billion i
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Friday October 24, 2003 Panel Discu
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• Design a sampling program with
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What are your recommendations for i
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• Rapid progress is made where th
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• Maintain a Golden Alga web site
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ChemScanRDI (a laser based system t
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• DNA-microarrays for monitoring
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• Reliable economic statistics fo
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• Be proactive; get messages out
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Golden Alga Workshop Attendees Firs
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Golden Alga Workshop Attendees, con
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Literature Review of the Microalga
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Oued Mellah Reservoir in Morocco oc
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the metal ions Fe, Zn, Mo, Cu or Co
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with the ability to utilize organic
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Figure 1. Prymnesin-1 (1) and Prymn
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Temperature Shilo and Ashner (1953)
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Glycerol Glycerol was found to incr
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since it seems that nitrogen and ph
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(Haptophyta) in semi-continuous cul
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Ulitzer, S. and M. Shilo. 1966. Mod
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