Golden Alga Workshop Summary Report - Texas Parks & Wildlife ...

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Marine Pharmacognosy. Action of Marine Biotoxins at the Cellular Level. Academic Press, NY, NY. Prescott, G. W. 1968. The algae: A review. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 436 pp. Rahat, M. and K. Reich. 1963. The B sub(12) vitamins and methionine in the metabolism of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of General Microbiology 31 (2): 203-209. Rahat, M. and T. L. Jahn. 1965. Growth of Prymnesium parvum in the dark; note on the ichthyotoxin formation. Journal of Protozoology 12 (2): 246-250. Reich, K. and I. Parnas. 1962. Effect of illumination on ichthyotoxin in an axenic culture of Prymnesium parvum Carter. Journal of Protozoology 9 (1): 38-40. Reichenbach-Klinke, H. 1973. Fish Pathology. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. 512 pp. Rhodes, K. and C. Hubbs. 1992. Recovery of the Pecos River fishes from a red tide fish kill. The Southwestern Naturalist 37 (2): 178-187. Sabour, B., L. M. Loudiki, B. Oudra, S. Oubraim, B. Fawzi, S. Fadlaoui, M. Chlaida and V. Vasconcelos . Blooms of Prymnesium parvum associated with fish mortalities in a hypereutrophic brackish lake in Morocco. Harmful Algae News no. 21: An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Nov. 2000. Shilo, M. 1967. Formation and mode of action of algal toxins. Bacteriological Reviews 31 (3): 180-193. Shilo, M. and M. Aschner. 1953. Factors governing the toxicity of cultures containing phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter. Journal of General Microbiology 8: 333-343. Shilo, M. and M. Shilo. 1953. Conditions which determine the efficiency of ammonium sulphate in the control of Prymnesium parvum in fish breeding ponds. Applied Microbiology 1: 330-333. Shilo, M. and Sarig S. (eds). 1989. Fish Culture in Warm Water Systems: Problems and Trends. Franklin Book Co., Inc., Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA. Simonsen, S. and O. Moestrup. 1997. Toxicity tests in eight species of Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta). Canadian Journal of Botany 75 (1): 129-136. Spiegelstein, M., K. Reich and F. Bergmann. 1969. The toxic principles of Ochromonas and related chrysomonadina. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 17: 778-783. Stabell, O. B., K. Pedersen and T. Aune. 1993. Detection and separation of toxins accumulated by mussels during the 1988 bloom of Chrysochromulina polylepis in Norwegian coastal waters. Marine Environmental Research 36 (3): 185-196. Stabell, O. B., R. T. Aanesen and H. C. Eilertsen. 1999. Toxic peculiarities of the marine alga Phaeocystis pouchetii detected by in vivo and in vitro bioassay methods. Aquatic Toxicology 44 (4): 279-288. Syrett, P. J. 1962. Organic micronutrients. Pages 1171-188 In: R. A. Lewin (ed). Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae. Academic Press, NY. Ulitzer, S. and M. Shilo. 1964. A sensitive assay system for determination of the ichthyotoxicity of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of General Microbiology 36 (2): 161-169. Lit. Review P. parvum, S. Watson, Aug. 2001 18 PWD RP T3200-1203
Ulitzer, S. and M. Shilo. 1966. Mode of action of Prymnesium parvum ichthyotoxin. Journal of Protozoology 13 (2): 332-336. Wynne, D. and G. Y. Rhee. 1986. Effects of light intensity and quality on the relative N and P requirement (the optimum N:P ratio) of marine planktonic algae. Journal of Plankton Research (1): 91-103. Wynne, D. and G. Y. Rhee. 1988. Changes in alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphate uptake in P-limited phytoplankton, induced by light intensity and spectral quality. Hydrobiologia 160 (2): 173-178. Yariv, J. and S. Hestrin. 1961. Toxicity of the extracellular phase of Prymnesium parvum cultures. Journal of General Microbiology 24 (2): 165-175. Lit. Review P. parvum, S. Watson, Aug. 2001 19 PWD RP T3200-1203
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Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum) Wor
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Golden Alga Workshop Agenda October
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Golden Alga Workshop Table of Conte
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Golden Alga Workshop Background Inf
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The TPWD “GOLD” Team Technical
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While There Is Much We Do Not Know
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Detection Early Simple Basic Resear
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Historical Review of Golden Alga (P
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Prymnesium parvum PWD RP T3200-1203
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Prymnesium parvum in Texas: 28 eve
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Five Texas River Basins Impacted C
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Number and Value of Fish Killed 198
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1 1 5 5 6 6 14 13 15 12 14 13 15 12
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Month Golden Alga Fish Kills Began
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Number of Fish Killed Brazos Basin
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We Want to Solve the Problem Factor
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What We Have Done - continued Repor
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Special Thanks To The Following: We
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Overview of Texas Hatchery Manageme
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Dundee State Fish Hatchery • Febr
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Dundee State Fish Hatchery • Caus
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TPWD Inland Fisheries P. parvum Tas
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Monitoring P. parvum densities •
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Monitoring Toxin Levels • Bioassa
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Monitoring of P. parvum • Needs -
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Physical Treatments Χ Sonication (
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Χ X Chemical Treatments Hydrogen p
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Treatments - Chemical • Ammonium
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Treatments - Chemical • Cutrine
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Achievements • Development of hat
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Phylogeny, life history, autecology
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Overview • morphology - what it l
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Morphology of P. parvum haptonema f
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Prymnesium species Species Habitat
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Haplo-diploid life cycle P. parvum
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Life cycle: mating experiment 2n +
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Possible life cycle for P. parvum H
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Optimum and tolerance for growth Pa
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Mixotrophy • P. parvum can ingest
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Toxins • proteolipids (Ulizur & S
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Occurrence of harmful Typical habit
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What can be done? • Establish a m
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Prymnesium parvum: An overview and
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Presently recognized Prymnesium spe
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Bloom History • Within a decade o
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Dying Shad - Texas - courtesy of C.
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Dead fish at a dam site in Texas -
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Fish showing hemmoragic areas from
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Toxins: (Lethal Cocktail) There is
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How easily can they be identified f
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Body Scales of P.
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Fluorescent labeled P. parvum cell
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Priorities: Cells: • accurate and
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Analysis of Prymnesium parvum bloom
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Overview • Questions Identified b
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Approach - proposed studies • Syn
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Lake Whitney Stations Site P11 Site
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80000 Lake Whitney 2003 P. parvum a
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Feb-April 2003 Lake Whitney: surfac
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Lake Bioassay Methods • Acclimate
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Lake Whitney Bioassay Sites Site P1
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Lake Whitney Nutrient Bioassay 4/29
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Original Questions • What factors
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Next steps? • Continue paired-res
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DY III Media Stock Addtions Nutrien
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Kill your enemies and eat them: the
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5 µm Killed salmons in aquaculture
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When will the first dead bathing gu
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Toxicity in Chrysochromulina polyle
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HE 50 (10 6 cells ml -1 ) Prymnesiu
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Effect of increasing P-deficent P.
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Ichthyotoxic species Prymnesin-2 H
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☺ Before PWD RP T3200-1203
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Effect of Prymnesium parvum filtrat
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Skovgaard and Hansen, 2003, L & O,
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Ciliates Flagellates Diatoms cell l
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Low Prymnesium parvum cell numbers
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6 Bacterivory in P. parvum Ingested
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P. parvum phagotrophy (prey ingesti
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% P. parvum feeding cells and lysed
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Skovgaard and Hansen, 2003, L & O,
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Oxyrrhis marina cell lysis in the p
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Ingestion of Oxyrrhis after 2 and 6
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P-deficient P. parvum ingesting blo
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Conclusions •Toxicity is the key
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C. helgolandicus pellets •Picture
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Laboratory Studies on Prymnesium -
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News Release • May 28, 2002 - mas
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Fish Kill at Prewitt Reservoir PWD
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Pelicans putative of transport agen
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Objectives of this Presentation •
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Prymnesium Strains in Culture • U
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Structure of Prymnesium PWD RP T320
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Scales Haptonema PWD RP T3200-1203
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Cyst Formation • A variety of con
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Growth Observations 0n Prymnesium s
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Prymnesium Twin Buttes Lake, Wyomin
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Hemolytic Bioassay Procedures • 5
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Hemolysis Bioassay • Alga Medium
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Mixotrophy Studies • Several phyt
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Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum N
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Adaptive Advantage of Chloroplast E
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10 µm Kathablepharis sp. Courtesy
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Chrysochromulina parva Long, uncoil
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Ingested Chrysochromulina & some ba
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Return to Prewitt • Prymnesium pa
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Prewitt Reservoir Fact • Five day
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Prewitt Reservoir Explanation • P
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Prewitt Mystery Solved? • Campylo
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Future Prymnesium Problems in Wyomi
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Rapid Tests for the Detection of Pr
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Why rRNA probes? * universally foun
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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EUK 1209R CHLO 02 PRYM 02 PELA 01 P
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Change from PFA to ETOH Saline Chan
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Analysis of Alexandrium strains fro
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PWD RP T3200-1203
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Harmful Algal Blooms Noctiluca Kare
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Coccolithus pelag
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Application & detection methods for
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Conclusions • Specific probes cou
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1. ChemScanRDI, a laser based syste
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ChemScanRDI combines fluorescent ce
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Electrochemical detection of toxic
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Electrochemical Detection of rRNA f
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Comparison of cell counts with elec
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Long term stability of treated sens
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Development of DNA-microarrays for
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Scheme of a DNA-Chip Experiment Flu
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Monitoring Phytoplankton compositio
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EUK 1209 CHLO01 Localization of the
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Identification of Phytoplankton on
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DNA CHIP Clone librairy Dec 2000 1
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Research Needs • Monitoring of to
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Rapid Tests for the Detection of Ha
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abs. units 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 y =
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Prymnesium parvumRL10 % lysis 100 8
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Allelochemical ef
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Controlling Harmful Algal Blooms Do
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Management of harmful algae • Pre
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Chemical control of freshwater alga
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•This (small) reservoir had a lon
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Chemical flocculants - Phosphorus C
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PWD RP T3200-1203 from: River Scien
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Biological Control - Viruses Aureoc
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Viruses for HAB species Target spec
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Biological Control - Bacterial path
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Biological Control - Grazers Target
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Clay control of HAB species clay mi
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Variable removal ability of domesti
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Source: Sengco et
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Flume studies, WHOI PWD RP T3200-12
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Brevetoxin analysis cell concentrat
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Impacts - Benthic fauna Archambault
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Future directions: Cell removal, se
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When the cells reached exponential
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Conclusions Kalmar Experiments Phos
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Experiments at Woods Hole (in colla
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Recent work in Kalmar (data from J.
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Conclusions - control of Prymnesium
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A review of fish-killing microalgae
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Toxic/harmful microalgae • dinofl
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PWD RP T3200-1203 Fish kills
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Ichthyotoxic species • Karenia br
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FMRI,FWC Exposure routes • gills
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Gymnodinium pulchellum (brevetoxins
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Reef fish disease - Caribbean, Flor
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Diatoms • physical damage to gill
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Aquaculture in Israel and Prymnesiu
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Prymnesium parvum from Israel PWD R
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Prymnesium parvum blooms in Israel
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From Sarig 1971 Prymnesium parvum t
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From Sarig 1971 Mode of toxin actio
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Fish bioassay • dependence of tox
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Relationship # toxin concentration
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From Sarig 1971 Management of Prymn
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Management strategies • prevent b
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How to Use the Past to Plan for the
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How can studies on other harmful al
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Task Force report identified 7 HAB
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A 5-year federal, state, academic,
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ECONOMIC IMPACT In the 1970s, two r
Page 377 and 378: What is Needed Based on What is Kno
Page 383 and 384: Golden Alga Workshop Notes: Present
Page 385 and 386: facilities was a problem in North C
Page 387 and 388: Korean fisheries are a $1 billion i
Page 389 and 390: Friday October 24, 2003 Panel Discu
Page 391 and 392: • Design a sampling program with
Page 393 and 394: What are your recommendations for i
Page 395 and 396: • Rapid progress is made where th
Page 397 and 398: • Maintain a Golden Alga web site
Page 399 and 400: ChemScanRDI (a laser based system t
Page 401 and 402: • DNA-microarrays for monitoring
Page 403 and 404: • Reliable economic statistics fo
Page 405 and 406: • Be proactive; get messages out
Page 407 and 408: Golden Alga Workshop Attendees Firs
Page 409 and 410: Golden Alga Workshop Attendees, con
Page 411 and 412: Literature Review of the Microalga
Page 413 and 414: Oued Mellah Reservoir in Morocco oc
Page 415 and 416: the metal ions Fe, Zn, Mo, Cu or Co
Page 417 and 418: with the ability to utilize organic
Page 419 and 420: Figure 1. Prymnesin-1 (1) and Prymn
Page 421 and 422: Temperature Shilo and Ashner (1953)
Page 423 and 424: Glycerol Glycerol was found to incr
Page 425 and 426: since it seems that nitrogen and ph
Page 427: (Haptophyta) in semi-continuous cul
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