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Addressing climate change requires true multilateralism dignity when foreign resident workers are not accorded basic legal rights. Climate change Climate change is perhaps the most widely recognized issue that requires global cooperation through multilateral agreements. The South is going beyond bilateral approaches by incorporating ways to tackle climate change into national development strategies. China has pledged to reduce its carbon intensity (carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP) 40%–45% from 2005 levels by 2020. 12 In 2010, India announced voluntary targeted reductions of 20%–25% in carbon intensity. 13 Korean lawmakers approved a national emissions trading programme in March 2012 to reduce emissions from factories and power plants. 14 At the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, Mozambique announced a new Green Economy Roadmap. And Mexico recently enacted the world’s first comprehensive climate change law, aiming to cut emissions and build the renewable energy sector. 15 Addressing climate change requires true multilateralism. For example, to reduce global greenhouse emissions by the amount required, the North and the South have to reach a mutually acceptable and fair agreement on how to share responsibilities while ensuring that the legitimate development aspirations of the South can be met. The 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro created opportunities for collaboration and alliances among groups of rich and poor; public and private; and civil, corporate and state bodies. For example, Unilever, Coca-Cola and Walmart were among 20 large multinational corporations that committed, through the Consumer Goods Forum, to eliminating deforestation from their supply chains. 16 Microsoft promised to go carbon-neutral by 2012. And FEMSA, the Latin American soft drink bottler, said it would obtain 85% of its energy needs in Mexico from renewable resources. 17 Despite many promising initiatives though, a wide gap remains between the emissions reductions needed, on the one hand, and the modest reductions promised, on the other. Development cooperation An essential component of more-inclusive international governance should be moreinclusive and more- effective forms of development cooperation. Developing countries are increasingly providing development assistance and investment bilaterally and regionally, through new financing arrangements and technological cooperation that offer alternatives to or complement the approaches of traditional donors and strengthen choices for aid recipients. In 2011, developing countries and civil society organizations endorsed the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation at the 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea. Ownership, focus on results, inclusive development partnerships, mutual accountability and transparency were selected as the underlying pillars for a new global monitoring framework. Stronger emphasis was placed on country systems as the way of doing business, coupled with a demand on behalf of partner countries to explain any deviance. Traditional Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) donors recognized that a different governance structure would be needed to support a broader partnership and accommodate emerging economies. 18 Based on the core principles of national ownership and capacity, this partnership would establish an international governing mechanism and indicators for assessing progress. Along with traditional donors, new development partners, including Brazil, China and India, endorsed the principles of national ownership and capacity building. However, the Busan Declaration noted that these partners have domestic development challenges of their own and have their established methods of foreign cooperation. This was reflected in the text of the declaration, which stated that for these countries the “principles, commitments and actions agreed in Busan shall be the reference for south-south partnerships on a voluntary basis”. 19 Moving forward, the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee and the United Nations Development Programme are to jointly support the new Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation 108 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013
through the UN Development Cooperation Forum. Despite signatories’ commitment to transparency, the outcome document does not contain any other time-bound measurable commitments or targets to which citizens can hold them to account. The post-Busan architecture has yet to take shape. But some intermediate priorities have surfaced. One is for traditional donors to meet their commitments from the 2005 Group of Eight Gleneagles summit to increase aid and to deliver on better coordination and alignment. 20 Traditional donors can also work with emerging donors, who can contribute knowledge and experience from a developing country perspective. The United Nations, with its universal membership, is well positioned to engage partners from the South in such trilateral development cooperation through the UN Development Cooperation Forum. One of the main tasks is to achieve better alignment between North–South and South–South development cooperation and global norms. The Busan agreement marks a first step in reshaping development cooperation so that it can be more effective and better harness the potential of emerging countries. As with other global public goods, once common understanding is reached at the global level, operationalizing the principles can in most cases be decentralized to national governments using the agreed common policy frameworks. Take the Millennium Declaration of September 2000 and the global agreement on the Millennium Development Goals that eventually emerged. Agreement on these goals gave impetus to a wide range of activities and institutions by highlighting a simple truth: enhancing the capabilities of people and advancing the development of all societies are important global public goods. 21 The actual progress in the achievement of these goals has been very much at the country level, through national initiatives and ownership. Better representation for the South The current institutions and principles for international governance require rethinking or at least recalibrating to accommodate the growing diversity in voice and power and to sustain long-term development progress. Many were designed, long before the rise of the South, for a post–Second World War order that does not match contemporary reality. As a consequence, these institutions greatly underrepresent the South. Voting quotas in the Bretton Woods institutions are weighted towards countries in the North, despite changing global economic realities. For example, China, which is the world’s second largest economy and holds more than $3 trillion in foreign reserves, has had a smaller voting share in the World Bank than both France and the United Kingdom. Similarly, the United Nations Security Council makes decisions on global peace and security with a permanent membership that reflects the geopolitical structure of 1945. At the 2012 United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York, several heads of government from the South again voiced their long-standing demands for permanent seats on the council for Africa, Latin America and such unrepresented developing country powers as India. 22 The major international institutions need to be more representative, transparent and accountable. The Bretton Woods institutions, the regional development banks and even the UN system all risk diminishing relevance if they fail to represent all member states and their people adequately. These bodies need to respect and draw constructively on the experiences of both the South and the North and to aim for equitable and sustainable outcomes for present and future generations. At the same time, the rising South has to assume more responsibility on the global stage, in line with its increasing economic power and political clout, including by contributing more resources to multilateral organizations. 23 The South has to take larger leadership roles at both the regional and global levels. Greater transparency and accountability in global institutions, while desirable in and of themselves, will facilitate more such participation by the South. There have been some positive moves in this direction. Developing countries are already playing a greater role in the Bretton Woods institutions and in global dialogues through the summits for Group of 20 (G20) heads of state. The OECD has opened membership to some Current institutions and principles for international governance require rethinking to accommodate the growing diversity in voice and power and to sustain long-term development progress Chapter 5 Governance and partnerships for a new era | 109
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W N S E Human Development Report 20
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Human Development Report 2013 The R
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Human Development Report 2013 Team
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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Overview One of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
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Introduction When developed economi
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leading economies—Brazil, China a
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comparable access to information, e
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mobile phones: cellular banking is
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“The political problem of mankind
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BOX 1.1 Fairness, macroeconomics an
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BOX 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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FIGURE 1.1 Income per capita is ris
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BOX 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
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FIGURE 1.4 There is notable variati
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FIGURE 1.6 Most regions show declin
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Progress in human development achie
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BOX 1.7 Social competencies: human
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TABLE 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
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Not all countries have the precondi
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“When the music changes, so does
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BOX 2.1 The South’s integration w
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FIGURE 2.1 As a share of world merc
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BOX 2.2 Acquisitions by the South o
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FIGURE 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
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FIGURE 2.4 Export earnings per capi
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BOX 2.6 Final assembly is about mor
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Instead of having a centre of indus
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 2.6 Emerging market economie
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Page 76 and 77: TABLE 3.1 Selected developing count
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Page 82 and 83: BOX 3.5 Eastern Europe and Central
Page 84 and 85: States have to be conscious that th
Page 86 and 87: As countries develop, they tend to
Page 88 and 89: Having weathered the Asian financia
Page 90 and 91: Providing public services that cont
Page 92 and 93: Advancing health requires more than
Page 94 and 95: Universal public health and educati
Page 96 and 97: • China. The Minimum Livelihood G
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Page 100 and 101: concerns will make for a complex en
Page 102 and 103: A greater emphasis on education can
Page 104 and 105: FIGURE 4.1 Under the fast track sce
Page 106 and 107: Around the world people are calling
Page 108 and 109: FIGURE 4.4 Different environmental
Page 110 and 111: FIGURE 4.5 Education policies can a
Page 112 and 113: BOX 4.2 China and Ghana: who benefi
Page 114 and 115: FIGURE 4.8 countries thus converge
Page 116 and 117: “Let us join hands to try to crea
Page 118 and 119: Areas of global international conce
Page 122 and 123: International governance is increas
Page 124 and 125: BOX 5.2 Jo Leinen, Member of the Eu
Page 126 and 127: facilitates reserve investments and
Page 128 and 129: Responsible sovereignty takes the l
Page 130 and 131: FIGURE 5.1 Under the accelerated pr
Page 132 and 133: Good policymaking requires greater
Page 134 and 135: A fair and less unequal world requi
Page 137 and 138: Notes Overview 1 Atsmon and others
Page 139 and 140: 25 Blinder 2006. 26 UNIDO 2009. 27
Page 141 and 142: which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
Page 143 and 144: References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
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Page 147 and 148: Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
Page 149 and 150: Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
Page 151 and 152: Human Development Report 2013 The R
Page 153 and 154: Statistical acknowledgements The Re
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Statistical references ADB (Asian D
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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