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Developing countries trade more among themselves than with the North, and this trend can go much further countries recognize that they have little choice but to formulate policies on adapting to climate change now and mitigating climate change for the future. Countries are, for example, agreeing to cooperate on technology development and to establish region-specific carbon markets. A partnership between China and the <strong>United</strong> Kingdom will test advanced coal combustion technologies, while India and the <strong>United</strong> States have forged a partnership to develop nuclear energy in India. 85 Countries in the South are also developing and sharing new climate-friendly technologies. China, the fourth largest producer of wind energy in 2008, is the world’s largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines. 86 In 2011, India’s National Solar Mission helped spur a 62% increase in investment in solar energy to $12 billion, the fastest investment expansion of any large renewables market. Brazil made an 8% increase in investment in renewable energy technology to $7 billion. 87 Regional, bilateral and national initiatives in the South to mitigate climate change and protect environmental resources are positive steps. But climate change and the environment are inherently global issues that require global resolution through multilateral agreements. The cooperation and participation of rising economies of the South in such agreements are vital to their success. Regional collaboration and agreement may be a step in this direction, indicating genuine interest in tackling the climate challenge. Sustaining progress in uncertain times The rise of the South was facilitated by a historic global expansion of trade and investment. More than 100 developing countries recorded growth in income per capita of more than 3% in 2007. Recently, the economic slowdown in developed countries has nudged the South to look towards regional demand. 88 Already, developing countries trade more among themselves than with the North, and this trend can go much further. South–South trade blocs remain riddled with nontariff barriers that constrict the scale of trade possibilities. Large foreign exchange reserves remain idle when there are higher returns and more- secure opportunities for South–South investment. There is potential to expand development partnerships and regional and interregional cooperation. The rise of the South has underpinned rapid economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and enhanced opportunities there for human development progress. Many of the fastest growing economies in this century rank low on human development. While some have made progress on nonincome indicators, others have not. Governments should seize the growth momentum and embrace policies that convert rising incomes into human development. Policies that build human capabilities and domestic productive capacity will enable countries to avoid “the commodities trap” and diversify economic activity. South–South cooperation can help bring out the learning and diffusion potential in trading, investing and partnering in all industries, even commodities. South–South partnerships can facilitate industrial diversification through FDI and joint ventures, technology sharing through peer learning, and provision of affordable products and innovative uses that meet the needs of the emerging entrepreneurial class. This cooperation is already happening and can be scaled up substantially in the years ahead. All said, the rise of the South has been dramatic but is still in its early stages. The breadth of social, economic, technological and entrepreneurial connectedness among developing countries today is unprecedented. The daily headlines may carry dismal messages about world events. But interspersed among these discouraging notes are frequent snippets reporting on entrepreneurial ventures and common-sense applications of new technologies by enterprising people in unexpected places. Multiply each story by the number of people in developing countries and the cumulative potential for a rising South across all regions is astounding. Chapter 3 explores this potential by identifying some of the core drivers that have enabled leading countries of the South to make rapid progress, offering inspiration to other countries that might follow. 60 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013
Global prospects are uncertain, and the economic downturn in the North is adversely affecting the South. With the right reforms, however, including a shift in policy orientation, 89 the promise of sustained human progress is stronger as a result of the shift within the world economy brought about by the rise of the South. Chapter 2 A more global South | 61
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W N S E Human Development Report 20
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Human Development Report 2013 The R
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Human Development Report 2013 Team
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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Overview One of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Page 23 and 24: Introduction When developed economi
Page 25 and 26: leading economies—Brazil, China a
Page 27 and 28: comparable access to information, e
Page 29 and 30: mobile phones: cellular banking is
Page 32 and 33: “The political problem of mankind
Page 34 and 35: BOX 1.1 Fairness, macroeconomics an
Page 36 and 37: BOX 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 1.1 Income per capita is ris
Page 40 and 41: BOX 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.4 There is notable variati
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1.6 Most regions show declin
Page 46 and 47: Progress in human development achie
Page 48 and 49: BOX 1.7 Social competencies: human
Page 50 and 51: TABLE 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
Page 52 and 53: Not all countries have the precondi
Page 54 and 55: “When the music changes, so does
Page 56 and 57: BOX 2.1 The South’s integration w
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2.1 As a share of world merc
Page 60 and 61: BOX 2.2 Acquisitions by the South o
Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
Page 64 and 65: FIGURE 2.4 Export earnings per capi
Page 66 and 67: BOX 2.6 Final assembly is about mor
Page 68 and 69: Instead of having a centre of indus
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 2.6 Emerging market economie
Page 74 and 75: “We cannot expect that all nation
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 3.1 Selected developing count
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Page 80 and 81: More important than getting prices
Page 82 and 83: BOX 3.5 Eastern Europe and Central
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Page 86 and 87: As countries develop, they tend to
Page 88 and 89: Having weathered the Asian financia
Page 90 and 91: Providing public services that cont
Page 92 and 93: Advancing health requires more than
Page 94 and 95: Universal public health and educati
Page 96 and 97: • China. The Minimum Livelihood G
Page 98 and 99: “Each generation will reap what t
Page 100 and 101: concerns will make for a complex en
Page 102 and 103: A greater emphasis on education can
Page 104 and 105: FIGURE 4.1 Under the fast track sce
Page 106 and 107: Around the world people are calling
Page 108 and 109: FIGURE 4.4 Different environmental
Page 110 and 111: FIGURE 4.5 Education policies can a
Page 112 and 113: BOX 4.2 China and Ghana: who benefi
Page 114 and 115: FIGURE 4.8 countries thus converge
Page 116 and 117: “Let us join hands to try to crea
Page 118 and 119: Areas of global international conce
Page 120 and 121: Addressing climate change requires
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International governance is increas
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BOX 5.2 Jo Leinen, Member of the Eu
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facilitates reserve investments and
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Responsible sovereignty takes the l
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FIGURE 5.1 Under the accelerated pr
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Good policymaking requires greater
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A fair and less unequal world requi
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Notes Overview 1 Atsmon and others
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25 Blinder 2006. 26 UNIDO 2009. 27
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which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
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urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
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Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
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Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
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Statistical acknowledgements The Re
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Key to HDI countries and ranks, 201
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Statistical references ADB (Asian D
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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