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Readers guide The 14 statistical tables provide an overview of key aspects of human development. The tables include composite indices estimated by the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) using data available to the HDRO on 15 October 2012. All indicators, along with the technical notes on the calculation of composite indicators and additional sources of information, are available online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics. Countries and territories are ranked by their 2012 HDI value. Robustness and reliability analysis has shown that for most countries the HDI is not statistically significant at the third decimal place (see Aguna and Kovacevic 2011 and Høyland, Moene and Willumsen 2011). For this reason countries with the same HDI value at the third decimal place are listed with tied ranks. Sources and definitions The HDRO uses data from international data agencies with the mandate, resources and expertise to collect national data on specific indicators, unless otherwise noted. Definitions of indicators and sources for original data components are given at the end of each table, with full source details in Statistical references. Comparisons over time and across editions of the Report Because national and international data agencies continually improve their data series, the data— including the HDI values and ranks— presented in this Report are not comparable to those published in earlier editions. For the HDI, trends using consistent data calculated at five-year intervals for 1980–2012 are presented in table 2. Discrepancies between national and international estimates National and international data estimates can vary because international agencies harmonize national data for comparability across countries, produce an estimate of missing data or do not incorporate the most recent national data. When HDRO becomes aware of discrepancies, these are brought to the attention of national and international data authorities. Country groupings and aggregates Several weighted aggregates are presented in the tables. In general, an aggregate is shown only when data are available for at least half the countries and represent at least two-thirds of the available population in that classification. Aggregates for each classification represent only the countries for which data are available. Human development classification HDI classifications are relative—based on quartiles of HDI distribution across the 187 countries denoted as very high, high, medium (each with 47 countries) and low (with 46 countries). Regional groupings Regional groupings are based on United Nations Development Programme regional classification. Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States are defined according to UN classifications. The composition of each region is presented in Regions. Country notes Data for China do not include Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, Macao Special Administrative Region of China or Taiwan Province of China, unless otherwise noted. Data for Sudan include South Sudan unless otherwise noted. Symbols A dash between two years, as in 2005–2012, indicates that the data are the most recent year available in the period specified. A slash between years, as in 2005/2012, indicates average for the period defined. Growth rates are usually average annual rates of growth between the first and last years of the period shown. The following symbols are used in the tables: .. Not available 0 or 0.0 Nil or negligible — Not applicable 140 | Human Development Report 2013
Statistical acknowledgements The Report’s composite indices and other statistical resources draw on a wide variety of the most respected international data providers in their specialized fields. We are particularly grateful to the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of the US Department of Energy; Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters; Eurostat; Food and Agricultural Organization; Gallup; ICF Macro; International Energy Agency; International Labour Organization; International Monetary Fund; International Telecommunication Union; International Union for Conservation of Nature; Inter-Parliamentary Union; Luxembourg Income Study; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute; United Nations Children’s Fund; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; United Nations Office on Drug and Crime; United Nations World Tourism Organization; World Bank; World Health Organization; and World Intellectual Property Organization. The international educational database maintained by Robert Barro (Harvard University) and Jong-Wha Lee (Korea University) is another invaluable source for the calculation of the Report’s indices. Statistical tables The first five tables contain the composite human development indices and their components; the remaining nine tables present a broader set of indicators related to human development. Four composite human development indices—the Human Development Index (HDI), the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Inequality Index (GII) and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)—have been presented since the 2010 Human Development Report. The GII and the MPI remain experimental indices. HDI values along with values of the four component indicators on life expectancy, educational attainment and income are presented in table 1. Countries are ranked according to HDI value. The difference between rank by gross national income and HDI indicates whether a country is efficiently using its income for advancement in the two nonincome HDI dimensions. The nonincome HDI is calculated to provide an additional means of cross- country comparison and to order countries by achievements in the nonincome dimensions. A time series of HDI values based on data available in 2012, thus using the most recent revision of historical data and methodology, is presented in table 2. It is the only means for comparing HDI values for 2012 with those for past years. The change in HDI rank over the last five years and between 2011 and 2012 as well as the average annual HDI growth rate across four time periods allow for easy assessment of the direction and speed of HDI changes. Table 3 presents the IHDI, which goes beyond a country’s average achievements in health, education and income to show how the achievements are distributed among residents by discounting the value of each dimension according to its level of inequality. The IHDI can be interpreted as the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality), while the HDI is the potential human development that could be obtained if achievements were distributed equally among residents. The difference between the HDI and IHDI, expressed as a percentage, defines the loss in potential human development due to inequality. The difference in ranking by the HDI and the IHDI indicates that taking inequality into account would either lower a country’s rank (negative value) or improve it (positive). Table 4 presents the Gender Inequality Index, an experimental composite measure of inequality in achievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. The GII is designed to provide empirical foundations for policy analysis and advocacy efforts. A high value indicates high inequality between women and men. The Multidimensional Poverty Index, an experimental measure designed to capture the overlapping deprivations that people face in education, health and living standards, is presented in table 5. The MPI gives both the incidence of nonincome multidimensional poverty (a headcount of those in multidimensional poverty) and its intensity (the relative number of deprivations people experience at the same time). The contributions of deprivations in each dimension to overall poverty are included to provide a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty. Countries are presented alphabetically in two groups according to the year of the survey used to estimate the MPI. Table 6 combines macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), gross fixed capital formation and the consumer price index with public spending indicators. During economic uncertainty or recession, gross fixed capital formation typically declines. The consumer price index is presented as a measure of inflation. Indicators of public spending are given for two points in time to allow for analysis of change in spending. These indicators can be used to examine priorities in public spending and the pattern of expenditure and how it relates to human development outcomes. Several indicators on the health of children, youth and adults as well as two indicators of health care quality are presented Readers guide | 141
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W N S E Human Development Report 20
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Human Development Report 2013 The R
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Human Development Report 2013 Team
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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Overview One of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
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Introduction When developed economi
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leading economies—Brazil, China a
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comparable access to information, e
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mobile phones: cellular banking is
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“The political problem of mankind
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BOX 1.1 Fairness, macroeconomics an
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BOX 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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FIGURE 1.1 Income per capita is ris
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BOX 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
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FIGURE 1.4 There is notable variati
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FIGURE 1.6 Most regions show declin
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Progress in human development achie
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BOX 1.7 Social competencies: human
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TABLE 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
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Not all countries have the precondi
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“When the music changes, so does
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BOX 2.1 The South’s integration w
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FIGURE 2.1 As a share of world merc
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BOX 2.2 Acquisitions by the South o
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FIGURE 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
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FIGURE 2.4 Export earnings per capi
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BOX 2.6 Final assembly is about mor
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Instead of having a centre of indus
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FIGURE 2.6 Emerging market economie
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Developing countries trade more amo
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“We cannot expect that all nation
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TABLE 3.1 Selected developing count
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A common feature of countries that
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More important than getting prices
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BOX 3.5 Eastern Europe and Central
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States have to be conscious that th
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As countries develop, they tend to
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Having weathered the Asian financia
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Providing public services that cont
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Advancing health requires more than
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Universal public health and educati
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• China. The Minimum Livelihood G
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“Each generation will reap what t
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concerns will make for a complex en
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Page 143 and 144: References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
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Statistical references ADB (Asian D
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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