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“We cannot expect that all nations will adopt like systems, for conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.” John F. Kennedy “Wisdom lies neither in fixity nor in change, but in the dialectic between the two.” Octavio Paz
3. Drivers of development transformation How have so many countries in the South transformed their human development prospects? Given their social and political diversity and their contrasting natural resource endowments, their trajectories have often diverged. Yet some underlying themes have been consistent. This chapter looks at the experience of some of the more successful countries and at three of their common drivers: their proactive developmental states, their capacity to tap into global markets and their focus on social policy innovation. Many countries have made substantial progress over the past two decades: the rise of the South has been fairly broad-based. Nevertheless, several high achievers have not only boosted national income, but also had better than average performance on social indicators in areas such as health and education. One way to identify high achievers is to look at countries with positive income growth and good performance on measures of health and education relative to other countries at comparable levels of development. These high achievers include some of the largest countries—Brazil, China and India—as well as smaller countries, such as Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Viet Nam (figure 3.1). This chapter analyses the performance of a set of countries that, since 1990, have substantially improved both income growth and the nonincome dimensions of human development, namely health and education. Some countries were more successful in one aspect than the other: Brazil and Turkey did better on the nonincome dimensions of the <strong>Human</strong> <strong>Development</strong> Index (HDI), whereas China’s performance over 1990–2010 was dominated by growth in income (in part because when reforms began in the late 1970s, China’s achievements in health and education were already high). 1 Furthermore, as mentioned in chapter 1, the group of countries whose improvements on the HDI stood out relative to the performance of peers between 1990 and 2012 includes least developed countries, such as Lao PDR, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda and Uganda. Another way of identifying high achievers in human development is to look for countries that have been more successful in closing the “human development gap,” as measured by the reduction in their HDI shortfall (the distance from the maximum HDI score). 2 Table 3.1 lists 26 countries that were among either the top 15 developing countries that registered the largest reduction in HDI shortfall over 1990–2012 3 or the top 15 that registered the highest rates of annual growth in income per capita during the same period. The first set of countries successfully supplemented fast economic growth with social policies that benefit society more broadly, especially the poor. China, for instance, reduced its HDI shortfall more than all other countries FIGURE 3.1 Some countries have performed well on both the nonincome and the income dimensions of the HDI Deviation from expected performance of nonincome dimensions of the HDI, 1990–2012 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 –0.1 –0.2 –0.3 –0.4 Uganda Brazil Tunisia Indonesia Turkey Bangladesh Mexico Korea, Rep. Ghana Viet Nam Malaysia India Mauritius Thailand Chile China –0.04 –0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 Note: Based on a balanced panel of 96 countries. Source: HDRO calculations. Growth in GNI per capita, 1990–2012 (%) High achievers in human development Others Chapter 3 Drivers of development transformation | 63
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W N S E Human Development Report 20
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Human Development Report 2013 The R
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Human Development Report 2013 Team
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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Overview One of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
Page 23 and 24: Introduction When developed economi
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Page 36 and 37: BOX 1.3 Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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Page 40 and 41: BOX 1.4 Subjective indicators of we
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.4 There is notable variati
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Page 50 and 51: TABLE 1.3 Inequality and satisfacti
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Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2.1 As a share of world merc
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Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, I
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Page 92 and 93: Advancing health requires more than
Page 94 and 95: Universal public health and educati
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Page 100 and 101: concerns will make for a complex en
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BOX 5.2 Jo Leinen, Member of the Eu
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facilitates reserve investments and
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Responsible sovereignty takes the l
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FIGURE 5.1 Under the accelerated pr
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Good policymaking requires greater
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A fair and less unequal world requi
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Notes Overview 1 Atsmon and others
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25 Blinder 2006. 26 UNIDO 2009. 27
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which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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References Abdurazakov, A., A. Mins
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urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
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Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
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Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
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Statistical acknowledgements The Re
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Key to HDI countries and ranks, 201
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Statistical references ADB (Asian D
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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