Deformation behaviour of railway embankment ... - Liikennevirasto

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Figure 4.5:1 Resilient modulus of six different coarse grained granular materials as a
function of compaction effort based on the results of Rada and Witczak (1981).
A heavily compacted material will have a dense grain structure where each grain has
many contact points to the neighbouring grains for load distribution. This leads to a
higher overall stiffness for the material. Several researchers (Hoff 1999, Kolisoja 1994)
have shown that heavy compaction results in higher stiffness. Figure 4.5:2 shows the
resilient stiffness for four different levels of compaction (Rc) of the same material tested
by Kolisoja (1994). As can be seen, there is a clear tendency to stiffer behaviour for the
heavily compacted materials.