Radar Technology for Level Gauging - Krohne

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4.4 Line transmission 4.4.1 Coaxial cable A coaxial cable generally consists of a wire as the internal conductor and an external conductor – wire mesh or tube – with synthetic material in between as the dielectric. Depending on quality, coaxial cables are capable of transmitting electrical signals from direct current up to high-frequency waves of approx. 20 GHz. The electromagnetic field is only formed inside the cable, so the coaxial cable is a low-radiation type. The natural impedance Z L is an important parameter of a transmission line. It describes the ratio between voltages and currents in the individual waves on the line, and is calculated for the coaxial cable according to the equation 14 : To design a "standard" line with 50 Ω, the diameter ratio must be D/d = 2.3 with an air filling and D/d = 3.35 with a Teflon filling (ε r = 2.1). 4.4.2 Twin line The twin line consists of two conductors routed in parallel by spacers or a dielectric jacket. The electromagnetic field surrounds the entire space around the twin line. It is suitable for signals from d.c. to a few GHz. 2 wires 14 Assuming a lossless line and non-magnetic environment (µr = 1) outer conductor dielectric inner conductor Natural impedance is calculated according to the equation: dielectric Fig. 12: Coaxial cable Fig. 13: Twin line Radar handbook 19 4
4 Fig. 14: Planar line 4.4.3 Planar lines Planar lines (also called striplines or microstrip lines) consist of plane line structures applied to a dielectric substrate. An example is shown in Fig. 14. The advantage of this form of line is that other devices are also easy to mount. rear metallization waveguide dielectric In the structure shown in Fig. 14, for b ≥ a the natural impedance is approximately [Pehl.1]: For example, for a commonly used Teflon substrate (ε r = 2.2) of thickness a = 0.25 mm, the line width must be b = 0.75 mm if the natural impedance is to be 50 Ω. 4.4.4. Wire in free space A single wire in free space also transmits electromagnetic waves – however with losses because of radiant emittance. This is roughly the same setup as that of a TDR system (see chapters 3.1 and 6.7) with a rod or wire rope. The natural impedance Z L = 377 Ω /√ε r is approximately the same as that of free space (so-called characteristic impedance). 4.4.5 Waveguide A waveguide consists of a metal tube with circular or rectangular cross-section in which high-frequency electromagnetic waves are propagated along its length. The waveguide can be filled with air or a dielectric. In contrast to the coaxial cable or the twin line, the waveguide can only transmit signals with a defined minimum frequency f c. For the H 11 fundamental wave in the circular waveguide with an inside diameter D, f c is approx. 7 GHz at D = 25 mm (1”), for example. The following formula applies: 20 Radar handbook
Page 1 and 2: © KROHNE 07/2003 7.02337.22.00 GR
Page 3 and 4: Content page 1 Introduction 5 1.1 R
Page 5 and 6: Symbols used a Distance, spacing
Page 7 and 8: 2 2. General 2.1 Frequency, wavelen
Page 9 and 10: 2 3. Radar-Füllstandsmesssysteme 2
Page 11 and 12: 3 Fig. 3: Geometric configuration o
Page 13 and 14: 3 Fig. 5: Pulse radar measuring sys
Page 15 and 16: 3 Fig. 8: Basic circuit diagram of
Page 17 and 18: 4 4. Components for radar systems F
Page 19: 4 3. Radar-Füllstandsmesssysteme 4
Page 23 and 24: 4 Fig. 17: Examples of planar direc
Page 25 and 26: 5 Fig. 20: Various form of antenna
Page 29 and 30: 6 6. Wave propagation 6.1 Propagati
Page 31 and 32: 6 Fig. 24: Change of propagation ra
Page 35 and 36: 6 6.5 Modified radar equation Based
Page 37 and 38: 6 Fig. 28: Arrangement to measure t
Page 39 and 40: 7 Fig. 31: Reflection factors of di
Page 43 and 44: 7 3. Radar-Füllstandsmesssysteme O
Page 45 and 46: 7 Fig. 35: Influence of the angle o
Page 51 and 52: 8 Fig. 39: Counting method to deter
Page 53 and 54: 8 Fig. 41: A high-pass filter and i
Page 55 and 56: 8 Fig. 44: Subtraction of empty-tan
Page 57 and 58: 8 Fig. 47: Principle of operation o
Page 59 and 60: A Annex A Table of dielectric permi
Page 61 and 62: B B System-theoretical comparison b
Page 63 and 64: B 3. Radar-Füllstandsmesssysteme T
Page 65: C 3. Radar-Füllstandsmesssysteme [

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