MS Swaminathan Commission Report on WTO(Malayalam).pdf

C M Y K

C M Y K

W.T.O bpw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw
ae-bmf ]cn-`mj : s{]m^. Fw. `mkvI-c-{]-kmZv
Xøm-dm-°n-bXv F^v.-sF.-_n. D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwKw
No^v FUn-‰¿ : B¿. APn-XvIp-am¿
{]≥kn-∏¬ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k¿
FUn-‰nwKv : _n. sI. A\n¬,
Irjn-Hm-^o-k¿
t^mt´m : kp`mjv _n. ]n≈
B¿´nÃv : Fw. hnP-b-Ip-am¿
{]n‚ vsNbvXXv : 2004, am¿®v
PRINTED BY
THE MANAGING DIRECTOR
KERALA BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS SOCIETY,
KAKKANAD, KOCHI - 682 030
(ii)

temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\bpw
Im¿jnI {]iv\-ßfpw
kw_-‘n® IΩn-js‚
dnt∏m¿´v
tIc-f -k¿°m¿
tIc-f-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb
Hcp Im¿jnI hym]mc
kpc-£m-hy-hÿ sI´n-∏-Sp-°m-h≥
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ LS\
]m¿´v ˛ I
]m¿´v -˛ II
dnt∏m¿´pw ip]m¿i-Ifpw
B[mc tcJ-I-fpw, hnh-c-ßfpw
]m¿´v I ¬
sk£≥ ˛ A
sk£≥ ˛ B
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ kw{K-lhpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw
hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´v
(iii)

D≈-S°w
\º¿ io¿jIw t]Pv\-º¿
1. IΩn-js‚ AwK-߃ .....................................................................................................................vii
2. apJ-hpc .................................................................................................................................................1
3. sk£≥ F˛ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ Npcp-°hpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw .....................................................4
4. sk£≥ _n˛ hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´v ...........................................................................................31
5. A\p-_‘w 1
IΩn-js\ \nb-an-®p-sIm-≠p≈ k¿°m¿ DØ-chpw
]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ßfpw ...............................................................................................................157
6. A\p-_‘w 2
IΩn-j≥ AwK-ßsf \n›-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ DØ-chv .......................................................159
7. A\p-_‘w 3
A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS am¿§
\n¿t±i]c-amb kw`m-h\ ............................................................................................................162
8. A\p-_‘w 4
H∂mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ .....................................................................................................166
9. A\p-_‘w 5
c≠mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ .....................................................................................................169
10. A\p-_‘w 6
aq∂mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ ....................................................................................................172
11. A\p-_‘w 7
\memw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ ....................................................................................................176
12. A\p-_‘w 8
Km´p-I-cm-dns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb _u≠v
Xocph \nc-°p-Iƒ ...........................................................................................................................179
13. A\p-_‘w 9
Im¿jnI C\-ß-fpsS taep≈ AssπUv Cd-°p-aXn
Xocp-h-bpsS tÉvsa‚ v ..................................................................................................................181
14. A\p-_‘w 10
Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS AssπUpw _u≠pw Xocph
\nc-°p-I-fpsS tÉvsa‚ v ...............................................................................................................182
(iv)

temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\bpw
Im¿jnI {]iv\-ßfpw kw_-‘n® IΩn-j≥ AwK-߃
dnt∏m¿´v `mKw 1
s{]m. Fw. Fkv. kzman-\m-Y≥ ˛ A≤y-£≥
tUm. sI.-F≥. -iym-a-kp-µ-c≥ \mb¿ ˛ D]m-≤y-£≥
tUm. ]n.-sI. hmcy¿ ˛ AwKw
s{]m. sI.-]n. {]`m-I-c≥ \mb¿ ˛ AwKw
tUm. -]m¿∆Xn tat\m≥ ˛ AwKw
{io. sI.-sP. tPmk^v ˛ AwKw
tUm. tPm¨ Ipcy≥ ˛ AwKw
tUm. sI.hn. ]o‰¿ ˛ AwKw
{io. B¿.-sI. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ ˛ AwKw
{io. ]mem´v taml≥Zmkv sF.-F.-Fkv ˛ AwKw
{ioa-Xn. \oemKwKm-[-c≥ sF.-F.-Fkv ˛ AwKw
{]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´-dn, Irjn-h-Ip∏v
(v)

apJhpc
tIc-f-Øns‚ 80 iX-am-\-Øn-tesd Im¿jnI hn`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw DXv∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-t[bw
B`y¥-chpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb hym]m-c-sØ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv. an°Xpw Zo¿L-Ime hnf-
Iƒ Bb-Xn-\m¬, hn]-Wn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn®v \o°p-t]m-°p-Iƒ sNøp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-
´m-Wv, hnti-jn®pw tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb tXbn-e, Im∏n, d∫¿, \mfn-tIcw F∂n-h-bpsS (tIc-f-Øn\v
{]ikvXn t\Sn-Ø-∂n-´p≈ A\-h[n kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-sSbpw) Imcy-Øn¬. 1995-˛¬ temI- hym-]m-ckw-L-S-\bpw
(WTO) AXns‚ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fp-sSbpw (AOA) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
_lp-I£n hym]mc hyh-ÿbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXm-sS, temI -Im¿jn-I-hy-]mccwKØv am‰-߃
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ C\nbpw WTO bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ {]Xo-£n-®ncp∂
hn]p-e-amb hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX bmYm¿∞y-h-XvI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Irjnsb kw_-
‘n® Icm-dp-I-fn (AOA)¬ At\Iw AXp-ey-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-bn-´p-≠v; Icm-dp- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ hyh-km-bh-XvIr-X-amb
hnI-kn-X -cm-Py-ßfpw hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ D≈ hym]mc hne-t]-i-ep-Isf
Ak-a-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-h-bmWv F∂p sXfnp Ign-n-cn-°p-∂p. `mKy-h-im¬, Ct∏m-gp≈ Irjnsb
kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS (AOA)khn-ti-j-X-bmb Nne ISpØ AkaXzß-fpw, Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw ]cnl-cn-°p-hm≥,
tZmlm A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®m-\-¥cw \S-∂p-h-cp∂ IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fn¬ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.
AXn-\m¬ sFIy-cm-jv{S- k`-bpsS Cu kl-{km_vZw e£y-an-´n-´p≈ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm÷\ ]cn-]m-Snbp-tSbpw
˛ hym]mcw, sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Ifp-tSbpw
D]-Po-h-\sØ i‡-am-°p-hm-\m-Wv, A√msX Im¿s∂-Sp-°p-hm-\-√, F∂ XXz-Øn-t‚bpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `mc-X- k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-KW\bv°mbn GXm\pw \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-IbmWv
Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ sNøp-∂Xv. Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bmWv, {]_-e-amb Im¿jnI {KmaoW kº-ZvL-S-
\-I-fnse D]-Po-h-\-kpc£m hyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´√v F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Irjn-sb- kw-_-‘n® Icm-dnt∑-ep≈
]p\¿ A\p-c-RvP\w \S-°p∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. hyh-km-b-hXvIrX
cmPy-߃ Xß-fpsS Irjn-°m¿°v `oa-amb k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, hnhn[ \ymb-ß-fp-∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v A\ph-Zn-°p-∂Xv
XS-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn, temI hym-]m-csØ XInSw adn-°p∂ k_vkn-Un-IfpsS Imcy-Øn¬,
XnI®pw kpXm-cy-amb Hcp s]cp-am-‰®´w G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v R߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
BXy-¥n-I-am-bn, (tem-I) hym]mcw Htc-k-abw kzX-{¥hpw \oXn-]q¿∆hpw BIp-tºmƒ, B`y-
¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Ønepw aqey-h¿≤-\-bnepw hnπhw krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠p-am-{Xta
BtKmf am’-cy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-°p-I-bp≈p. C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ F√m-hcpw˛sNdp-InS DXv]m-Z-I¿, tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ, hym]m-cn-Iƒ XpSßn kwÿm\˛
tI{µk¿°m-cp-Iƒ hsc ˛ ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xmb ASnb-¥n-chpw Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xpamb
\S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n \nc-h[n ip]m¿i-Iƒ IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v.
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ]m¿´v - I s‚ sk£≥ "F' IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿i-I-fpsS Hcp kw{K-l-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-
∂m-epw, ASn-b-¥nc {i≤bpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw A¿ln-°p∂ GXm\pw Nne \n¿t±-i-߃ {i≤-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.
BZyambn, Xmcn-^p-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ coXn-I-fpw Ib‰paXn ˛ Cd-°p-aXn \b-ß-fpw hnti-jn®pw
FÆ-°p-cp-°-fp-sSbpw, `£y-F-Æ-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬, `mc-X-k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn¬ ]p\x-c-h-tem-I-\-
Øns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. C∂p≈ ItΩm-Un‰n (N-c-°v) t_m¿Up-Isf ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A`n-ap-
JoI-cn-°p-hm≥ k÷-am-°-W-sa-n¬ Ah-bpsS LS\bpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w sNøp-∂-
Xn-\mbn Hcp D∂-Xe kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse tZml ktΩ-f-\m-
\¥c A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ Hcp Ijn F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ \ne]mSp-Isf kw_-
‘n-®p≈ IΩn-js‚ \n¿t±i-߃ tI{µ k¿°m¿ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. tI{µ {KmaoW hnI-k-\
-h-Ip-∏ns‚ kºq¿Æ {KmaoW tdmkvKm¿ tbmP-\-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ tXm´whnf taJ-e-bn¬ sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ°v
Iqen°pw, sXmgn¬ kpÿn-c-Xbv°pw Bbn `£Ww hnX-cWw sNøp-hm-\p≈ Hcp {]tXyI
]cn-]mSn/]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°m≥ tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ hmWn-Py- Imcy a{¥m-ebw apt∂m´p hc-Ww.
hmWn-Py-Imcy a{¥m-e-bw, I¿j-I¿ "Zpcn-X-Im-e-hn-ebv°v' DXv∏-∂-߃ hn¬°p-∂-Xns\ (distress
sale) bpw, tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsSbpw Huj[ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw hn]Wn CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw XS-bp-∂-Xn\v

{KmaoW hnI-k\ a{¥m-ebw \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp∂ {KmaoW tKmUu¨ ]≤XnbpsS amXr-I-bn¬ Hcp
shb¿lu-knwKv ]cn-]mSn Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns\ Hcp Im¿jnIhnfbmbn
IW-°m-°p∂ Imcyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
c≠m-a-Xmbn tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃°v kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp hym]mc kpc£m hyhÿ
sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v tIc-fk¿°m¿ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
• Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc Imcy-߃°mbn Hcp D∂-Xe Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.
• F√m Im¿jnIhnf-I-fp-tSbpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hpw aqey-h¿≤-\bpw Xzcn-Xs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-I.
• B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wnbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw e£y-am-°n-bn-´p≈ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏-
‰n-bp≈ km£-cXm {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°pI.
• a’ysØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\w kpc-£n-Xam-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-jvI-cW \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ a’y-ta-J-bn¬ ssIs°m≈pI.
• Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-øp∂ DXv∏-∂-ßsf Xs∂ Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp∂Xn\p≈ A\p-Iqe hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-hm≥ tI{µ -k¿°m-cp-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I.
• ssPh-Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw, ssPh-Ir-jn-bn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øp-hm\pw, km£ys∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw
Hcp tI{µw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
• tIc-f-Øns‚ Bbp¿thZ ]mc-º-cysØ AXns‚ X\Xp hnip-≤n-bn¬ ]cn-]m-en-°p-hm-\pw,
Bbp¿thZsØ A]-Io¿Øns∏Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ thKw [\w B¿÷n-°p-hm≥, Nne ÿm]-\-
ß-fpsS hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ {ia-ßsf XS-bp-I-bpw, Hcp Huj[kky ssPh Xmgvhc (Herbal Biovalley)
bpw Huj-[-kky kwc-£W tI{µ-ßfpw ÿm]n-°pI.
• Btcm-Kyw, Bflo-b-X, {]Ir-Xn-`wKn F∂n-h-bn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hnt\m-Z-k-©mc am¿§-
߃°m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-߃ i‡-am-°p-I.
• Im¿jnIcwKsØ kv{Xo ]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v Irjn-ÿ-eØpw ]pdØpw D≈ kwcw-`-߃°v Bhiy-amb
{]tXyI Ign-hp-Isf \nc-¥cw Imem-\p-k-cWw \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ""Irjn DtZymK
-hn-⁄m\ tI{µ-'' ß-fpsS Hcp irwJe kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
• \ΩpsS ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Ønepw h¿≤-\-bnepw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn G¿s∏-´ncn-°p∂
{KmaoW ˛ tKm{X IpSpw-_-߃°v \nb-a-Im-cy-ß-fn¬˛ kky-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-
Whpw, I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Imi \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw ssPhsshhn-[y-\n-b-a'-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ km£-cX \¬Ip-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.
apI-fn¬ \n¿t±-in-®-h-Iq-SmsX Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ a‰p ]e ip]m¿i-Ifpw \S-∏nem-°p-hm≥
c≠p ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS km≤y-X-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bhiyw D≠v (F∂v IΩnj≥
Icp-Xp-∂p)
hniz-k-\o-b-amb hnh-c-߃ am[y-a-߃°v \¬Ip-hm\pw AXp-hgn s]mXp-P-\-߃°v tZmlmktΩ-f\m-\-¥cw
XpS-cp∂ A\p-c-RvP\{ia-ß-sf-bpw, B`y-¥-chpw BtKm-f-]-c-hp-amb Im¿jnI
hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n®v F√m hnh-c-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v Adn-hp-Iƒ e`y-am-°m≥ Hcp U_yq.-
Sn.-H. aoUnbm sk¬ ÿm]n-°p-I.
Xp≠p-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw h¿≤n® DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw BZmbhpw ssIh-cn-°m-sa∂v sXfnbn-®n-´p≈
sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS hne-s∏´ A\p-`-h-k-º-Øns‚ aqey-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\m-bn, \qX\ k{º-Zm-b-ß-fn-eqsS Irjn-bn¬ hnP-bn-®-h-cpsS Hcp Iq´mbva ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚
Im¿jnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn Hcp I¨tkm¿jyw ÿm]n-°pI (Consortium of Innovative
Farmers for Kerala's Agricultural Transformation).

Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-km-t-XnI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab hnπ-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ 21-˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ ÿm]\sa∂-\n-e-bn¬ Hcp k¿∆-I-em-ime cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ibm¬,
Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z\w, hn]-Wn, hne-\n¿Æbw XpS-ßn-b-hsb kw_-‘n® F√m-‰n-t\bpw Ipdn®v
ImenI {][m-\-amb hnh-c-߃ kw`-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime
C‚¿s\‰ns‚bpw, tI_nƒ Sn.-hn, IΩyq-Wn‰n tdUn-tbm, ae-bmf Zn\-∏-{X-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS
kwtbm-Pn-X-amb hn\n-tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Ønembncn°pw {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xv.
tIcfØn¬ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ kv{Xo ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw
Irjn°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kt-X-߃, ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-߃, s]mXp-\-b-߃ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈
F√m klm-b-ßfpw \¬Ip-I-bm-sW-n¬ Ah¿°v Xo¿®-bmbpw B`y-¥-c-˛-B-tKmf hn]-Wn-I-fn¬
Im¿jnIhnf-I-fp-sSbpw a‰p D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-
°m≥ Ign-bpw F∂-ImcyØn¬ IΩn-j\v XnI hnizm-k-ap-≠v.
H∏v
Fw.F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥

temI- hym-]mc kwL-S\-bn¬ F´p-h¿jw
`mKw F
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ kw{Klhpw, ip]m¿i-Ifpw
BtKmf hym]m-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS Hcp Iq´m-bva-bmb temI -hym-]m-c-
I-cmdpw (WTA)- AXns‚ \n¿∆-lW GP≥kn F∂ \ne-bn¬ temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\bpw (WTO)
1995 P\phcn 1 \v \ne-hn¬ h∂n´v 8 h¿jw IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. temI- hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS
apJy {]Jym-]nX e£y-am-b, AwK-cm-Py-߃°n-Sbn¬ \oXn-]q¿∆hpw Xpey-hp-amb Hcp BtKmf
hym]mc hyhÿ krjvSn-°-W-sa-∂, AXns‚ e£yw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-n-´n√ F∂v XnI®pw
hy‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. temI- hym-]m-c-Øns‚ h¿≤n® aqey-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Hmtcm-cm-Py-Øn-t‚bpw
tZiob kº-Øn¬ KWy-amb t\´-߃ D≠mIpw F∂ hmKvZm-\-Øn¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn-´mWv C¥ybpƒs∏-sS-bp≈
At\Iw hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Icm-dp-I-fn¬ H∏p-h-®-Xv, Fn-epw, temI -hym-]mc
kwL-S-\-bpsS Imcy-ÿ-X-bn¬ \S∂ BZysØ 8 h¿jsØ BtKmf hym]mc {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS
Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hmKvZm\w hen-sbmcp Af-hp-hsc hniz-k-\o-b-a√ F∂mWv
A\p-`-hw. hn]p-ehpw hnI-kz-c-hp-amb {]mtbm-KnI Kth-j-W-ß-fp-tSbpw A]-{KY\-ß-fp-tSbpw tcJ-
Iƒ Cu \nK-a\w icn-h-bv°p-∂p-≠v. WTO bpsS \nb-{¥Ww h∂-tXmsS hnI-knX˛hnI-kzc cmPyß-fp-sS-bpw,
Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-b-ti-jn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ak-aXzw KWy-ambn h¿≤n®p
F∂p-am-{X-a-√, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS tZiob \b-ß-fn-epw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw henb hyXn-bm-
\-߃ D≠m-°p-I-bpw, AXv Ipd hcp-am-\-°m-tcbpw, D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w XoscIpd-hp-≈-h-tcbpw
hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-I-bp-am-Wv sNbvX-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw C¥y-bpƒ∏sSbp≈ hnI-kzc
cmPy-߃ WTOIcm¿ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu {]Xn-Iqe {]h-WX-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
c£-t\-Sm-\p≈ ]pXnb taJ-e-Iƒ tXSp-I-bpw, WTO Icm-dp-Iƒ Xpd∂p Xcp∂ Ah-k-c-߃ hn\ntbm-Kn®v
hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS Ah-cp-sS B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw sshhn-[y-h-XvIcn-
°m\pw {ian-®p-h-cp-I-bpamWv. B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\w, sXmgn¬, `£-Ww, D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£, ]cn-ÿnXn
t{kmX- p-Iƒ apX-emb \nc-h[n taJ-e-I-fn¬ WTObpsS kzm[o-\-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ {]Xym-Lm-X߃
Fs¥√mw BsW∂v kwÿm\ tZiobXeßfn¬ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hnebncp-ØpI F∂-
XmWv CXn-\m-h-iy-amb BZysØ ap∂p-]m-[n. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬IqSn am{Xta {]mtZin-Ihpw
tZio-b-hp-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn\pw IqSp-X¬ Xpd-∂Xpw XpeyXbp-≈-Xp-amb temI- hym-]m-ckm-l-N-cy-Øn-te-°p≈
Bkq{XnX ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw cq]w \¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.
kpÿn-c-amb hym]mc kpc-£m-hy-hÿ tIcfw ssIh-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bhiyw
tZiob˛A¥¿tZ-iob hy]mctaJ-e-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hyXn-bm-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]XnI-c-W-Øn-epw
kao-]-\-Ønepw tIcfw C¥y-bnse CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw thdn-´p-\n¬°p∂p. hnhn-[ -an-{ihnf
Irjn-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp Iq´w AXn-kq-£va-amb Im¿jnILS-I-ß-fpw, samØw Im¿jnI
DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ knwl`m-Khpw Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ Iø-S-°p-∂-Xp-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnItaJe-bpsS
khn-ti-jX. Im¿jnIhn`-h-ßfpw DXv∏-∂-ßfpw 80 iX-am-\Øn¬ Gsdbpw B`y-¥c ˛
A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-Isf B{i-bn-®mWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bnse BsI tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS 45
iX-am-\hpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-am-Wv. 4 e£w Bfp-Iƒ°v {]Xn-Zn\w sXmgn¬ \¬Ip∂ taJe-bp-am-Wn-Xv.
P\-kw-Jy-bnse 20 iX-am-\Øntesd Bfp-Iƒ D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v tXm´-hn-f-Isf BWv
B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ tXm´-hn-f-I-fnepw an{i-hn-f-I-fnepw s\√v, ac-®o-\n, hmg-∏-gw, d∫¿,
Im∏n, Gew, AS-bv°, Iip-h-≠n, Ipcp-ap-fIv F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. IqSmsX A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bnte°v
kap-t{Zm-¬]-∂-߃ Ib‰n Abbv°p∂ apJy kwÿm\w IqSn-bmWv tIc-fw. 1995 apX¬
Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS hym]mcw DZmchXvI-cn-°p∂ Ime-L´w h∂-tXm-sS, temI- hym-]mc DS-
ºSn (WTA) bpsS `mK-am-bn, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm¿ \S-∏n¬ hcm\pw XpS-ßn-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂,v
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-߃s°√mw Xs∂ apsºm-cn-°epw D≠m-bn-´n-√mØ A\p-]m-X-ØnemWv
hne-Ø-I¿® A\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv. Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS `oa-amb `mcw apgp-h\pw hln-t°-≠n-h-
∂Xv {KmaoW sXmgn¬ i‡n-bnse apJy-hn-`m-K-amb sNdp-InS Irjn-°m-cpw, \ma-am{X Irjn-°mcpw

Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h\w XnI®pw hn]Wn km≤y-X-Isf B{i-bn-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. BtKmf
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-cw-KsØ \nbm-aI am\-Z-WvU-ß-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-߃ (Ir-jn-sb-kw-_‘n® Icm¿
aqew kwPm-X-am-bn-´p-≈) krjvSn® {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns\ klm-bn-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbn WTO bpw Im¿jnI{]iv\-ßfpw ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´p sNøp-hm-\pw th≠ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
\S-Øp-hm\pw tUm. -Fw.-F-kv.- kzm-an-\m-Y≥ A≤y-£-\mbn Hcp IΩn-js\ 2001 Pqsse 31\v tIc-f
k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn (A-\p-_‘w I). 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 19\v IΩn-j-\nse a‰p AwKßsf
\nb-an-®p-sIm≠pw IΩn-j≥ {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-fpsS enÃv ]pd-s∏-Sphn®p
sIm≠pw k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hmbn.
k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hns\ XpS¿∂v Xma-kn-bmsX tUm. sI. iyma-kp-µ-c≥ \mb¿ D]m-≤y-£-\mb
IΩn-j≥ {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIcf kwÿm\ Bkq-{XW t_m¿Uv Imcy-\n¿∆-l-
W-Øn¬ klm-bn-®p. IΩn-j≥ Hu]Nm-cn-I-ambn A©p-h´w IqSp-Ibpw IΩn-js‚ 2002 \hw_¿ 6˛7
Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ tImh-fØv tN¿∂ A©m-asØ tbmKw dnt∏m¿´ns‚ IcSp cq]-Øn\v A¥na cq]w
\¬Ip-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.
dnt∏m¿´n\v c≠p `m-K-߃ D≠v. ]m¿´v I kw{K-lhpw ip]m¿i-I-fpw, XpS¿∂v ip]m¿i-Iƒ°v
Dt]m¬_-e-I-amb hmZ-K-Xn-I-fpw \ymb-ß-fp-am-Wv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m¿´v II ¬ apJy dnt∏m¿´n\v
B[m-c-amb ÿnXnhnh-c-tc-J-Iƒ BWp-≈-Xv.
kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI ˛ hym]mc kpc-£mkwhn-[m\w sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm-\sØ
klm-bn-°pI F∂-XmWv IΩn-js‚ apJy e£yw. tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z\ ˛ sXmgn¬taJ-e-I-fnse
{]Xn-k-‘nsb Fßns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw, B`y-¥c ˛ A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-Isf `mcn®
tXmXn¬ B{i-bn-°p∂ kwÿm-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pXnb hym]mc hyhÿ hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ ]e
Ah-k-c-ß-tf-bpw `mKy-him¬ kwÿm-\-Øn\v {]tXy-I-am-bn-´p≈ t{kmX- p-I-tf-bpw km-≤y-X-Itfbpw
Fßns\ NqjWw sNøWw F∂pw, hy‡-amb Hcp Z¿i\w thW-sa∂ Imcyw {]m[m\yw
A¿ln-°p-∂p. hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ sXmgn¬km≤y-X-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°ptºmƒ
C¥y-bnse CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn, tIc-f-Øn\v henb Hcp
sXmgn¬i‡nsb {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu sXmgn¬ i‡n-bnse AwK-߃ km£-c-cpw,-
kmaqln-I-am-bpw cmjv{So-b-ambpw {]_p-≤X D≈-hcpw BWv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ {]tXyI t{kmX- p-
I-ƒ, kº-∂hpw sshhn-[y-ap≈ {]IrXnhn`-hßfpsS ASn-Ø-d-bpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb `q]-cn-jvIcWw,
hnZym-`ym-k-hpw, sshZ-Kv[yhpw kn≤n® P\-ßfpw, cmjv{So-bm-h-t_m-[-ap≈ sXmgn¬i‡nbpw,
Btcm-Ky-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn¬ AXp-ey-amb t\´-ß-fpw ]pXnb Hcp kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\mbn
Cu L´-Øn¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Knt°≠-Xp≠v. ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-ßfpsS irwJ-e-bpsS ASn-
Ø-d-bn¬ {Kma-ßfpw \K-c-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ At\m-\y-_-‘-ß-fpsS XpS¿® sI´n∏Sp-°p-h-m≥ Ign-
n-´p-≈Xv tIcf-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI hym]mc hyh-ÿbv°v Aÿn-hmcw CSp-∂-Xn\v A\p-t]-£-Wob
LS-I-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ka-hm-Iy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWncn°p-∂-Xv.
• (F) kwÿm-\-\bw
kwÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø\£a-amb Hcp kwÿm\\b-Øn\v, WTO bpam-bp≈
CS-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ {]Xn-I-cWw F¥m-sW∂v \n›-bn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂,
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ CS-s]S-ep-Iƒ hgn-bmbpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS {]b-Xv\-ß-fp-sS ^e-ambpw
Ign--Im-eØv B¿÷n®p Ign-n-´p≈ kmº-ØnI ˛ hnI-k\ t\´-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-
°m\pw apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw IqSn Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. AtX-k-abw WTO bpsS \nb-
{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ Cu ]pØ≥ hnI-k\L´-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-bp-hm≥ tIc-f-Øn\v C\n
Ign-bp-∂-X-√. adn®v kwÿm\w Hcp s]mXp \nt£-]-I≥ F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ ]v XpS¿∂pw
(D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, Im¿jnIhnI-k-\w, ASn-ÿm\ kuIcyhnI-k\w F∂n-h-bn¬) hln-°p-
Ibpw ]pXnb hym]mc hyh-ÿ-bpsS `oj-Wn- t\cn-Sp-∂-hcpsS Poh-\pw D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-
߃°pw, hnti-jn®pw Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw kwc£Ww Gs‰-
Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw.

• (_n) DXv]m-Z\ £aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I
DXv]mZ-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Imcyw FSp-Øm¬ km≤y-am-Ip-∂-]-c-am-h[n DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-
Xbv°pw, bYm¿∞ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw CS-bn¬ C∂p≈ hnShv ssIh-i-ap≈ imkv{X ˛kmt-
XnIhnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v \nI-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
• (kn) KpW-\n-e-hmcw
KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ DXv]m-Z-I¿°pw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw KpW-\n-e-hmc km£cX
\¬IpIbpw B`y-¥c ˛ Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ FØp∂ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS km\n-´dn˛ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn
\nb-a-߃ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Imcy-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\kuIcy-߃
i‡-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.
• (Un) BZmbw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
Im¿jn-Im-Zmbw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ DXv]m-Z-\-Im-cy-ß-fnse Imcy-£-a-X-bnepw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-
X-bpsS Db¿∂ LS-I-ß-fnepw Htc-k-abw {i≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ hnf-sh-Sp-
∏n-\p-tijhpw imkv{X- km-t-XnI hnZy -{]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw aqey-h¿≤-\-hn-epw, Im¿jnI
hn`h -kw-kvI-c-W-Ønepw {i≤-∏-Xn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. aqey-h¿≤\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
ssPhIr-jnbpw ssPh-kp-K‘{Zhy-ß-fpw, tXbn-e, Im∏n, ]g-h¿§-߃ F∂n-hsb°qSn Dƒs∏-
Sp-tØ-≠-Xpam-Wv.
• (C) kpÿn-c-amb ]ptcm-KXn
Im¿jntImXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn¬ kpÿn-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-ap≈ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bnse ASnÿm\
kuI-cy-ß-fn¬ kPoh {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, aÆns‚ Btcm-Ky-c£ Pe-kw-`-c-Ww,
h\-Øns‚ hnthI]q¿∆-amb hn\n-tbmKw, ssPh sshhn[y kwc-£Ww F∂n-hbv°v
{]m[m\yw \¬In-bmte ]ptcm-KXn \ne-\ndp-Øm-\m-hq.
• (F^v) DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw hcp-am-\-Ønepw kpÿn-cX
B`y-¥-c-˛-hn-tZi hn]-Wn-I-fnse {]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb D]-tZ-i-߃ bYm-
Imew I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn°pI-bpw, hn]Wn kpÿn-c-Xm-\n[n (Market Stabilisation Fund), hnf
C≥jz-d≥kv t]mep≈ A\p-tbm-Py-amb s]mXp-\-b-cq-]o-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-I
hgn DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw hcp-am-\-Ønepw kpÿn-cX ssIh-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
apI-fn¬ ]d \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I IpSpw_߃, sXmgn¬ kwL-
S-\-Iƒ, I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fp-tSbpw kwL-S-\-Iƒ, kwÿm-\-˛-tI{µ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ
F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ temI hym]mc Icmdn (WTA) se Irjnsb
kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fnse (AOA) hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A\p-tcm-[-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ hym]mc
kpc-£m-hy-hÿ kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb {]k-‡-amb LS-I-ßfmWv Xmsg-∏-d-bp-
∂-Xv.
B`y-¥c klmbw
hn]Wn {]m]yX
Ib-‰p-aXn k_vknUn
hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØhImiw
km\n-´dn ˛ ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv am\-Z-WvU-߃

Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øns‚ ta¬ sNep-Øphm≥ Ign-bp∂ i‡-
amb kzm[o-\w, Xo¿®-bm-bpw, tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn ˛ Cd-°p-a-Xn-\-b-ß-fn¬ am‰-߃ A\nhmcy-am-sW-∂pw,
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdp -(AOA) Ifn¬ ]p\¿ A\p-c-RvP-\-߃ thW-sa∂pw
D≈ Alzm-\-amWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
hnhn[ Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS _u≠v \nc-°p-I-fpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hnf-I-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn
Xocp-h-Ifpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ tI{µ- k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]Xn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
ImcWw, ASp-Ø-Im-eØv cq]o-I-cn® Ib-‰p-aXn ˛ Cd-°p-aXn \b-a-\p-k-cn-®p-t]mepw tIc-fsØ {]tXy-
In®pw Hcp Iq´w DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn^v Ah-bpsS _u≠v \nc-°n-t\-°mfpw hfsctbsd
Xmsg-bm-bn-´mWv \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
d∫¿ \mfo-tIcw Im∏n
tXbne
Ipcp-ap-fIpw a‰p kpK‘hkvXp-°fpw
Iip-h≠n Huj-[-k-ky-߃
a’yhpw a‰p kap-t{Zm-Xv∏-∂-ßfpw
]mepw £otcm-Xv∏∂-ßfpw
amwkhpw amwtkm-Xv∏-∂-ßfpw
kwkvI-cn® `£y ]Zm¿∞-߃
Af-hns\ kw_-‘n® \nb-{¥-W-߃ [(Quantitative Restrictions (QRs)] \o°w sNbvX-Xns‚ ^eambn
\ΩpsS Im¿jnI DXv∏∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb AsX{X-am{Xw KWy-ambn kzm[o\n-°p∂p
F∂v hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jn-tIm-Xv∏∂-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-\pw IΩn-js‚ Iogn¬ cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ SmkvIv
t^m-gvkp-Iƒ Af-hns\ kw_-‘n® \nb-{¥W߃ \o°w sNbvX-Xns‚ kzm[o\w F{X-am-{X-amsW∂v
Hcp {]mY-anI A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. temIsØ hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hf-sc-tbsd hnIkn-®n-´p≈
cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn, Irjn-bmWv (Im¿jn-I- hn-f-I-fpw, arK-kw-c-
£-W-hpw, kap-t{ZmXv∏-∂-ß-fpw, Im¿jn-I- h-\-hn-`-h-ß-fpw, Im¿jnI hn`-h- kw-kvI-c-W-hpw) \ΩpsS
P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£m-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \s´√v F∂ hkvXp-X-bn-emWv Cu SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ
Dd®p\n-∂-Xv.
Aßs\, I¿jI IpSpw-_-߃ apX¬ tI{µ-k¿°mcpw temI -hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\bpw hsc A\ptbm-Py-ambn
{]h¿Øn-°msX Hcn-°epw kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI hym]mc kpc£m hyhÿ
bmYm-¿∞y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Aßs\ kp`-{Z-amb Hcp Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-hÿ tIc-f-Øns‚
kºZvkar-≤nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Poh¬ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, tIc-f-Ønse C∂sØ
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Im¿jnI hym]mctaJe ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]£w as‰m∂pw Xs∂ t\tc-bm-hm-\p≈
Ah-kcw D≠m-hn√ F∂-Xm-Wv hkvXp-X.
hym]m-c-Øn¬ Du∂¬ sImSp-t°≠ taJ-e-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øns‚ hym]m-c-X{¥w Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ aq∂p am¿§-\n¿t±-i -X-Xz-ß-fn-emWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
∂-Xv.
H∂m-a-Xmbn B`y-¥-c-hym-]mcw hn]p-e-am-°p-I-bpw, B`y-¥c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Xs∂ hne-bp-tSbpw
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ hfsctbsd {i≤n°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
c≠m-a-Xmbn temI-hym-]m-c-Øn\p {]mtZ-in-I-amb Du∂¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ sX°≥ Gjy≥ cmPyß-fpsS
{]mtZ-inI kl-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ kwL-S-\-bmb km¿°nepw -(SAARC), sX°v Ing-°≥
Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS kwL-S-\-bmb Bkn-bm-\nepw -(ASEAN) AwK-ß-fmb cmjv{S-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p
Iq´mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-n¬ hnI-kz-c-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp≈ hym]mc-ß-fn¬
Ghcpw t\Sn-t\-Sn- ap-t∂-dpI F∂ e£y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂Xpw
Hcp X{¥-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-\v, {]tXy-In®pw, {ioe-, ate-jy, Xmbve-≠v, hnb-‰v\mw, Iwt_m-Un-b,

Ct¥m-t\jy F∂o cmPy-ß-fp-ambn ]c-kv]cw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ ÿm]n-t°≠Xv
Bh-iy-am-Wv.
aq∂m-a-Xmbn sNtø-≠Xv BtKmf hym]mcw hn]p-e-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnti-jn®pw a≤y-]q¿∆tZ-i߃,
B{^n-°, bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥, djy, tIma¨sh¬Øv cmPy-߃, hSt° Ata-cn° F∂nh-bp-am-bp≈
hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ hn]p-e-am-°-Ww. CXn-te-°mbn hn]Wn \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, DXv∏∂ß-fpsS
BhiyIX, KpW-\n-e-hmcw, hne-bpsS LS\ F∂nhsb kw_-‘n® Imen-I-amb hnh-c߃
A∂∂v _‘-s∏-´-h¿°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v Im¿jn-I- hym-]m-c-Øn-\mbn Hcp Iev]nX k¿∆-Iem-ime
(I-Ωn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xmb) ÿm]n-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
am‰-߃ amt\Pv sNøm-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃
kº-ZvL-S-\-I-fpsS BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw, hym]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-ch¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw
kzm[o-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-ta-Je Cs∂mcp ]cn-h¿Ø\ L´-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. Cu L´Øn¬, dnt∏m¿´n¬ Bh¿Øn®p Du∂¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈t]mse DXv]m-Z\ h¿≤\,
KpW-\n-e-hm-cw -sa-®-s∏-Sp-ج, aqey-h¿≤\ F∂n-h-bn¬ hnπhIc-amb apt∂‰w A\p-t]-£-Wo-bam-Wv.
Cu cwK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-th≠ am‰-߃ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ Xmsg-∏-dbp∂
taJ-e-I-fn-emWv Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.
P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn Cu sh√p-hn-fnsb t\cn-Sm≥ bphP\-ßsf Im¿jn-
I-hr-Øn-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-I-bpw, AXn-e-hsc
Dd∏n-®p-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNtø≠-Xp-≠v.
kmt-Xn-I-amb sh√p-hnfn P\n-XI F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, P\nXIambn cq]m-¥-cs∏´
Poh-Pme߃ (GMO), hnh-c-km-t-XnI hnZy
(C-h-bpsS {]tbm-Kw)
]mcn-ÿn-XnI sh√p-hnfn Imem-h-ÿ, Pew, aÆv, ssPh sshhn[yw (Im-emh-ÿ-tbbpw
ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-tØbpw kw_‘n®
BtKmf kao-]-\-߃/[mcWIƒ)
kmº-Øn-I-amb sh√p-hnfn Irjnsb kw_-‘n® temIhym]m-c- I-cm¿ (WTA)
[m¿Ωn-I-amb sh√p-hnfn hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i߃
(TRIPS), temI -`£y Im¿jnI kwL-S\
(FAO) bpsS kky P\n-XI t{kmX pIsf
kw_-‘n® DS-ºSn
Xpey-X-bpsS sh√p-hnfn kmaq-ln-Ihpw, enwK-]-c-hp-amb Ah-kc ka-Xzhpw
Xpey-Xbpw A{]m-]y-am-b-Xns\ {]m]n-°¬
ad-°mjv apX¬ tZml-hsc (1994-˛2002)
kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-\pw,- hym-]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-\pw, kmº-
Øn-I-hpw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hpw, [m¿Ωn-I-hpw, kmt-Xn-Ihpw Bb am\-߃ D≠v. 1994 ad-°mjn¬
h®p-≠m-°nb hym]mc DS-ºSn XnI®pw Ak-a-amb Hcp hym]mc hne-t]-i-em-bn-cp∂p F∂v sXfn-
n-cn-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww, B DS-ºSn hyh-km-b-h-XvIrX cmPy-߃°v hºn® B`y-¥c Im¿jnI k_vkn-
Un-Iƒ, "ªqt_m-Ivkn\pw, {Ko≥ t_mIvkn\pw' Iogn¬ Xß-fpsS Irjn-°m¿°v A\p-h-Zn-°m-\p≈
[mcmfw hgn-Iƒ Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. C¥y-bn¬ GI-tZiw 110 Zi-e£w I¿j-I-
IpSpw-_-߃ D≈-t∏mƒ, Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ 2.00 Zi-e-£-hpw, bqtdm]y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬
7.40 Zi-e-£hpw I¿jI IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bnse Irjn-`q-an-bpsS icm-icn hnkvXrXn
200 slIvSdpw, bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ icm-icn 20 slIvS-dp-am-Wv. Chn-S-ß-fn¬ \¬I-s∏-Sp∂
DXv∏m-Z\ klmbw Hcp I¿j-I\v Ata-cn-°-bn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw 20,000 bp.-F-kv.-tUm-fdpw (9 e£w
cq]) bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ 400 bp.-F-kv.tUmfdpw (1,80,000 cq]) BsW∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ign 8 h¿j-°m-esØ A\p-`-h-߃ ImWn-°p-∂Xv, hcp-am-\-am¿§-an-√mØ I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-
ßsf klm-bn-°p-hm≥ temI- hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\bv°v FSp-Øp-]d-b-Ø° bmsXmcp Imcy-]-cn-]m-
Snbpw C√ F∂m-Wv. {]mY-an-I, Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb B{i-bn-°p∂ cmPy-߃°v
"kzX{¥ hym]mc' hyh-ÿ-sIm≠v t\´-߃ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-n-´n-√. samØw "{Ko≥ t_mIvk'v
Nne-hp-I-fn¬ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS ]v 15 iX-am\Øn¬ (1195) \n∂pw 12 iX-am\w (1999) Bbn
Ipd-p. AXn-\m¬ Irjn-sb-kw-_-‘n® hyh-ÿ-Iƒ (AOA) Zcn-{Zsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xpw, sNdp-InS
I¿j-I-tcbpw Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw A\p-Iq-e-ambn \ne-sIm-
≈p∂Xpamb Hcp N´°q´n-te°v ]p\xkwhn-[m\w sNtø≠Xv BhiyamsW∂v hy‡-am-Wv. tZmlk-tΩ-f\m-\-¥c
A\p-c-⁄-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂X,v Hmtcm cmPyhpw AXns‚ {]tXyI
Bh-iy-߃°v A\ptbmPyamb hn[-Øn¬, A¥mcmjv{S \nb-a-ß-fnepw in£-W-ß-fnepw (\n-_-
‘-\-I-fn-epw) \n∂v Cf-hp-Iƒ In´m-\mbn {ian-°p-sa-∂m-Wv. "{Ko≥t_m-Ivkn'se hyh-ÿ-Iƒ hn]p-eam-°n,
AXns‚ ad-hn¬ hfsc Db¿∂ klmbw sNdnb Hcp kwJy hcp∂ Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-
߃°v \¬Ip-hm-\mWv bp.-F-kv.F. {ian-°p-∂Xv. Irjn-bpsS _lp-apJ [¿Ω-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ Cf-hp-Iƒ°mWv bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥ kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bp-ƒs∏sSbp≈
hnIkzc cmPy-߃ Hcp hnI-k\/`£y kpc£m t_mIvkn\pth≠n XpS¿®-bmbn kΩ¿±w \S-Ønh-cn-I-bm-Wv.
A\p-c-RvP-\-߃ F√mw BXy-¥n-I-ambn At\Iw Cf-hp-I-fpsS Hcp h\-Øn-emhpw
sNs∂-Øp-I, AXm-Is´, kº∂ cmjv{S-߃°v t\´-߃ D≠m-°p∂ hnNn-{X-amb Zni-bn-te-°m-bncn°pw
Nmbp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kº∂ cmjv{S-߃ temI-hym-]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈
A\ymb k_vkn-Un-Iƒ A∏msS \o°w sNø-W-sa-∂pw, Im¿jnIhrØnsb B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂
hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v IqSp-X¬ hn]Wn kuI-cy-߃ e`y-am-°-W-sa∂pw, kº∂ cmPy-ßsf \n¿_-
‘n-t°-≠-Xmb Hcp kµ¿`w h∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ h¿≤n® \nt£]w Im¿jn-I˛ {KmaoW
hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \S-Øm-sX, hym]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-c-h-Xv°-cW Ime-L-´-Øn¬, hn]-Wn-bp-b¿Øp∂ Imcy-
£-a-X-bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Isf \ap°v t\cn-Sm≥ km≤y-a√m F∂ t_m[w \ap-°p-≠m-h-Ww. AXn-\m¬
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ apX¬apS-°p-hm≥ tIµ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ k∂-≤am-th-≠Xv
ASn-b-¥n-c-amb Bh-iy-amWv.
• aÆn-t‚bpw, Pe-Øn-t‚bpw kwc-£-Ww.
• tdmUp-Iƒ, Pe-tk-N\w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cyhn-I-k\w
• hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\ptijw kmt-XnIhnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°pIbpw, hn]-Wn-Im-cy-£-a-am-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI.
• Kth-j-W-hpw, ]cn-ÿnXn˛-km-t-XnI hn⁄m-\-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw, hym]-\hpw
• hnZym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\hpw
• hcƒ®-bpw, a‰p {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-ßfpw AXn-Po-hn-°pI.
• km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Ifpw
apI-fn¬ ]d F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw hºn® \nt£]w \S-Øm-sX, Hcp t_mIvkn\pw hn]-Wnbnse
am’-cy-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂Im-cy-Øn¬ \sΩ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√.
ip]m¿i-Iƒ
kXz-c-amb ]cn-K-W-\bv°pw, A\p-tbm-Py-amb I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-hm-\p-ambn
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ R߃ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.
tZiobXe-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-t°≠ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ AS-ßnb Hcp Iq´w ip]m¿i-I-fpsS Hcp ]´nI
R߃ BZyw apt∂m-´p-h-®n-cp-∂p. tZmlm ktΩ-f-\m-\-¥c A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS Xmev]-
cy-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v \mw ]n¥p-S-tc≠ X{¥-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v {]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm≠v BWv ip]m¿i-
Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. CtXØpS¿∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xw {]k-‡-amb Hcp Iq´w ip]m¿i-
Ifpw ka¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne {]tXyI Im¿jnIhnf-Isf kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-Ifpw AS-ßnbn-cp-∂p.

Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Ifpw A\pcRvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ tI{µk¿°m¿ Ah-ew-_n-t°≠
X{¥-ßfpw
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ tZmlmk-tΩ-f-\m\-¥c A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-
I-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. A\p-c-RvP\ kw`m-j-W-߃°p≈ {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v
(Modalities) 2003 am¿®v 31 HmSp-IqSn A¥n-a-cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. A\p-c-RvP\ kw`m-j-W-ßsf
kw_-‘n® {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS Hcp Ic-Sp-tc-J, (WTO)bpsS A\p-c-RvP\ kan-Xn A≤y-£≥,
tI{µk¿°m-cns‚ hmWn-Py-Imcy a{¥m-e-b-Øn¬ 2002 Unkw-_¿ 18-˛mw XobXn FØn-®n-´p-≠m-bncn°pw.
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ ]p\x]cn-tim-[-\bv°v 2003 sk]vXw-_¿ 10 apX¬ 14 hsc
saIvkn-t°m-bnse Im¨Iq-Wn¬ tNcp∂ a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h®v A¥n-a- Xo-cp-am-\-am-Ip-∂-
XmWv. tI{µ- hm-Wn-Py-Imcy a{¥m-e-bw, tI{µ-Ir-jn-h-Ip-∏p-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Xøm-dm-°nb A\pcRvP\߃°m-[m-c-amb
{]tXyI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F∂ C¥y-bpsS \ne-]mSv F¥m-sW∂v ImWn-
°p∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v (A-\p-_‘w 2 ImWp-I). hn]Wn {]m]y-X, B`y-
¥c klmbw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse am’cyw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ß-fmWv AXn¬ ssIImcyw
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.
B`y-¥c klmbw
H.-C.-kn.Un ˛ kmº-Øn-I-k-l-I-cWØn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ kwL-S\ (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development) bnse cmPy-߃ {]Xn-Zn\w GI-tZiw 1 _ney≥ tUmf¿
hsc-bmWv Xß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°v k_vknUn \¬Ip-∂Xv F∂ Imcyw hfsc {]kn-≤-am-Wv. bp.-Fkv.F
Ah-cpsS 2002 se Im¿jnI _n√n¬ Im¿jnI k_vknUn ho≠pw h¿≤n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
k_vkn-Un-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ "ªq t_mIvkv', "{Ko≥ t_mIvkv' F∂n-h-bn¬ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≈Xpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-ØXpw BsW∂p hy‡-am-Wv. Ah-sbm∂pw "Bw_¿ t_mIvkv' \S-]-Sn-IfpsS
]cn-[n-bn¬ s]Sp-∂-X√. "Bw_¿ t_mIvkn'¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ k_vkn-Un-Iƒ am{X-amWv hym]mcsØ
Ak-a-am-°p∂-h-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
ASpØv \S-°p-hm≥ t]mIp∂ P\ohmh´ A\p-c-RvP-\m-tem-N-\-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ _Z¬
\n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.
BZy-ambn \n¿t±-in-°m-\p-≈-Xv, F√m-hn[ t_mIvkp-Ifpw \ndp-Ø-em-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv. hym]mcsØ
A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xpw A\ymbhp-amb hym]mc\S-]-Sn-I-fnse Acp-Xp-Ifpw A\p-hm-Z-ßfpw
XnI®pw hy‡-X-bp≈ hm°p-I-fn¬, AkµnKv≤-amb `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ thWw Fgp-Xn-tN¿°phm≥.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Hcp _Z¬ A\p-c-RvP-\m-X-Xz-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, kpÿn-c-amb D]-Po-h\ kpc-£-bpambn
_‘-s∏´ \mem-a-sXmcp t_mIvkv "(D-]-Po-h-\- kp-c£m t_mIvkv)' \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
AXv Xß-fpsS cmPy-ß-fnse {KmaoW P\-X-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\- kp-c£ Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf
t\cn-Sp∂ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf, B cmPy-ß-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cd-°p-a-Xnsb \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ Ahsc
i‡-cm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Xo¿®-bmbpw AØcw Cd-°p-a-XnIƒ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse P\e-£-ß-fpsS
sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ß-tfbpw, D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-ß-tfbpw IS-∂m-{I-an-°p∂p F∂-Xn\v hniz-k\o-b-amb sXfnhp-Iƒ
D≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, \mem-a-sXmcp D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£m t_mIvkv G¿s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv XnI®pw
\ymb-am-Wv. C¥y Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 66 iX-am-\Øn¬ Gsdbpw,
Irjnsb (Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ, arK-kw-c-£-Ww, a’y-_-‘-\w, kwkvI-c-Ww, h\-hn-`-h-߃, h\-˛-
Im¿jnI hn`h kwkvI-cWw) BWv D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ {KmaoW sXmgn¬
D]-Po-h-\-am¿§ßsf XI¿°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hym]m-c-hy-hÿ Xo¿®-bm-bpw, ]´n-Wn-sb-bpw, hni-
∏n-s\bpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ sFIycmjv{Sk` {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≈ ]pXnb kl-
{km-_vZ-Øns‚ BZy Zim-_vZ-Øn¬ Xs∂ Zmcn-{Zyhpw hni∏pw \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNø-W-sa∂ e£yw,
km≤y-a-√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXns‚ ^e-ambn Ct∏m-gp≈ kº-∂¿°pw Zcn-{Z¿°pw CS-bn-ep≈
hnShv Zmcp-W-ambn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw kaq-l-saßpw inYn-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw F∂ Imcyw
Xo¿®bm-Wv. Cu h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e- ]-cn-X-ÿnXn BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. GXm\pw Zi-e£w
am{Xw hcp∂ Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃°v hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ kmt-XnI klm-bhpw, aqe-[\ klm-

-hpw, ]e-hn[ k_vkn-Un-Ifpw \¬In ]cn-c-£n-°p∂ C∂sØ ÿnXn XpS-cp∂ ]£w, 100 Zi-e-
£-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp∂ sNdp-In-S-I¿j-I¿°v kmtXnIhnZytbm, hmbv]-tbm, hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw
ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-ßtfm e`n-°mØ hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v, kº∂ cmPy-ß-fnse
I¿j-I-cp-ambn BtKmf hym]m-c-Øn¬ Xpey i‡n-bn¬ a’-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬,
Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-X-bn-√mØ Hcp "kzX{¥ hym]mc' Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ D]-I-c-Wam-°p-hm≥
Hcn-°epw klm-b-I-c-am-hp-Ibn-√.
hym]mcw kzX-{¥-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ am{Xw t]mc, AXv \oXn-]q¿∆hpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. hnI-kzc
cmPy-ß-fnse Im¿jnI hyØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-tØm-Sv, hnti-jn®pw
{]mY-anI DXv∏m-Z-I-tcmSv \oXn-Im-Wn-°p-∂Xpw IqSn Bbn-cn°-Ww kzX-{¥-hym-]mcw. \n¿±n-jvS-amb
D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m-t_m-Ivkns‚ B\p-Iq-ey-߃°v A¿lX \n›-bn-°p∂ apJy -am-\-ZWvUw, Hcp
cmPysØ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ F{X-i-X-am-\-amWv D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Irjnsb B{i-bn-°p∂Xv F∂Xv Bbncn°Ww.
G‰hpw Ipd iX-am\w, P\-kw-JybpsS 50 Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Cu hnI-k\ t_mIvkv F∂
Bibw apt∂m-´p-h-®Xv Hcp hn`mKw hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fm-Wv. CØ-c-samcp ]≤-Xn-bn¬ sNdnb hcp-am-
\-°m-cpw, hcp-am-\-am¿§-ß-fn¬ Zcn-{Z-cmb I¿j-Icpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hnf-Iƒ°v, hn]Wn kuI-cy߃
e`y-am-h-Ww. AXn-\mbn Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn (AOA) se B¿´n-°nƒ 6˛2 \v A\p-k-c-
W-ambn, Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I¿°v Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃ \evIp-hm-\p≈ \S-]Sn
{Ia-ßfpw, hyh-ÿ-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
aq∂m-a-Xmbn ""k_vknUn'' F∂ hIp-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn At\-I-Z-i-e£w sNdp-In-S-I¿j IpSpw-
_-߃°v Xp—-amb klmbw am{Xw sImSp-°p∂ coXn Xo¿®-bmbpw \mw Hgn-hm-°-Ww. ASn-ÿm-\-
ku-I-cy-hn-I-k-\-hpw, a‰-t\Iw s]mXp-k-lmb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-t∏m-ep≈ B`y-¥c klmbhpw F√m
hym]m-csØbpw A´n-a-dn-°p∂X√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-hp-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Irjn-s®ehv h¿≤n-
°p-∂-Xp-aqew hcp-am\w Xptemw Xp—-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ XnI®pw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb Hcp Im¿jn-I- hy-hÿ-bpsS
BLm-X-Øn¬, hºn® IS-_m-≤y-X-bn¬s∏´v PohnXw hgn-ap-´n-\¬°p∂ sNdp-InS
I¿jI P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ°v t]cn-\p-am-{X-ap≈ k_vknUn \¬Ip-∂ -ÿm-\Øv Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I¿°pw,
{KmaoW P\-߃°pw kpÿn-c-amb D]-Po-h-kp-c£m klmbw \¬Ip∂ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv.
tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚, WTO bn¬ \ΩpsS Xmev]-cy-ß-f-S-ßnb {]iv\-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-hcpw,
\bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Cu Poh¬{]-iv\-ß-sf°p-dn®v {]Xn-I-cW £a-amb coXn-bn¬ t_m[-
hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
hn]-Wn -{]m-]yX
BZyambn, hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hnI-kn® cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-bn-te°v hnI-kz-c -cm-Py-߃°v
IS-∂p-sN-√p-hm≥ XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ F√m- Xm-cn-t^-Xc hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ sNøp-
Ibpw, FSpØpIf-bp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. AtX-k-abw hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v km\n-´-dn˛ ss^t‰m-km-\n-
´dn (SPS) \S-]-Sn-I-fp-tS-bpw, `£y-kp-c-£bv°p th≠-Xmb sImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv am\-Z-
WvU-ß-fp-tSbpw taJ-e-bn¬ Ah¿°p≈ tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-b-߃ hym]-I-am-t°≠XmWv.
bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-an-√mØ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Db¿∂ km\n-´-dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´-dn \ne-hm-c-߃ hnIkzc
cmPy-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v FXn-cmbn, hym]mc XS- -߃ krjvSn-°p-hm-\mWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-
°s∏Sp∂Xv. km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn (SPS) bpamb \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS am\-Z-WvU-߃ Fs¥ms°-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v
Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ C¥ybpw a‰p hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpw ]m-fn-I-fmbn-cn-°-Ww.
AtX-k-abw B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øn\pw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn°pw D≈ \ΩpsS DXv∏-∂-߃°v
\Ωp-tS-Xmb Hcp (F-kv.-]n.-F- v) ipNn-Xz-˛-tcm-Km-Wp-hn-ap‡ kwkvI-cW k{ºZmbw, \mw hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-°pI
Xs∂ thWw.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, _m≤y-X-s∏´ Xmcn^v Cf-hp-Iƒ G‰hpw Ipd \nc-°n¬ BhWw F∂XmWv
\ΩpsS \ne-]m-Sv. F√m C\-ß-fp-sSbpw taep≈ Xmcn-^p-Iƒ F√m-‰nepw Htc-t]mse DS-\Sn Cf-hp-
Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xns\ \ap°v AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. IqSmsX F√m `£y FÆ-I-fp-sSbpw samØw
_u≠v \nc°v 300% F∂v Dd-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, Xo¿®-bmbpw tkmbm-_o≥ FÆbpsS
_u≠v \nc-°mb 45 iX-am-\Øn¬ \n∂pw h¿≤n-∏n-°phm≥ \ap°v A¿lX D≈-Xm-Wv.

CXp-Iq-Sm-sX, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb {]m[m\yw D≈ DXv∏-
∂-ß-fpsS \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂, D®-tImSnbn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ib-‰p-aXn Xmcn-^p-I-fn¬ KWy-amb Cf-hp-
Iƒ hcp-Øm≥, hyh-km-b-h-XvIrX cmPy-߃ kΩ-Xn-t°-≠Xv AXymh-iy-am-Wv.
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 50 iX-am-\Øn¬ A[nIw P\-ßfpw D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Irjnsb B{i-bn®p Ignbp∂
hnI-kzc cmPy-߃, Nne ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-Iƒ Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw,
AtXm-sSm∏w Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hn¬ Nne \nb-{¥-W-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw hnI-knX cmPy߃
A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww. AXm-bXv sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw, kºm-Zy-sam-∂p-an-√mØ {Kmao-W-˛kv{Xo
]pcp-j-∑m-cpsSbpw Pohn-X-tØbpw D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-sØbpw XI¿°pIbpw Zmcn-{ZysØ sImSp-ºn-cnsIm-≈n-°p-Ibpw
sNøm≥ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F∂v Ft∏m-sgms° hy‡-ambn sXfn-bp-
∂pthm, At∏mƒ F√mw AØcw Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hn¬, \nb-{¥Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-
XmWv.
hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I-˛-kz-Ø-h-Imiw (TRIPS)
]pXp°nb _u≤nIkzØ-h-Imi \nb-aØns‚bpw-˛-ssPh sshhn≤y I¨sh≥j-s‚ (CBD)bpw,
kky-P-\n-XI t{kmX- n-s\- kw-_-‘n-®, temI `£y ˛ Im¿jnI kwL-S-\ -(TAO) bpsS hyh-ÿ-
I-ƒ F√mw Xs∂, [m¿ΩnI \oXn-bp-tSbpw, Xpey-X-bp-tSbpw aqey-߃°v A\p-]q-c-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
{]tXy-In®pw `£y-Ønepw Btcm-Ky-kp-c-£-bnepw ]c-a-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-߃°v \n¿∫-
‘-ambpw ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-hImi-Øns‚ ({Sn-]vkns‚) \n_-‘-\-Iƒ D≠mh-Ww.
AXp-t]mse P\nXI t{kmX- p-I-fp-tSbpw hn`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw {]mY-anI kwc-£-Icpw, ]c-ºcm¿÷nX
hn⁄m-\Øns‚ (\m-´-dn-hn-s‚) DS-a-I-fp-ambhcp-ambn I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-tSbpw a‰p t\´ßfptSbpw
^e-߃ ]p-sh-bv°m\pw {Sn]vkn¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. `mhn-bn¬ ssPh
sshhn[y Nqj-Whpw, Ah-Im-iew-L-\hpw kw_-‘n® ]cm-Xn-Ifpw, ]c-kv]c `oXnbpw C√m-Xm-°phm≥
Cu \S-]Sn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ DXv∏-∂-߃°v ]cn-c£ (tPym-{K-^n°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥)
Cu hIp-∏n¬s∏´ DXv∏-∂-ßsf AwKo-IrX ]´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp-∂-Xn\v hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb
Hcp ]≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-fIv t]mep≈ DXv∏∂-ß-fpsS A¥m-cmjv{S
AwKo-Im-chpw, {]ikvXn-bp-ap≈ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb t]cp-Iƒ CØcw Hcp ]´n-I-bn¬ Ahsb tN¿°phm-\p≈
A¿l-X-bpsS Hcp {][m-\- am-\-Z-WvU-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
hym]m-c-kp-c-£bpw I¿jI-t£-ahpw
hn]-Wn-bnse shdpw Hcp NqXm-´-ambn Irjn-bpw, Im¿jn-I-hr-Ønbpw amdp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬,
Im¿jnIhrØn-bn-te°v bph-P-\-ßsf BI¿jn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXpsIm≠v 500 Zi-e£w
I¿jI IpSpw-_-߃°v BZm-b-I-c-amb hn]-Wn-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\m-I-Ww ]pXp-°nb Irjn-sb-kw-
_-‘n® Icm-dn (AOA) s‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-e£yw. kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI hyh-ÿbv°pw kwXr-
]vX-cmb Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃°pw am{Xta \ΩpsS {Kl-Øn¬ (`q-an-bn¬) 2030 BIp-tºm-tg°pw
A[n-h-kn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ 800 Zi-e£w hcp∂ Ipp-߃°pw, kv{Xo˛]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw th≠ `£ykp-c£
Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
Irjn-bpsS _lp-ap-J-[¿Ωw (Multi-functionality of Agriculture)
Irjn GI-tZiw 2 _ney≥ hy‡n-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£-sb-bmWv, BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw Xs∂ Irjn°v a\p-jys‚ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb
kpc-£-tbbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Irjn°v \m\m-apJ [¿Ω-߃
Ds≠∂ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bv°p-th≠n hmZn-°p-∂-Xmb hnI-knX cmPy-߃, F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw AXns\
kz¥w I¿j-I-cpsS k_vknUn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, hyh-km-b-h-XvIrX cmPy-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ Xmcnt^-Xc
hym]m-c-X-S- -߃°v Hcp {]Xn-tcm-[-\nc sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm-\p-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°-cp-Xv.
Irjn-bpsS _lp-ap-J-[¿Ω-߃ F∂ XXzw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ {]tbm-KsØ

kw_-‘n®v Hcp s]cp-am-‰-®-´-Øn\v cq]w \evI-Ww. F∂m¬ am{Xta ]pXp-°n-b- Ir-jnsb kw_-
‘n® Icm-dn¬ (AOA) AXn\v A¿l-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-Ibp≈q.
\ΩpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£m hyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´√v Xs∂ IrjnbmIbm¬, XpS¿∂p \S-°p∂
A\p-c-⁄-\N¿®-I-fn¬, \ΩpsS B`y¥-c-Ir-jn-bpw, Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\hpw ]cn-c-
£n-°pI F∂-XmWv \ΩpsS \ne-]m-Sns‚ ASn-Ød. AtX-k-abw \ΩpsS Im¿jnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚
{]h-W-X-Iƒ,-sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-c-Ww, ]®-°-dn-I-fp-tS-bpw, P¥p-P-\ym-lm-c-Øn-s‚bpw h¿≤n® DXv]m-Z-
\sØ em°m-°n-bmWv \oßp-∂-sX-∂p-≈- Imcy-Øn¬ \ap-°v hy-‡-amb ho£Ww D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.
temI-cm-Py-߃ Hcp tai-bv°p-Np-‰pw A\p-c-⁄\ N¿®Iƒ \S-Øp-tºmƒ, Zmcn-Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-
\hpw {Kmao-W-P-\-t£-ahpw e£y-am-°p∂ a‰p kam\ cmPy-ß-fpsS \nc-bp-ambn tN¿∂p C¥y
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv hnth-I-]q¿∆-amb \S-]Sn. \oXn-]q¿∆-amb Xmcn-^p-Iƒ, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n-b-
{¥Ww F∂n-h- -bn-eqsS Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃°v G‰hpw Ipd hcpam-\-sa-nepw Dd∏m°p∂
ÿnXn-bn¬ \mw FØ-Ww. AXn\v hym]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂ k_vkn-Un-Ifpw, Irjn-bpsS _lpapJ
[¿Ωw F∂ Bibw Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈ hnhn[ \ymb-hm-Z-߃ Db¿Øn hym]-tc-Xc XS- -ßfpw
a‰pw hnI-knX cmPy-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ kam-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-ambn HØp-tN¿∂p
\mw {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ c≠p ip]m¿i-IƒIqSn IΩn-j\p hbv°phm-\p-≠v.
Ah:
Xmcn-^ns‚ \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ßfpw : tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Ib-‰paXn˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-ßfpw
temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°-s∏´Xns‚ ^e-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚
Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Hcp ]p\:kwL-S\ Bh-iy-am-°n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-`q-an-bpsS
80% Dw Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ°v \o°n-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ipd-®p-\o-s≠mcp {Iao-I-cW Ime (adjustment
period), (Ipd-Xv 5\pw 10 \pw h¿j-߃°v CS-bv°v) tØ°v Cu hnf-Iƒ°v ]cn-an-X-amb
kwc-£-W-hpw, A[nI \nt£-]-k-lm-bhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. {]tXy-In®pw ]pXnb hym]mc Icm¿ (U-
ªyq.-‰n.F.) G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ kpc£m hyh-ÿ-Iƒ-˛-C-d-°p-a-Xn°v Xmcn-^p-Iƒ Npa-ØpI t]mep≈
a‰p \S-]-Sn-Iƒ-˛-Xo¿®-bmbpw \mw {]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-Ø-Ww. C°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kwÿm\ I¿j-I¿°v
Bh-iy-amb hym]m-c-ti-jn-Iƒ ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ kabw e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX hn`h t{kmX- p-
I-fpsS Hcp ]p\¿hn-X-c-Whpw, hn\ym-khpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ am’-cy-ti-jnsb h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpw.
Ah-km-\-h´ DdptKz A\p-c-⁄-\-Øn\v apºp≈ N¿®-Iƒ, Xmcn^v \nc-°p-am-‰-ß-fpsS
BLmXw Fs¥∂v ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]mw Hmbn-en-t‚bpw
tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bp-tSbpw taep≈ Ipd Xmcn^p \nc-°p-Iƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ shfn-s®-Æ-bptSbpw
XpS¿∂v sIm{]-bp-tS-bpw, \mfn-tI-c-Øn-t‚bpw ta¬ i‡-amb BLm-X-amWv G¬]n-®p-I-gn-
n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bpsS Xmcn^v G‰hpw Ipd \nc-°mb 45% am{X-ambn AwKo-Icn-°pI
hgn, -\mfo-tI-c-hp-ambn hn]-Wn-bn¬ t\cn´p a’-cn-°p∂ ]mw Hm-bn-en\v Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬
Xmcn^p Npa-Øp-hm≥ km≤y-a-√msX h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. ]mw Hm-bn-en\v C\n Fs¥-nepw Xmcn^v h¿≤\
hcp- -Øp-∂-]£w AXns‚ ^e-ambn tkmbm-_o≥ FÆbv°v A\p-Iq-e-amb hn]-Wn-bm-Wp-≠m-hpI.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb kmc-ambn _m[n® H∂mWv d_-dns‚ Cd-°p-a-Xnbv°v G¿s∏-
Sp-Ønb hfsc XmW _u≠v \nc-°p-Ifpw AssπUv Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Ifpw (Ah bYm-{Iaw 40% Dw
25%) Bbn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\m-X-e-Øn-epw, Xpey-X, sNdp-
InS Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ F∂o XXz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp Xmcn^v
\n¿Æb tImUn\v cq]w \¬Im≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fpsS ]p\x-kw-L-S-\bpw ]p\xk÷o-I-c-Whpw
tXbn-e, Im∏n, d∫¿, \mfn-tI-cw, kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ
IgnIm-eØv hfsc hne-tb-dnb tPmen \n¿∆-ln®p Ign-h BI-bm¬, C∂sØ ]pØ≥
BtKmf hym]m-c-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬, Ah kz¥w Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]k-‡nsb AXn-Po-

-
hn®p Ign-n-cn-bv°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\ßfpw,-Ah-bpsS s]mXp-
Np-a-X-e-I-fpw, Hmtcm t_m¿Un\pw Htcm {]tXyI DXv]-∂-Øns‚ taep≈ Npa-X-e-Ifpw \n›-bn-°phm≥
Hcp D∂-X-Xe IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ tIcf k¿°m¿ tI{µ-k¿°mcn-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-°-Wsa∂v
IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. C∂sØ temI-hym-]mc hyh-ÿ-bn¬ kwPm-X-am-bn-´p≈ {]Xn-
Iqemhÿbpambn a√-Sn-°p∂ AkwJyw sNdp-InS DXvv]m-Z-I-cp-tSbpw, tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw
hcp-am-\hpw, D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£bpw Dd-∏m-°p-hm≥ ^e-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ambn ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-
Isf am‰p-hm≥, Ahsb ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]p\xk÷o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv B D∂X
kan-Xn-bpsS apJy-]-cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fn¬ (tSwkv Hm^v d^-d≥kv) H∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
tIc-fsØ am{Xw kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-Iƒ
IΩn-j≥ GXm\pw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ CXn-\Iw \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v (A-\p-_‘w IV apX¬
VII hsc ImWp-I). IΩn-js‚ apJy ip]m¿i-I-fn¬ NneXv Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.
1) Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn\v Hcp D∂XXe Ãm≥UnwKv IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-I
temI hym]m-c-Ønse amdn-am-dn-h-cp∂ ]cnX:ÿnXn-Isf ^e-{]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw sNøphm≥
Ign-b-W-sa-∂p-s≠-n¬, hym]m-c-ta-J-e-bnse F√m apJy Xev]c I£n-I-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-
ßfpw, Bkq-{X-Whpw, GIo-Ir-Xhpw, kwb-p‡-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw Bbn-cpt∂ aXn-bm-hq. AXv Hcp hmZykw-Ko-X-hr-µ-˛(-knw-^Wn
Hm¿s°-kv{S) Ønse AwK-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-amb Iq´m-bva-t]m-se
B-bn-cn-°Ww. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-\-b-Øns‚ tI{µo-IrX kwbp‡ {]h¿Ø\ (knw-^-
Wn) Øn\mbn Hcp Im¿jnI hym]mc Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n, _lp: apJy-a{¥n A≤y-£-\m-bpw, _lp:
Irjn-˛-I-b¿ a{¥n D]m-≤y-£-bm-bpw, cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. {]n≥kn-∏¬
sk{I-´dn (Ir-jn-h-Ip-∏v) CXns‚ saº¿ sk{I-´dn Bbn-cn-°-Ww. F√m apJy Xev]-c-I-£n-Ifpw
kwÿm-\sØ I¿j-I¿, tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-tSbpw sXmgn-emfn-I-fp-tSbpw kwL-S-\-Iƒ, tI{µ-k¿°mcns‚
ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿UpIƒ, tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆- -Iem-im-e, C¥y≥ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ A{-
KnIƒ®-d¬ dn-tk¿®v (sF.-kn.-F.-B¿), kn.F-kv.sF.-B¿, I¨kyqa¿ At m-kn-tb-j≥, s]mXpam-[y-a-ß-ƒ
-(A®Sn, CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-°v, C‚¿s\-‰v), tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, F∂nh¿
CXns‚ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXn-\p-]p-d-ta, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\m (U-ªyq.-‰n.-H) {]iv-\-߃
ssIImcyw sNøp∂ D∂-X-Xe DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc, Cu Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ FIvkv-˛-Hm-^ntjym
AwK-ß-fmbn \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøp-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Irjn˛- -hm-Wn-Py-Im-cy-a-{¥m-e-b-ß-tfmSv tIcf
k¿°m¿ A`y¿∞n-°-Ww. {]kvXpX IΩn-‰n-bpsS apJy-]-cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-߃ (tSwkv Hm^v d-^d≥kv)
Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
tem-I-hym-]mc-cw-KØv am-’cy£aX ssIh-cn-°-W-sa∂ e£y-tØmsS tIc-f-Øn\v e`yamb
F√m-hn-`h t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]c-am-h[n t\´-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm\
k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sSbpw D`-b-I-£n-I-fp-sSbpw _lp-I-£n-I-fp-sSbpw ]n¥p-W-tbmsS apt∂m-´p-hbv°p∂
F√m ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw tI{µoIr-Xhpw, kwbp-‡-hp-amb coXn-bn¬ GtIm-]n-°p-I.
B`y-¥-c-˛-hn-tZi hn]-Wn-I-fnse {]h-W-X-Isf XXv-kabw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw, tamWn-‰¿
sNøp-hm\pw kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
{]mtbm-KnI I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, hnti-jn®pw, I¿jI IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fptSbpw
t¢i-ßsf eLq-I-cn-°p-∂h \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, Irjn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw,
Irjnsb kq£va-amb {i≤bpw IrXy-\n-jvTbpw th≠ {]hr-Øn-bm-Ip∂ Hcp L´-Øn-te°v
am‰n \Sp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-I.
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Ønepw, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-a-Ønepw \ΩpsS I¿j-I-tcbpw, P\-
km-am-\y-tØbpw s]mXp-am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS km£-c-cm-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-°p-I.

IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bp-tS-bpw, ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ kwÿm-
\-`q-hn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Un-t‚bpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \b-]-c-amb ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-I.
cmPysØ sNdp-InS IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw, I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m-
{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ i‡-am-°p-hm≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-
°pI.
ii) Zpcn-Xm-izmk {]h¿Ø-\-߃
tXm´w taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqenbpw, sXmgnepw kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°mcns‚
kºq¿Æ-{Kma tbmkvKm¿ tbmP\ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn `£y-hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ ]cn-
]mSn \S-∏n-em-°p-hm\pw, tIcf k¿°m¿ tI{µ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ klmbw tXtS-≠-Xm-sW∂v IΩnj≥
BZysØ CS-°me dnt∏m¿´n¬ Xs∂ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AØcw Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ ]ncn-
®p-hn-So-epw, tXm´w AS-®p-]q-´epw Hgn-hm-°p-hm-\mbn, cq£-amb kmº-ØnI t¢iw A\p-`-hn-°p∂
tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Iqen-bpsS Hcp-`mKw `£y (A-cn)- ambn \¬Ip-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. tIcf
k¿°m¿ Cu Zni-bn¬ CXn-\Iw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xn¬ IΩn-j\v kt¥m-j-ap-≠v.
iii) B`y-¥cklmb \-S]Sn-Iƒ
Im¿jnI hym]mc cwKØpw, B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z\taJ-e-bn-epw, Irjn-°m-cp-sS, hnti-jn®pw
sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw \ma-am{X Irjn- -°m-cp-tSbpw hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp-Iq´w
klmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v cq] Iev]\ sNtø-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. AØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hne-Ø-I¿®-bn¬\n∂pw
Bizmkw, hne kpÿn-cX hcp-ØpI F∂n-h-bn¬ am{X-a√ th≠-Xv, adn®v Ah DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw IqSn-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXn-\p≈ ]mt°Pv \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃
IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
Ãm‰yq-´-dn-bmb G‰hpw Ipd Xmßp-hne, (<strong>MS</strong>P) tIc-f-Ønse hb¬tXm-´-hn-f-Iƒ°pIqSn
hym]-I-am-°-Ww. AØ-c-samcp \S-]Sn, {io. A`n-PnXv sk∂ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥y°v Hcp
Zo¿L-Ime [m\y-\bw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ \nbp-‡-amb IΩn‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xpt]m-se,
temIhym]mckwL-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A\p-]q-c-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. `£y-[m-\y-߃ G‰hpw
Ipd Xmßp-hnebpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, ^pUv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥y \S-Øp∂ `£y-
[m\ykw`-cW k{º-Zmbw XpS-c-W-sa∂pw {]kvXpX tI{µk¿°m¿ IΩo-j≥ ip]m¿i
sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
hym]m-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ amdp∂ Xmcn-^p-Iƒ, IpØs\ CSn-bp∂ A¥m-cmjv{S hne-Ifn¬\n-∂p-w,
Aan-X-amb Cd-°p-aXn h¿≤\hn¬ \n∂pw Irjn-°msc ]cn-c-£n-°m-\mbn hn\ntbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
`£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cu \S-]Sn kzoIm-cy-am-sW∂v A`n-
PnØv IΩn‰n ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p-≠v.
Cd- -°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-I-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww (QRS) ho≠pw Npa-Øp-tºmƒ AXv D]-Po-h-\-kpc£m
t_mIvkns‚ N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v \S∏nem-°mhp∂-Xm-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬
Im¿jnI- DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-ta-ep≈ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) t]mep≈
t\cn-´p≈ Cd-°p-aXn \nb-{¥W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, `£y-kp-c-£bpw {Kmao-W-hn-I-k-\hpw F∂
e£yw ap∂n¬ h®p-sIm≠v ]n≥Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv th≠-sX∂v Irjnsb kw_-‘n®
Icmdn(AOA)s‚ Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ cq]-Øn¬Xs∂ A\p-h-Z-\obw BWv F∂v hmZn-
°-s∏´p hcp-∂p-≠v.
DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, I¿j-I¿°v kpÿn-c-amb hcp-am\w Dd-∏m-°pI F∂n-h-bv°mbn
H´-\-h[n \b-]-c-amb \S]SnIƒ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°m-\p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ hnf C≥
jzp-d≥kv, `mh-\-m]q¿Æ-amb \nc-h[n {Kmao-W-hmbv]m kwhn-[m-\-߃, ]pXnb cq]-Øn-ep≈
Im¿jnI hnI-k\ tkh-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃, hn]-W\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ kuI-cy-߃, kw`-c-
Ww, kwkvI-c-Ww, hn]-W-\-Øn-\p≈ (am¿°-‰nw-Kv) kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°pI F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Hcp _lp. in£W (multi disciplinary) \b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ Kth-j-W-߃ Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. a) tIc-f-Ønse Irjn kPo-hhpw,

Im¿jnIhym]mcw Du¿÷-kz-ehpw B°n-Øo-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb hnhn-[-ßfmb B`y-¥-ck-lmb
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Gh? b) AØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fpambn
s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂hbmtWm? c) \mw kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Isf WTO bpsS Icm¿ hyhÿ-Iƒ°v
A\p-tbm-Py-ambn ÿm]-\-h-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb A\p-c-⁄\ X{¥-߃
F∂n-ßs\ Bhn-jvI-cn°mw?
Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ BWv Kth-j-W-]-c-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
\mfo-tI-cw, Iip-h-≠n, d∫¿, tXbn-e, Im∏n F∂o tIc-f-Øns‚ F√m Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fptSbpw
]p\¿ \So-en\pw ]p\-c-[n-h-mk-Øn-\pw, GXm≠v 1 apX¬ 15 hsc h¿j-Im-e-Øn-\Iw
apgp-h≥ Irjn-`q-anbpw hnf-Iƒ sIm≠p\n-d-bv°p-I F∂Xv e£y-am°n Hcp Bkq-{XnX _rl-
Xv]-≤Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bpw, Cu hnf-I-fpsS ]p\¿Po-h-\-Øn-\pw, ]p\-c-[n-hmkØn\pambn,
Im¿jn-I-˛-{Km-aoW hnI-k\ tZiob _mv (NABARD), tI{µ ]®°dn hnI-k\ t_m¿Uv
(NHDB), ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS kl-I-c-WtØmsS
Hcp dnthmƒhnwKv ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
(iv) kapt{ZmXv]-∂-ß-fpsS B`y¥c Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-Iƒ hn]p-eo-I-cn-°pI
kapt{ZmXv]∂ taJ-e-bn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
B`y-¥-c-ambn D]-t`mKw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ a’y-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS KpW\ne-hm-c-sØ-∏‰n, a’y_-
‘\w \S-Øp∂h¿, a’y hym]m-cn-Iƒ, D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ F∂n-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Ah-t_m[w
hf¿Øm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-I.
kpÿn-c-ambn a’y-t{km-X pIƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m\pw, amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ i‡-
am-°phm\pw, SCM F{Kn-sa‚n¬ Iogn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂, F∂m¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a√, Xncn-°p∂
klm-b-߃ \¬Ip-hm\pw DX-Ip∂ hn[Øn¬, a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ k_vkn-Un-Isf-∏‰n
_‘-s∏´ F√m-h-tcbpw kw_-‘n® ka-{K-amb Hcp ]T\w \S-ØpI.
hnth-I-]q¿∆-hpw, DNn-X-hp-amb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-hpw,
ImenIhpamb hkvXp-ÿnXn hnh-c-W-°-W°p tiJ-c-W-Øn\v ASn-Ød CSp-hm≥ \S-]Sn
kzoI-cn-°p-I.
bYm¿∞ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw, kz¥-ambn t_m´p-Iƒ D≈-h¿°pw am{Xw
a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\p≈ A\p-hmZw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn kap-t{Zm¬]-∂-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]cnjvIm-c-߃
sIm≠p-h-cn-I.
]cn-:ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw, kpÿn-c-amb amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoIcn-°p-I.
]mcn-ÿn-XnI a’y-_-‘-\-tØbpw, Ipd Nnehp hcp∂ _mly C≥]p-´p-Iƒ sIm≠v
kpÿn-c-amb a’y-k-ºØv kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xns\bpw Ipdn®v a’y-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ∑m¿°v
]p\¿ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.
Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnf-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´˛C-d-°p-aXn-˛Ib-‰p-a-Xn-I-fpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W߃
(QRS), amdn-amdn hcp∂ Xmcn^p-Iƒ, Ãm‰yq-´-dn-bmb G‰hpw Ipd Xmßp-hne (<strong>MS</strong>P) t]mep≈
{]iv\-ß-fn¬ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-ambn N¿® sNbvXv, kao-]-\-߃ ]p\:]cn-tim-
[\ sNø-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
(v) \mfo-tIcw
\mfo-tI-c-hnf tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ `qcn-`m-K-Øn-t‚bpw D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£bv°pw, Blmc-Ønse
t]mj-I-Øn\pw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. Ign GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn h≥tXm-Xn¬
]mw Hm-bnepw, tkmbm-_o≥ FÆbpw Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Aÿn-c-amb
hne-\n-e-hmcw aqe-ap≈ _p≤n-ap-´p-I-fmWv Cu hnf A\p-`-hn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-Iq-SmsX, thcp-Nobepw,
aWvU-cn-t]m-ep≈ tcmK-ß-fpw, IoSm-Wp-_m-[bpw \mfo-tI-c-Øn\v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. AXn-\m¬
tIc-I¿j-I¿ aqeyh¿≤nX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-cpsS hcp-am\w sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-cn-t°-≠Xv Bhiy-am-Wv.
Cu e£y-Øn\mh-iy-amb, Ct∏mƒ e`y-amb kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sf-∏‰n Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚

c≠mw-`m-K-Øn¬ IΩn-j≥ \nb-an® SmkvIv t^mgvkns‚ D]tZ-i߃ tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xp ImWp-I. sNdp-
InS \mfo-tIc DXv]m-Z- -I¿°v hnf-sh-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw Bh-iy-amb kwkvI-c-Ww, ]m°nwKv,
hn]Wn e`yX F∂nh kpI-c-am-°p-hm≥ sNdnb sXßptXm´ DS-a-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-
°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS {]tbm-K-
Øn¬ Cu Iq´mbva tIc-I¿j-I¿°v AUvhmt‚Pv Hm^v kvsIbnen¬ e`y-am-°pw. AtX-k-abw
hfsc {][m-\-amb Imcy-amWv, Cd-°p-aXn Uyq´n-bpsS ]cn[n _u≠v \nc-°ns‚ A{Xsbnepw
Db¿ØpI F∂-Xv. CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \mfo-tI-c-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv AXymh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬,
AXn-\mbn hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ {]mbw-sN∂ sXßp-Iƒ apdn-®p-am-‰n, X¬ÿm-
\Øv k-c-bn\w ssXIƒ Dƒs∏sS, DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX IqSnb anI® C\w sXßn≥ ssXIƒ h®p-]n-
Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb {i≤-tbmsS amt\-Pv sN-øp-Ibpw th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cßn-s\-bp≈ D¬]m-Z-\-
£-aX h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn-s√-n¬ Irjn-®n-e-hp-Iƒ IqSn-b-XmbnXs∂ XpS-cp-Ibpw, BZm-bw XmWncn°p-Ibpw
sNøpw.
(vi)tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ
tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, `q]-cn-jvI-cWw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fpw, ]cn-
:ÿn-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, DXv]m-Z-\hpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw, hym]m-c-hpw, hn]-Wn-bpw, \nt£-]-Iklmbw,
\nIp-Xn, \oXn-\ymb ÿm]-\-߃, {]mtZ-in-I kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃, Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
F∂nh F√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v ka-{K-amb Hcp \b-Øn-\p≈ N´-°qSv kwÿm\w hnI-kn-
∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ ka-{Khpw, kwtbm-Pn-X-hp-amb \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ
Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ Hcp D∂-X-Xe hnZ-Kv≤-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.
(a) d_¿
d_-dns‚ B`y-¥c Itºm-f-hne IpØs\ CSn-bp-hm-\p≈ apJy-Im-cWw, kzm`m-hnI d_dn (NR)
s‚ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn-t∑ep≈ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) \o°w sNbvX-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv. sNdp-
InS I¿j-I-cmWv tIc-f-Øn-se-ºmSpw d_¿ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. tamt´m¿ hml\ hyh-km-b-Øns‚
(Im¿, kvIq´¿ apX-em-b-h-bp-sS) hnIm-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambn kzm`m-hnI d_-dns‚ B`y-¥-c-amb D]-
t`mKw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Ipd-Xv 2015-˛mw am≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Cu cwKsØ d_-dns‚
Bh-iy(-Un-am‚ v)Ønt‚bpw kssπ-bp-sSbpw hkvXp\n-jvS-amb hnh-c-ti-J-c-Whpw, ]T-\hpw
hfsc {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw, Xnc-s-SpØ Ahiy-d-_¿
DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bnepw Hcp k¥p-enX \bw kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw, sNdp-InS d_¿
DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃ _en-I-gn-°m-sX-bp≈ Ahiy d_¿ Cd-°p-aXn \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm≥
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kzm`m-hnI d_-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\w, hn]-Øp-Iƒ, d_¿ Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw
F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ka-{K-ho-£-W-ap≈ Hcp ]≤-Xnbv°v cq]w \¬Ip-hm-\mbn kzm`m-hnI
d_dns‚ DXv]m-Z- -I-cp-tS-bpw, D]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-tSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ AS-ßp∂ Hcp hnZ-Kv[-k-anXnsb
\ntbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ tIc-f-k¿°m-cn-t\mSpw, d_¿t_m¿Un-t\mSpw Cu IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.
CXn-\p-]p-d-ta, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xmb kµ¿`-Øn¬
d_-dns\ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ tN¿t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
(b) tXbne
1990-I-fp-sS BZy-ap-≠mb, ap≥tkm-hn-b‰p bqWn-bs‚ ]X-\-sØ XpS¿∂v, tXbn-ebpsS hne
cq]-bn¬\n∂pw amdn a‰p aqeyw-Iq-Snb \mW-b-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv tXbne
hyh-km-b-Ønse {]Xn-k‘n Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Ign--Im-e-ß-fn¬ tXbne hyh-km-b-Øn¬ KpW-\ne-hm-cw,
sshhn-[y-h-XvI-c-Ww, aqey-h¿≤\ F∂n-h-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb bmsXmcp Du∂-epw \¬In-bncp-∂n-√.
Fnepw C∂sØ ISpØ a’-cm-[n-jvTnX hym]mc kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ch-bn-se√mw hfsc
{i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse tXbn-e°v KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ B`y-¥-c-hn-]-
Wn-bn¬Xs∂ hne Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Htc-k-abw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-epw
hºn® ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w, C≥ v Nmb, Nmb k©n-Iƒ, Huj-[-tØ-bne t]mep≈
aqey-h¿≤nX D¬]-∂-ßfpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-epw, hn]-W-\-Ønepw i‡-amb Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn- -emWv
tXbne-Ir-jn-bp-tSbpw hym]m-c-Øn-t‚bpw `mhn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.

(c) Im∏n
Im∏n-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw \mw Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw KpW- -\n-e-hm-c-Ønepw sshhn-[y-h-
Xv°-c-W-Ønepw Du∂¬ sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. sI\nb, sImfw-_n-b, {_ko¬ t]mep≈ cmPyß-fn¬\n∂pw
A¥m-cm-jv{S-am¿°-‰n-te°v hcp∂ Im∏n-bpsS Afhn-\-\p-k-cn-®mWv, Im∏n-bpsS A¥mcm-jv{S-hne
-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. hfsc thKw Aen-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ C≥ v Im∏n-bpsS
\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv tdm_-Ã. Im∏n-s®-Sn-bn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw, DXv]m-Z-\-
Øns‚ A¥n-a-L-´-Øn-ep≈ Im∏n-bn¬ H´pw-Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°mØ hn[-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°Ww Xømdm-t°-≠Xv
sNdp-InS Irjn-°m¿°v Im∏n-°pcp DW-°p-hm≥ th≠ kuI-cy-߃ kzbwklmb {Kq∏p-
Iƒ \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
(d)kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fpw, Ipcp-ap-fIpw
kpK-‘-{Z-hy-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ aqey-h¿≤-\bv°v [mcmfw km≤y-X-I-fp-≠v. Ah \mw icn°pw
NqjWw sNbvXn-´n-√. IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ I¿i\-ambpw Hgn-hm-°-Ww. KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw,
{_m≠v \mahpw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. ssPh-kp-K-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-hpw, hn]-Wnbpw hfsc
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-fIv t]mep≈ DXv]-∂-߃°v Pntbm{K-m^n-°¬
C≥Un-t°-j≥ F∂ XXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XnI®pw AwKo-Im-c-Øn\v A¿l-X-bp≠v F∂-
XmWv kXyw. IpcpapfIn\v {]tXy-In-®pw.
e) h≥tXm-Xn¬ D≈ kw`-cWhpw (]-m-fn-ØtØm-Sp IqSn-b) kssπ amt\-Pvsa‚pw
tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tI{µ-k¿°m-cn‚ {KmaoW tKmUu¨ ]≤-Xnsb ]cn-jvI-cn®v hnIkn-∏n-°p-hm≥
tI{µ hmWnPy a{¥m-ebw ap≥ssI FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. G‰hpw Ipd hnebv°v
DXv]∂w hn¬t°≠n hcp∂, AXm-bXv \jvS-hn-ebv°v hn‰-gn-t°-≠-ÿn-Xnbpw, _mly-i-‡n-Iƒ
hne-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°m≥ {KmaoW tKmUu¨ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.
Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp hyh-ÿ, k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-߃ sI´n-
∏-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ klm-b-tØmsS G‰hpw \∂mbn amt\Pv sNøp-hm≥ I¿j-I-kw-L-S-\- -Iƒ°pw kl-
I-c-W-kw-L-߃°pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
f) Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX DXv]-∂-ßsf ]n∂oSv Ib‰n Ab-bv°m-\p≈ A\p-aXn Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw
sNøp-∂Xv XSbpI
Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏´ DXv]-∂w, aqey-h¿≤-\bv°p tijw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-sN-øm-\p≈ {]tXyI A\paXn
]e-t∏mgpw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. CXv tIc-f-Ønse tXbne°rjn-°m-cpsS Xm¬]-
cy-߃°v hf-sc-tbsd lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Cu A\p-a-Xn-bpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\-k¿°mcp-Iƒ
kwbp-‡-ambn {i≤-tbmsS ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw, Aßns\ G‰hpw Ipd aqey-h¿≤-\,
Ipd--]-£w, km[m-cW Cd-°p-aXn Xocp-h-bpsS A{X-sb-nepw B°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. Dt±iip≤ntbmsS
A\p-hmZw \¬Ip∂ Hcp Bi-bw, bmsXmcp XXz-Zo-£-bp-an-√msX Xpcw hbv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
aqey-h¿≤-\-bv°m-bn-´p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-tbbpw ]p\¿ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-tbbpw kw_-‘n®v Hcp s]cp-am‰®´-
Øn\v cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠v.
g) Im¿jn-I-˛-I-b-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ (Agri-Export Zones)
IΩn-js‚ CS-°me dnt∏m¿´n¬, bqtdm-]y≥ IΩn-js‚ klm-b-tØmsS Bdp Im¿jn-tImXv]∂
samØ-hym-]mc hn]-Wn-Isf Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJe-I-fm°n (Agri-- Export Zones) am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ hni-Z-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬In-bn-cp∂p. CXv F{Xbpw thKw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-W-sa∂v
IΩnj≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.
(vii) Huj[ kky-ßfpw, Bbp¿th-Z-hpw
tIcfØn¬ hf-sc-tbsd hnI-k-\-km-≤y-X-Iƒ D≈ c≠p taJ-e-Iƒ {]tXyI ]cm-a¿iw A¿ln-
°p-∂p. H∂m-a-Xmbn, Huj-[-k-ky-ßfpw Bbp¿th-Z-hpw, c≠m-a-Xmbn, hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw. Ct∂mfw
kwÿm\w NqjWw sNbvXn-´n-√mØ Cu c≠p taJ-e-I-fn-tebpw hnI-k\ km≤y-X-Iƒ bmYm¿∞yh-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
Bh-iy-amb GXm\pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.

`uXnI t{kmX- p-I-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw, kpÿn-c-amb D]-tbm-Khpw
G‰hpw ap≥K-W\ \¬tI≠ \S-]-Sn-bmWv Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS \m´n-\p-≈nepw, ]pd-Øp-ap≈
(in site and ex site) kwc-£-Whpw, i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb D]-t`m-K-ap≈ kky-߃°v
h¿≤n® Bh-iy-IX D≈-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS koUv_mv (hnØv tiJ-c-Whpw kq£n-∏pw) ÿm]n-
°p-I. Nne Huj[ kky-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hnI P∑-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´p kw`cn-°p-∂Xpaqew
B Hmj-[n-Iƒ°v temI-k-ky-kw-c-£W bqWn-b-t‚bpw (IUCN) t_m´m-Wn-°¬ k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥ybp-sSbpw
sdUv tU‰m _p°p-I-fn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂pw, Ahsb hwi-\mi `oj-Wnbn¬
\n∂pw c£n-°-W-sa∂pw IΩnj≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. Bbp¿thZ Huj[ \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS
D]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kky-߃ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v BZn-hmkn {KmaoW IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ambn Iq´ptN¿∂p
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-cmb \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fp-ambn Icm-cn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, Xo¿®-bmbpw
Huj-[-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ Akw-kvIrX km[-\-ß-fpsS kwL-SnX t{kmX- p-Isf hf¿Øn t]mjn-
∏n-°p-hm≥ hfsc Gsd klm-bn-°pw. tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ BZn-hm-kn-˛-tKm{X IpSpw-_-t£a ]cn-]m-
Sn-I-fpsS Hcp kp{]-[m-\-L-S-I-ambn Cu ]cn-]m-Snsb kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hn]Wn kpe-`-ambn-´p≈
Huj-[-k-ky-߃, Bh-iy-an-s√-n¬ Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ-bnepw, Irjn-sN-øm-hp-
∂Xpw BWv.
Bbp¿thZ Huj[߃°v sshZy-im-kv{X-]-≤-Xnbn¬ C∂v temI-sa-ºmSpw kzoIm-cyX h¿≤n®p
hcp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, C¥y-bnepw, hntZ-iØpw Hmj-[n-I-fpsS Unam‚ v IpXn®p Ib-dp-I-bm-Wv.
Bbp¿thZ acp-∂p-Iƒ, kky Huj-[-߃, kuµcy kwh¿≤-I-]-Zm¿∞-߃, BtcmKy]cn-]m-e\
DXv]-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp∂ C¥y-bnse hyh-km-b-ta-J-ebv°v Bh-iy-amb Huj-
[-k-ky-ß-fpsS 95% Øn¬ IqSp-Xepw h\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv kw`-cn®p hcp-∂-Xv. ImSp-Iƒ hnth-N-\mc-ln-X-ambn
sh´n-sØ-fn-°p-∂-Xpw, Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb kky-`m-K-ßsf tkzZ\w sNbvXpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-
°mbn NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xpw hne-tb-dnb Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS hwi-\m-i-Øn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Huj-[-s®-Sn-I-fp-sS, (ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn¬) {]mY-anI t{kmXp-Isf
kwc-£n-°p-I-bpw, Ah-bpsS \m´nepw, ]pd-Øp-ap≈ kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw Du¿÷n-
X-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Hmj-[n-Iƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ BZn-hm-kn-˛-tKm{X IpSpw-_-ßtf-bpw,
k¿°m-tc-Xc ÿm]-\-ß-tf-bpw, I¿j-I-tc-bpw, tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\-ß-tf-bpw, ]m-fn-I-fmt°-≠-Xm-Wv.
AXn\v hyXy-kvX-Xe kl-I-cW kwL-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Ah-bn¬ Bbp¿thZ
Huj[ \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ, I¿j-I¿, k¿°m-tX-c-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, Irjn-hn-Z-KvZ¿, h¿j-ß-fmbn ]®-a-cp∂v
kw`-c-W-tPm-en-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXv Bhiym-[n-jvTnX
Irjnsb aS-°n-hm-߬ kwhn-[m-\m-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°pw.
CØcw klI-c-W-kw-L-߃ ]®-a-cp∂v I¿j-I¿°v imkv{Xob hn⁄m\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ {]tXyIw
{i≤n-°p-Ibpw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ \So¬ hkvXp-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw \gvkdnIƒ, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hwih¿≤-\-hn\v
koUv_m-p-Iƒ F∂nh ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw thWw. AtXm-sSm∏w Hu-j-[-\n¿Ωm-W-°-º-
\n-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-ap≈ kky-ß-fpsS hni-Zhnhcw kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw , Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂ Huj-[-߃°v \ymb-amb hne e`y-am-°p∂ hn]Wn Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Bbq¿th-Z-Øns‚ kwip-≤nbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-I
Bbq¿thZ Huj-[-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-\n-b-{¥-Whpw, km£y-s∏-Sp-Øepw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. Ah-bpsS KpWhpw, hn]-W-\-te-_-ep-I-fn¬ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ KpW-\n-ehmcw
imkv{Xo-b-ambn km[p-X-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v ]co-£n-°p-hm\pw, KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°p-hm\pw Bhiy-amb
Kth-jW ]cn-]mSn Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ \hc t]mep≈ Huj-[-ta-∑bp≈
Acn-Iƒ°v hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. te_-en¬ ImWn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-Kp-W-߃
Ahbv°v Ds≠∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v ^e-{]-Zhpw hnizm-ky-X-bp-ap≈ Hcp
km£y-s∏-Sp-ج GP≥kn \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw thWw. At∏mƒ "ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \m´ns‚
kky-Hu-j-[-߃' F∂ hym]m-c-\maw Xs∂ Ahbv°v \¬Ip-hm\pw Ign-bpw.

Irjn-°m-cpsS kwL-S-\-Iƒ
Huj-[-k-ky߃ Irjn-sN-øp∂ sNdpInS I¿j-I¿°v i‡n-t{i-Wn-bn¬ (power scale) Db-cphm\pw,
t\´-߃ D≠m-°phm\pw Huj-[n-I¿j-I-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. GI-tZiw 100 slIvS¿
ÿeØv Irjn-sN-øp-∂-h-cpsS kzbw-k-lmb amXrIbn-ep≈ kwL-߃ Huj-[-k-ky-I¿j-I¿°nSbn¬
\ne-hn¬ hc-Ww. Irjn-ta-J-e-bnepw, hn]-Wn-bnepw tijn-h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\nXv klm-b-I-camhpw.
AØcw I¿jI kwL-߃ Huj-[-k-ky-°r-jn-tØm-´-߃ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW-n¬-
Huj[°r-jn, kwkvIc-Ww, ]mt°-Pv, hn]Wn F∂n-h-tbm-Sv Huj-[-k-ky-Nn-In-’bpw kwtbm-Pn®p
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ccp-`m-K-Øn\pw AXv KpW-I-c-ambn Xocp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Huj-[n-kw-c£W-tI-{µ-߃ (Herbal Sanctuaries)
Huj[-k-ky-߃ kar-≤-am-bp≈ `q{]-tZ-i-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-®v, Hmj-[n-kw-c-£W tI{µ-߃ B°p-
I-bm-sW-n¬, Ah AXp-ey-amb ssPh kky-k-º-Øns\ kwc-£n®v, hcpw-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°p ]cn-c-
£n-°m-≥ \ΩpsS ss]Xr-I-ambn ssIam-dmhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Huj[ ssPh Xmgvhc (Herbal Valley)
Iºyq´¿ tkm^v‰v shb¿ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ knen-t°m¨hmenbpsS amXr-I-bn¬, tIc-f-Ønse
sske‚ vhmen, ssPh dnk¿∆v taJe apX¬ hb-\m-Sp-hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂ {]tZ-iØv Hcp Hmj-
[n-ssPh Xmgvhc (sl¿_¬ hmen) hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-Wv. B sl¿_¬ hmenbn¬
ssPh-kky kw_-‘n-bmb tkm^v‰v shb¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm\pw, Aßs\ Ne-\m-Xv-I-am-sbmcp
Huj-[-k- -ky-hy-h-km-b-Øn\v ASn-Ød CSp-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnØp-I-fpw, ssXIfpw, Snjyq-
Iƒ®¿ kuI-cy-߃ Dƒs∏sS, hºn® tXmXn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°phm\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy߃
e`y-am-°pI F∂o I¿Ø-hy-ß-fmWv sl¿_¬ hmen e£y-am-t°-≠-Xv. Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-
°m≥ Cu ta-J-e-bnse hnZ-Kv≤¿ AS-ßn-bXpw, tI{µ Huj-[-k-ky-t_m¿Uv, ssPh-t{km-X v t_m¿Uv,
\_m¿Uv,-A-s]U F∂n-h-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp t{]mPIvSv Unssk≥ Sow (]≤Xn
Bkq-{XW kanXn) cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw, Aßns\ temI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn Hcp sl¿_¿
hmen ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ _nkn-\-kv πm≥ (I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn) Xøm-dm-°p-hm\pw IΩn-j≥ tIcf
k¿°m-cn-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
kky-ssh-hn-[yhpw I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p≈ ssPh-ssh-hn[y \nb-a߃
\nehnep≈ tIc-fm -ssPh sshhn-≤y-t_m¿Uv i‡-amb Hcp P\-Xn-I-km-£-cXm ]cn-]mSn BhnjvI-cn®v
\S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw, AXp-hgn P\n-X-I- t{km-X- p-I-fpsS {]mY-anI kwc-£-I-cmb-h¿°v
AwKo-Im-chpw, _lp-a-Xnbpw, {]Xn-^-ehpw \¬Ip-hm≥ hyh-ÿ-I-fp≈Xpw, kky sshhn[y
kwc-£-Whpw, I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw, kw_-‘n®v C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp-k-`-
Ifpw ]m m-°nb BIvSn-s\-∏-‰nbpw, Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu BIvSn¬ ssPhkkyßfpsS
{]mY-anI kwc-£-I-cpsS Adnhpw, kΩ-Xhpw t\S-W-sa∂pw, ssPh-k-ky-߃ hn\ntbm-Kn®v
em`-I-c-amb {]hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Ahsc ]m-fn-I-fm-°-W-sa∂pw D≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
ASßnbn´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c-£-W-Øn-epw hwi-h¿≤-\-hnepw G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂
BZn-hm-kn-˛-Kncnh¿§-˛-{Km-ao-W-Ip-Spw-_-߃°n-S-bn¬ P\n-X-I-hpw, \nb-a-]-c-hp-amb km£-cX hym]n∏n-
°m-\mbn Im¬\S \nba D]-tZ-i-I-kw-LsØ \ntbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn ssPhkky߃
IS-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-hm-\pw, hnhn[ kky-˛-P-¥p-Pm-e-߃°n-S-bn-ep≈ ssa{Xo-
]-c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-amb ssPh-]-m-fnØw F∂n-hsb∏‰n {]mY-anI kwc-£-
I¿°v Ah-t_m[w D≠m-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
hnt\mZ k©mcw (Tourism)
hnt\m-Z-k-©mc taJ-e-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p≈ AXp-ey-amb t\´-߃ {]kn-≤-am-Wv. hfsc Du¿÷kz-e-amb
B`y-¥-c-˛-B-tKm-f -hn-t\m-Z-k-©mc ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-hm-\pw, k©m-cn-IfpsS
Btcm-Kyw, Bflob {]_p-≤-X, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw F∂n-h-bn¬ BI¿j-Wo-b-

amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\pw km≤y-X-Iƒ Gsd-bp-≈Xpw, tijn-bp-≈-Xp-amb C¥y-bnse
GIkwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. k©m-cn-I-fpsS BtcmKyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnt\m-Zk-©m-c-Øn¬
Bbp¿th-Z-Nn-In-’m-co-Xn-I-fpw, Huj-[-ßfpw, Bflo-b-amb DW¿∆n\pw Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-
Øn\pw i_-cn-a-e, Kpcp-hm-bq¿, ae-bm-‰q¿, sImSp-ß-√q-cnse tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ ]≈nbpw t]mep≈
Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-ß-fpw, {]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wob Zyiy-߃ ImgvNh-bv°p-hm≥ h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W-tI-{µ-ßfpw
(ssh¬Uv sKbnw- km-MvNz-dn-I-fpw), IS-tem-c- kp-J-hmk kt-X-ßfpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hc-Zm-\-
amWv. Fnepw Cu i‡n-t{km-X- p-Isf th≠{X hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ kwÿm-\-Øn\p Ign-n-´n-√.
CXp-Iq-SmsX \K-c-hm-kn-I-fmb bph-P-\-߃°pw a‰pw ""Irjn-∏m-S-ß-fn-¬ Hcp Hgn-hp-Imew'' (Holidays
on the farm) F∂ Hcp ]cn-]mSn Bhn-jvI-cn-°pIbmsW-n¬ \ΩpsS tXm´-ß-fpw, Ip´-\m-S≥
]mS-ti-J-c-ßfpw ImWp-hm\pw, {KmaoW I¿j-I-cpsS {]hr-Øn-Iƒ t\cn´v A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-hm-\pap≈
Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°p-hm≥ \ap°v Ign-bpw. CØcw hnhn[ hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ hnt\m-Z-k-©mc ]cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ k÷-am-°p-hm≥ th≠ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-߃ C\nbpw Gsd hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-≠v.
hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c -ta-J-e-bn¬ hn]p-e-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp _nkn-
\ v πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ {]tXyI sshZ-Kv[y-ap≈hcpsS aq∂p {Kq∏p-Isf \ntbm-Kn-t°-≠-
XmWv.
\n¿`mKyh-im¬, Bøq¿th-ZsØ Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb hnt\m-Z-k-©m-csØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm-
\p≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am°n NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ ]e hy‡n-I-fpw, kwL-S-\-Ifpw {ian-°p-∂p. Ah¿
Ffp-∏-Øn¬ [\-k-ºm-Z\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ am{Xw Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. A√msX Ah¿ Bbp¿th-
Z-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Ime bi v ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-h-c√ F∂p ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu {]h-W-Xbv°v aq°v
Ib-dn-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse Bøp¿th-Z-Øns‚ AXp-ey-amb ss]Xr-Ihpw, AXns‚ D∂-X-amb
Io¿Ønbpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\v CØcw {]h-W-X-Iƒ XS-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
(viii)
am[y-a-ß-fpsS kp{]-[m-\-amb ]v
temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-sb-∏-‰n-bpw, AXns‚ hnhn[ kzm[o-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw th≠ hnh-c-߃
s]mXp-P-\-a-≤y-Øn¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-hm-\p≈ Hcp {]tXyI Npa-Xe \ΩpsS am[y-a-߃°p-≠v. ]{Xhm-b-\-bpw,
\m\m-Xcw ka-Im-en-I-ßfpw, am[y-a-ßfpw hfsc hym]-I-ambn \ne-hn-ep≈ kwÿm-\-
amWv tIc-fw. am[y-a-ß-fpsS I¿Ø-hy-߃°v {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-am-Wp-≈-Xv. P\-Po-hn-X-hp-w, D]-Poh-\-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ F√m-Im-cy-ß-fnepw kwÿm\ am[y-a-߃ Ct∏mgpw hf-sc-b-[nIw {]Xn-IcW
X¬]c-X-tbmsS CSs]´p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬, km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ k¿°m-cn-t‚tbm, kzIm-cyÿm-]-\-ß-fp-tStbm
{]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p-sa∂ {]Xo-£bv°v hn]-co-X-ambn, P\-߃°p KpW-I-camb
hn[-Øn¬ \ncq-]Ww sNøp∂ Hcp GP≥kn-bm-bn-´p-Iq-Sn-bmWv IΩn-j≥ am[yaßsf AwKo-Icn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-Iq-SmsX temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]e hym]m-c-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw, kwÿm-\-Ønt‚bpw
P\-km-am-\y-Øn-t‚bpw kp{]-[m-\-amb Xm¬]-cy-߃s°-Xnsc Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf
^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn\pw Bhiyamb X{¥-Øns‚ i‡-amb Hcp
`mK-am-bn-´p-Iq-Sn-bmWv am[y-a-ßsf Cu IΩn-j≥ {]Xym-i-tbmsS t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.
AXns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \√ Hcp P\-˛-am-[y-a-˛-k¿°m¿ Iq´mbvabp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-k-cWn km≤yam-°m≥
GXm\pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
H∂n-e-[nIw Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm\pw, hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\ßsf Iq´n-bn-W-°p-hm\pw Hcp
WTO am[y-a-sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I. ssZ\w-Zn\ am[y-a-_-‘-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-
]p-d-ta, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-tbbpw, tIc-f-tØbpw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS Hcp ¢nbdnwKv
lukmbpw Cu sk¬ {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-XmWv. I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-ebpw, A\p-
_‘ hIp-∏p-Ifpw a{¥m-e-b-ßfpw Cu aoUnbm sk√n\v hnh-c-߃ bYm-k-abw e`y-am-°p-
Ibpw Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ am[y-a-߃°v B hnh-c-߃ aoUn-bm-sk¬ hni-Zmw-i-ß-tfmsS \¬Ip-
Ibpw, Ah-sbm-s°-Xs∂ Hmtcm sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
s]mXp-P-\-am[ya-߃°v eLp-hn-h-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-hm\pw, kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßfn¬
]Xn-hmbn eLp-hn-h-cW ktΩ-f-\-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\pw AØcw P\-k-º¿°-]-cn-

]m-Sn-Ifn¬ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-tS-tbm, hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cp-tStbm hna¿i-\-ßfpw A`n-ap-Jkw-`m-j-W-ßfpw
tNmtZym-Ø-c-]-c-º-c-Ifpw a‰pw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\pw aoUn-bm-sk¬ Xømdm-h-Ww.
IqSmsX C{X-am{Xw \qX-\hpw, ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-amb hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab Nm\-ep-Iƒ
{]Nm-c-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ Hcp kwÿm-\Øv, sshhn-[y-ap≈ At\Iw kt-X-ß-fn-eqsS Fgp-
Øp-Im-cp-tS-bpw, am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-tS-bpw, {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw Hcp h≥\n-c-bv°p-Xs∂
bYm-Imew hnh-c-߃ Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ CØcw Hcp aoUn-bm-sk-√n\p Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
A\-Xn-Zo¿L-amb Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬, WTO tbbpw kwÿm-\-tØbpw kw_-‘n®v ]Tn®v
Fgp-Xm≥ Ign-bp∂ {]K-¤-cmb Hcp hn`m-KsØ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS krjvSn°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.
Aßns\ WTO bpambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw, Ah-bpsS BtKm-fhpw, tZio-bhpw,
{]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb am\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw i‡-ambpw, hnh-c-k-ºp-jvS-X-tbmSpw, B[n-Im-cn-I-XtbmsSbpw
Fgp-Xm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-cpsS Hcp thZn-bmbn {]kvXpX aoUn-bm-sk-√ns\ hnI-kn-∏n-
°p-hm\pw km[n-°pw.
AtXm-sSm∏w temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, ]pkvX-I-߃, B\p-
Im-en-I-߃, hm¿Øm-]-{X-߃, dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v B[n-ImcnXbpw hnizm-kyXbpw
D≈-Xp-amb tcJ-I-fpw, ÿnXn-hn-hc-ß-fpw, ÿnXn-hn-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw kam-l-cn®v A\p-{Iaw
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v \¬Ip-hm\pw Cu aoUn-bm-sk√ns\ {]m]vX-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ tZmlm -h´N¿®m-\-¥c A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hniz-kvX-amb
hnh-c-߃ s]mXp-P-\-߃°pw, am[y-a-߃°pw FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥, apºv ]d e£yßtfm-
Sp-Iq-Snb, aoUnbm sk√v cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ k¿°m¿ kXzc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp-∂p.
(ix)
s]mXp-ip-NnXz hnf-˛-kky ipNnXz am\-Z-WvU-߃ (km-\n-´-dn-˛-ss^-t‰m-km-\n-´dn
satj-gvkv) (SPS)
Im¿jnI hnf-I-fpsS ipNn-Xz (-km-\n-´-dn) \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ A¥m-cmjv{S am\-Z-WvU-߃ \n›-
bn-°p-tºmƒ,-AØcw \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ tIc-f-k¿°mcpw, tI{µ-k¿°mcpw hfsc kPo-h-ambn ]s-
Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A√m-Ø-]£w \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ am\-Z-WvU-߃ \ΩpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb {]Xn-Iqe-ambn
_m[n-°pw. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xm-Wv.
(x)
hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\ptij-ap≈ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ i‡-am-°pI.
`£y-[m-\y-߃ kwkvI-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fp-tS-bpw, ]m¬, amwkw F∂n-h-bv°mbn
hf¿Øp∂ arK-ß-fp-tSbpw ipNnXzw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
kmw{IanI tcmK-_m-[n-X-cmb arK-ßsf am‰n-]m¿∏n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ kwÿm\
k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-£-a-Xbpw, kuI-cy-ßfpw i‡-am-°p-I-bpw, `£ym-lm-c-kpc-£-bv°mbn
A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv
F∂ `£y-kkymZn-I-fpsS ipNn-Xz-]-c-amb am\-Z-WvU-߃ ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mapw PmK-cq-Icm-hWw.
kwÿm-\Øv KpW-\n-e-hmc km£-cXm ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm {Kma-]-©m-b-
Ønepw Ipd-Xv 2 ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw 2 kv{XoIƒ°pw hoXw ]cn-io-e\w \¬In Ahsc ipNn-
Xz-Kp-W-\n-e-hmc \nb-{¥-I¿ (Quality Managers) Bbn \ntbm-Kn-°p-I.
Im¿jnI hym]mc \nt£-]-I-kw-cw-`-I-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ kpI-chpw kpK-ahpw
B°m≥ tkh-\-߃
hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb tIc-f-Ønse kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v BZm-b-I-chpw, DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-hp-amb ]e-
Xcw kzbw˛sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v C∂sØ {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ Ah-kc-ß-sf-∏‰n
{]tbm-P-\-{]-Zhpw ka-{K-hp-amb hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Hmtcm Pn√-bnepw Hcp GItI{µw
(one-stop) hnhchn\n-ab tI{µw ÿm]n-°p-I. kkyu-j[ NnIn’m tI{µ-߃, Im¿jnI
¢n\n-°p-Iƒ, Im¿jnI _nkn-\ v tI{µ-߃, `£-W-im-e-Iƒ, Imem-h-ÿm-]-cn-ÿnXn hnh-cW

tI{µ-߃, Im¿jn-tIm-ev]∂ Ib-‰p-aXn t{]m’m-l-\-tI-{µ-߃ F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ apX¬ap-S-°phm≥
A`y-kvX-hn-Zysc k∂-≤-cm-°p-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS kwcw-`-߃°m-h-iy-amb kmt-Xn-I-hn-h-c-ßfpw
a‰v A\p-_-‘-ku-I-cy-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-SpØv klm-bn-°p-hm≥ th≠{X tkh-\-tI-{µ-߃ Xømdmt°-≠-XmWv.
hym]m-c-kw-cw-`I klm-b-tI-{µ-߃ (Trade Enterpreneurship facilitation service centres)
TEFSC, k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Iƒ As√-n¬ a‰v A\p-_‘ ÿm]-\-ßsf tI{µ-am°n thWw ÿm]n-°phm≥.
""\√ _nkn-\- n-\v, \√ ]cn-X-ÿnXn'' F∂ ]cn-I¬]\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI
\nt£-]I kwcw-`I ]cn-io-e\ tI{µhpw ÿm]n-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. CXp-Iq-SmsX sNdp-InS
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-hy-h-km-b-ß-fn¬ apX¬ap-S-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h-cp-∂-h¿°v hmbv]m-˛-{Km‚ v F∂o [\-
k-lmb (Venture Capital) kuI-cy-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]p\xkwLSn∏n-°-s∏´ sNdp-InS
I¿j-I-cpsS Hcp Im¿jnI _nkn-\ v I¨tkm-jy-Øn\v C{]-Im-c-ap≈ GI-e-£y-tI{µ tkh\
{]h¿Ø\w kpI-c-am-°p-hm≥, Hcp ]t£, tI{µ kvamƒ ^m¿tagvkv A{Kn-˛-_n-kn-\ v I¨tkm-jy-
Øns‚ (Central SFAC) klm-b-tØm-sS, Ign-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
(xi)
Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-chpw h\n-X-Ifpw
Iip-h-≠n, Ib¿, sNΩo≥ (a-’y-ta-J-e), tXbn-e, Im∏n apX-em-b-h-bpsS Ib-‰p-aXn˛hyhkmb˛taJ-e-I-fn¬
kwÿm-\sØ h\n-X-Iƒ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ]mWv hln-°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿°m-hiy-amb
hn⁄m-\hpw, sshZ-Kv[y-hpw, IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw, \¬Ip-∂-Xnepw Ah-cpsS Imcy-tijn
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw {]tXyI {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°-Ww. Aßns\ Ah-cpsS Im¿jn-I-˛-hym-]m-c-˛-hy-h-kmb-
˛-]-m-fnØw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xv C∂m-h-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn-\m-bp≈ I¬]n-
X- k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ Ah¿°v apJy-amb ]v \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.
F∂m¬ AtX-k-abw h\n-X-Iƒ°v Iip-h≠n X√p-I, sNΩo-\ns‚ tXmSp-cn-°p-I, Ib¿]n-cn-°pI
t]mep≈ Nne {]tXy-I-Xcw sXmgn-epIfn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ k¿°m-cns‚
ASn-b-¥n-c-{i≤ ]Xn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ h\n-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-
ßsf t\cn´v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn\v (A-h-cpsS \nb-am-\p-krX Ah-Im-i-߃ kwtbm-Pn-X-ambn
kwc-£n-°p-∂Xv Dƒs∏-sS) tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ enwK-]-c-amb Ak-aXz
(Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn-se) Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ tI{µw (Centre for gender concern in Agriculture),
C¥y≥ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ A{Kn-IƒN-d¬ dntk¿®ns‚ (ICAR) Iogn-ep≈ tZiob Im¿jn-I-
˛-km-t-XnI ]≤Xn (National Agricultural Technology Project-NATP) bpsS klm-b-tØmsS i‡n-s∏-
Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(xii)
kwÿm-\sØ `qhn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Uns‚ ]p\xkwL-S\
I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-߃°v Ah-cpsS DXv]m-Z-\hpw, hn]-Wn-bnse D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Unam‚n¬
km≤y-X-Ifpw XΩn¬ Fßns\ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-amb D]-tZ-i߃
\¬tI-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. Zo¿L-Ime hnf-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ XpSsc
XpSsc hyXn-bm-\-߃ hcp-Øp-hm≥ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. GXm-bmepw Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fp-tSbpw, Huj-[-
k-ky-ß-fp-tSbpw Irjn°p D]-bp-‡-amb `qan-bpsS hn\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS D]-tZiw th≠-
Xm-Wv. Cu Dt±-i-Øn-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ kwÿm\ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-t_m¿Uv ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw
AXns\ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. sX°p-]-Sn-m-d≥, hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ Ime-ßfn¬
I¿j-I-Ip-Spw_߃ `qan D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv F{]-Im-cambncn-°Ww F∂v Ahsc t_m[-hm∑mcm-°p-∂-Xn\v
Bh-iy-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb D]-tZiw \¬Ip-hm≥ {]m]vX-amb hn[-Øn-em-hWw `qhn-
\n-tbmK t_m¿Uns‚ ]p\xkwL-S-\. Xmsg \n¿t±-in-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw
t_m¿Uns‚ ]p\xkwL-S-\.
Irjn-k-{º-Zm-b-߃°v (hn-f-Iƒ, arK-k-º-Øv, a’yw, Im¿jnI h\-hn-`-hw) Hmtcm-∂n\pw,
Hmtcm Xcw aÆv, sh≈w, `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ F∂n-h Ds≠-n¬ am{X-ta icn-°p≈ Imcy-
£-aX D≠m-hq.
sNdpXpw, CS-Ø-chpw Bb hym]vXn-bp≈ Imem-hÿm \nco-£-W-߃ (Cu taJ-e-bn¬
C¥y KWy-amb tijn hnI-kn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v) \S-Øp-I,

c≠p hn]-Wn-Ifpw ˛ B`y-¥c hntZi hn]-Wn-I-fnepw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I.
Im¿jnI D¬]m-Z-\-s®ehv KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°p-I, {]Xo£n°p∂ {]Xn-^ew e`n-°m-Xn-cn-
°p∂ A]-ISL´w XcWw sNøp-I.
]mS-Ir-jn-`q-an-bnepw, a‰p Ic-Irjn`qan-bnepw ]Wn sNøp-∂-h¿°v D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w In´p-∂-
Xn\pw, sXmgn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Hcp sNdnb Xp≠p-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂pw Ipd hn\n-tbm-K-
Øn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw Im¿jnI hcp-am\w D≠m-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°p-I.
hnX-bv°p-apºv Ipd-Xv GXm\pw BgvN-Iƒ°v apºv Fnepw CØcw Im¿jnI D]-tZiw
\¬Ip-I-bm-sW-n¬ DXv]m-Z-\hpw, hn]-Wn-bnse Unam‚pw XΩn¬ Ipd-t®sd s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SpØn
apt∂m´p t]mIp-hm≥ I¿j-I¿°v {]bm-k-ap-≠m-hn-√. KpW-]c-a-√mØ hn]Wn CS-s]-S¬ (Market
interference) X∑qew Hgn-hm-°m\pw Ign-bpw. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ, Hmtcm {Kma-Øn-tebpw Im¿jn-I-˛-
]m-cn-ÿn-XnI km≤y-X-Isf `qim-kv{X-]-c-am-bpw, kmº-Øn-I-am-bpw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
{]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ CS-hn-f-I-fpsS (alternative crips) hnØpw, ssXIfpw e`y-am-°p-∂-
Xn\v ""koUp-_m-p-Iƒ'' ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ `qhn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Uv Icp-X¬ hnf -am-Xr-I-Iƒ (contingency cropping
pattern), hyXykvX tXmXn-ep≈ ag-ho-gvN°v Pe-e-`y-X-bpsS G‰-°p-d-hn\v hoXw A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏ns®Sp°p-hm≥ Ignhv B¿÷n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. C¥y≥ Imem-hÿm \nco-£W
hIp-∏ns‚ Zo¿L-Ime Imem-hÿm ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°n\v \µn; Imc-Ww, a¨kq-Wns‚ kz`m-h-
Øn¬ hcp∂ hyXn-bm-\-ß-fpsS amXr-I-Iƒ A\p-I-cn®v, hcm-hp-∂-Xmb am‰-߃ Adn-bp-hm-\p≈
hgn Ct∏mƒ Iºyq-´¿ hnI-kn-∏ns®SpØn-´p-≠v. CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^v C¥y-bpsS tkmbn¬
`q]-S-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬, `qan-bpsS D]-tbm-K-£-a-Xsb kw_-‘n® D]-tZ-iw I¿jI¿°v \¬Iphm≥
km[n-°pw. aÆns‚ Cu¿∏w \ne-\n-dp-Øm-\p≈ tijnbpw, hnf-I-fpsS ssPh-]-c-amb Imcy-£a-X-bpw,
B`y-¥c Bh-iyhpw, hn]-Wn-bnse Unam‚pw IqSn `qhn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Uv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.
]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb kpÿn-c-Xbpw, ÿmbn-bmb kmº-Øn-I-em-`hpw Htckabw IW-°n-se-Sp-
°p∂ Hcp `qhn-\n-tbmK coXn-bmWv \mw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. `qan Fßns\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Wsa∂
Xocp-am\w Xs∂-bmWv Gsd-°psd Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\hpw F∂Xn\m¬ `qan-bptSbpw,-
Pe-Øn-t‚bpw kwc-£-Whpw sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa-n¬, c≠pw Htc-kabw
]mc-kv]-cy- {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI Xs∂ th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬ I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-ebpw, kwÿm\ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-t_m¿Upw Ah-bpsS ]c-kv]c _‘-
ßsf LS-\m-]-c-am-bn-Xs∂ tIm¿Øn-W-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
`qhn\n-tbmK t_m¿Un\v Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-tfbpw, hninjym CS-hn-f-I-tfbpw Ipdn-®v tIc-f-Ønse
I¿j-I¿°v bYm-k-abw th≠ s]mXp D]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-hm≥ Ign-b-Ww. hm¿jnI hnf-I-fneqsS
I¿j-I¿°v IqSpX¬ hn]Wn e`n-°p-hm≥ EXp-°ƒ, Im¿jnI ]mcn-ÿnXn Imcy߃ F∂nh kw_-
‘n® {]tXyI hnZKv[ D]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-hm\pw `qhn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Un\v km[n-°-Ww.
(xiii)
ssPh-Irjn
ssPh D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS k¿´n-^n-t°-js‚ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp≈ Hcp
tZiob ssPh-˛-Im¿jnI C≥ÃnSyq´v ÿm]n-°m≥ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-≠v. ssPh kpK-‘-
{Z-hy-߃, tXbn-e, ssIX-®-°, t\{¥-∏-gw, Huj-[-k-ky-߃ XpS-ßnb Im¿jn-I-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS DXv]m-
Z-\-Ønepw, hn]-W-\-Ønepw `mc-X-Øn¬ t\Xr-]-Z-hn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂,
FbvUvkv F∂ `oXn-X-amb tcmK-Øns‚ A]-I-S-Øn-s\-Xntc t]mcm-Sm≥ D]-I-cn-°p∂ Dd-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-
°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ssPh d_-dns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-®p-a-X-ebpw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv tIcfw BWv. AXn-
\m¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS km£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ GP≥kn-bmbn Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ \mj-
W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Hm¿Km-\n°v ^manwKv ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ k¿∆Ym amXr-Im-]-c-amb Bÿm\w
tIcfw Xs∂-bm-Wv.
]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬ Xncp-h-gmw-Ip-∂n-ep≈ tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS A[o-\-X-bnep≈
200 slIvS¿ `qan Cu ÿm]-\-Øn\v amXr-Im-]-c-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-´p-≈Xv e`y-am-°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. `qanbpw, A\p-_-‘-ku-I-cy-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p≈ Cu ÿm]-\-Øn\v
hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v tI{µ-k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-hm≥ tIc-f-k¿°m-cn-t\mSv IΩn-j≥
\n¿t±-in-°p∂p, tIcfw apt∂m-´p-h-®n-cn-°p∂ ssPh Im¿jnI {]ÿm-\sØ i‡-am-°p-hm-\pw, B`y-
¥-chpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb D]-t`m-K-Øn\v th≠ Btcm-Ky-kw-h¿≤I (`-£y-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fpw, aqeyh¿≤nX
D¬]-∂-ßfpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu ÿm]\w hf-sc-tbsd t{]mXvkml\w sNøp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
(xiv) kwip-≤-amb Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øns‚ tXm´-hn-f-Ifmb tXbn-e, Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv apX-em-bh DW°n FSp-°p-hm≥ ]‰nb
kutcm¿÷ hn\n-tbmK k{º-Zm-b-߃ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ BtKmf ]cnxÿnXn kuIcyw
(t•m-_¬ F≥h-b¨sa‚ v ^kn-en-‰n) Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Imem-hÿ-˛I¨h≥j≥ \n[n
(climate convention Fund) bn¬ \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw e`n-°p-hm≥ th≠ Hcp ]≤Xn Bkq-{XWw
sNø-W-sa∂v tIcf k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Cu IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.
(xv) Nc-°p-I-tºm-fhpw Nc°v hn\n-a-bhpw (Commodity Market and commodity exchange)
t^m¿thUv tIm¨{SmIvSvkv (d-Kp-te-j≥) BIvSv, 1952, t`Z-KXn sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv; ImcWw
`£y-km-[-\-ß-fpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb IΩn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv B \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Ø-s∏-´-
Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Nc°p hn]Wn-˛Ah[n hym]m-c-Ønepw Hcp ]p\x]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-h-Ww.
Hcp C¥y≥ s]mXp-hn-]Wn (Indian Common Market) bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tI{µ-k¿°mcpw F√m
kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-∏n-se-Øp∂ ]£w, Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw, Nc-
°p-I-fp-tSbpw A¥¿kw-ÿm\ t]m°p-h-c-hp-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ F√m XS- -ßfpw \o°p-hm-\pw,
C¥y-bnse I¿j-I¿°v hºn® ]ptcm-KXnbp≠m-°p-hm\pw Cu BIvSns‚ t`Z-KXn klm-b-I-am-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ C¥y≥ s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬, kwÿm-\-߃ At\ym\yw Npa-Øp∂
A¥¿kw-ÿm\ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Hcp apJy-h-cp-am-\-am¿§-am-I-bm¬ F√m kwÿm\
k¿°m-cp-Ifpw Hcp-an®v IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®p Xocp-am-\n-®m¬ am{Xta s]mXp C¥y≥ hn]Wn \ne-hn¬
hcn-I-bp-≈q.
hntZi hn]-Wn-bnse hyXn-bm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip∂ hne-bnse i‡-amb Aÿn-c-X-Iƒ°v
FXnsc i‡-amb Hcp Icp-X¬ tiJcw F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ tkh\w BWv, 100 tImSn-bn-tesd hcp∂
C¥y≥ P\-ß-fpsS `£ym-lmcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu C¥y≥ s]mXp-hn-]-Wn°p sNøp-hm≥ Ignbp-∂-Xv.
(xvi) Irjn-˛-sXm-gn¬ hn⁄m\ tI{µ-߃
F√m-hn[ DXv]mZ-\-ß-fpw, Ah-bpsS kwkvI-c-W-hpw, hn]-Wnbpw kw_-‘n®v Irjn-°m-cmb
kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°p-th≠ hnh-c-hpw, hn⁄m-\hpw, sXmgn¬ sshZ-Kv[yhpw XnI®pw Imen-I-am-°phm≥
Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy-߃ hn]p-e-am-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn I¿j-I¿°v KpW-]-c-am-b-Im¿jn-I-˛-hym-
]mc km£-cX \¬Ip-hm≥ {]tXyI {]mK-¤y-ap≈ Hmtcm Irjn-˛-sXm-gn¬ hn⁄m-\-tI{µw, Pn√-
Iƒ- tXmdpw ÿm]n-°-Ww. Hmtcm Pn√-bnepw Hmtcm Irjn hn⁄m≥ `h≥ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ sF.-kn.-
F.-B-dns‚ Iogn¬ 10-˛mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ hI-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kn.-F-kv.-sF.-B-dn-t‚bpw, tI{µ
sNdp-InS hyh-kmb hIp-∏n-t‚bpw kwbp‡klm-b-tØmsS, Im¿jn-tI-Xc cwK-ß-fnse sXmgn¬km-
≤y-X-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-hm≥ \ne-hn-ep≈ Irjn hn⁄m\tI{µ-ßsf hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Bøq¿thZ sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn-t‚bpw Huj[ kky-ß-fp-tSbpw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ {]m[m-\y-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp Irjn-˛-sXm-gn¬ hn⁄m\ tI{µw tIm´-bv°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-im-e-tbmSv A\p-
_-‘n®v ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
(xvii) tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp Im¿jnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v G‰hpw \ho-\-amb X{¥-߃ {]tbm-Kn-°phm≥
I¿j-I-cpsS I¨tkm¿jyw ÿm]n-°pI
cmPyØv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw, KpW-ta-∑bpw, aqey-h¿≤-\bpw Xzcn-X-s∏-
Sp-Øp-hm\pw, hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw, hne-In-´p∂ hnf-Iƒ°v B`y-¥c, A¥m-cm-jv{S-hym-

]m-c-Øn¬ hne-h¿≤\ D≠m-Im\pw, Irjnsb {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-°p∂ hnP-b-I-c-amb k{º-Zmb-ß-fn¬
sI´n-∏-Sp-t°-≠-Xp≠v. AkwJyw sNdp-InS Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃, ]e ]cn-jvIrX k{º-
Zm-b-ß-fn-eq-sS, Zo¿L-Im-ehpw, hm¿jn-I-hp-amb hnf-I-fn¬\n∂pw, bmsXmcp ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-
ßfpw krjvSn-°msX, Xß-fpsS ]cn-an-X-amb `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw ]c-am-h[n BZmbw D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Ah¿°v, kwÿm-\-k¿°mcpw, ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Upw ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS "I¿j-I{io' t]mep≈,
I¿j-Is‚ A¥ v Db¿Øp∂, a‰v Ahm¿Up-I-fn-eqsS AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AØcw ]pØ≥ ]co-£-
Wm-flI Irjn-k-t-X-߃ {]tbm-Kn®p hnP-bn-®-h-cp-sS, A\p-`-h-ß-fnepw, sshZ-Kv[y-ß-fnepw Kthj-W-]-c-ambn
IS-∂p-t\m-°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw. Aßns\ tIc-f-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbnepw,
KpW-\n-e-hm-c- -Ønepw, BZm-b-h¿≤-\-hnepw hnπ-h-I-c-amb t\XrXzw \¬Ip-hm≥ \qX-\-Irjn
k{º-Zmbw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ I¿j-I-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bmbn-˛Hcp I¨tkm¿jyw (F I¨tkm¿jyw t^m¿
{Sm≥kvs^¿ta-j≥) cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. Xß-fpsS D]Poh-\-am¿§w Irjn-am-{X-ambn-´p≈
I¨tkm¿jy-Ønse AwK-߃°v, X߃ {]tbm-Kn®v hnPbw hcn® \qX-\hpw ÿmbnbmbXp-amb
Im¿jnI \n]p-W-Xbv°v th≠ ]cn-io-e\w Cu I¨tkm¿jyw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu
I¨tkm¿jyØns‚ A≤y£ tIcf Irjn hIp-∏p-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
(xviii) Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc A`n-hr-≤n-bv°mbn Hcp I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime ÿm]n-°p-I
temI-hym-]mc cwKØv h∂-ptN¿∂ DZm-c-hXvI-cWw Df-hm-°nb Hcp apJy {]Xn-^-e\w, Irjn
taJ-e-bn¬ Fhn-sSbpw hnh-c-Øn-t‚bpw, B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\-Øn-t‚bpw Db¿∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnth-
I-]q¿∆-amb {]tbm-K-Øn\v \¬In hcp∂ {]m[m-\y-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ C°m-eØv hym]m-c-Øn-ep≈
a’cw i‡-am-t°-≠Xv AXym-hiyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v I¿j-I¿°pw, tXm´-Ir-jn-°m¿°pw
F√mw B`y-¥c-˛BtKmf hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n G‰hpw ]pXnb hnh-c-߃ \nc-
¥cw, bYm-Imew FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´, hnti-jn®pw Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS ipNnXzw \n¿∫-‘-am-°p∂ tImUIvkv Fen-sat‚-dn-bkv
t]mep≈ N´-ßfpw, hyh-ÿ-Ifpw F¥mWv F∂ A-dnhv \Ωp-sS I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°-
Ww. KpW-ta-∑, hym]mcw, t]‰‚ v F∂n-h-bn¬ km£-c-Xbpw I¿j-I-P-\-k-am-\y-Øns‚ CS-bn¬
km¿∆-{Xn-I-ambn {]Nm-c-Øn¬ hc-Ww. tIc-f-Ønse Hmtcm Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-Ønepw AØ-c-Ønep≈
Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc hn⁄m-\hpw, hnh-chpw B¿÷n-°p∂hcp-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ahsc XßfpsS
Ah-Im-iß-tfbpw A[n-Im-cß-tfbpw ]‰n t_m[-ap≈hcm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ˛Adn-hneqsS
i‡-cm-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
ta¬-]-d \n¿t±-i-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ I¿j-I¿°p-th≠ hn⁄m-\hpw, Irjn-°m-cy-Ønep≈
ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ß-fpw, tU‰ C≥]p´pw \¬Ip-hm≥ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ hnhc-˛Bib
hn\n-ab kmt-Xn-I-hnZymcwKsØ hnπ-h-I-c-amb apt∂-‰-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmSv IqSnb Irjnbpw,
Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-chpw BWv 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse kp{]-[m-\-amb ÿm]\w F∂ Ah-t_m-[-tØmsS
apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn-\mbn Hcp I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime ÿm]n-°p-∂ Imcyw
hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. Iºyq-´-dns‚ {]tbmP-\-tØmsS, C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ hn]p-e-amb kuI-cy߃IqSn
kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v, l∫pw kvt]m°pw tN¿∂p-{]-h¿Øn-°p∂ amXr-I-bn¬ Cu k¿∆-
I-em-im-e-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w CW°n tN¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. "l∫v'(tI-{µw) Bbn tIcf k¿∆-I-em-imebpw
"kvt]m°p'Ifmbn Hmtcm Pn√-bnse tI{µ-ßfpw {]h¿Øn-°-Ww. l∫pw, kvt]m°p-Ifpw
sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-tfmSpw, kaql tdUntbm tÃj-\p-I-tfmSpw _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ
Bh-iyhpw {]k-‡-hp-amb hnh-c-߃ Hmtcm {]`m-X-Øn-epw F√m I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-epw -
sNs∂Øp∂-Xm-Wv. \n¿±n-jvS-amb Cu I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS Hcp IcSp cq]-tcJ tIcf
k¿∆-I-em-ime Xøm-dm°n Ign-n-´p-≠v. CXv Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ c≠mw-`m-K-Øn¬ A\p-_-‘-ambn
tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.
Im¿jn-I-˛-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p≈ I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS ^e-{]m-]yX ({]-tXyI ka-b-Ime-ß-fn¬)
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-hp-ambn hfsc ASpØv _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ B[n-
Im-cn-I-X-bp≈ hnh-c-ßfpw, Ah-bpsS Imen-I-{]m-[m-\yhpw KpW-ta-∑-tbbpw B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-
∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v ASn-kvYm\- hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂h¿, hnh-c-kr-jvSm-°-ƒ, sF.-
F-kv.-B¿.-H., sF.-Fw.Un., tIcf k¿∆-I-em-im-e, As]-Um, F≥.-Un.-Un.-_n., F≥.-F-®v.-Un.-_n., ItΩm-

Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ, Irjn, hmWn-Pyw, hntZ-i-hym-]mcw F∂n-h-bpsS tI{µ-a-{¥m-e-b-߃, C¥y≥
Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ dntk¿®v, kn.-F-kv.-sF.-B¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ÿm]\ {]Xn-\n-
[n-I-ƒ, ASn-ÿm\ hnh-cm¿∞n-I-fm-bn-´p≈ I¿jI IpSpw-_-߃, tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿,
h\n-Xm-kw-L-߃, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, hyh-km-bn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw, ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßfpsS
amt\-Pvsa‚ v P\-a-≤y-Øn-se-Øn-°p∂ sF.-kn.-‰n.-hn-Z-Kv[-∑m¿, am[y-a-߃, FIvÃ≥j≥ kvs]jyen-Ãp-Iƒ
F∂n-h-cpw IqSmsX \bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cmb k¿°m¿ sk{I-´-dn-am¿, D]m-≤y£≥ (I-
Ωn-j-s‚) kwÿm\ Bkq-{X-W-t_m¿Uv D]m≤y£≥ F∂n-hcpw bp.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-t]m-ep≈ a‰p [\-
Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Hcp-an®v IqSp∂ Hcp s{_bn≥t{Ãm-anwKv h¿°vtjm∏v hnfn-®p-
Iq-´p-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu h¿°vtjm∏n¬ Hcp _nkn-\ v πm\n\v A¥n-a-cq]w \¬I-Ww. Im¿jn-
I-˛-hym-]mc I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS DXvLm-S\w 2003 P\p-hcn 26-˛\v tIcfm apJy-a{¥n \n¿∆ln-®p.
DXv]m-Z-Icpw, hym]m-cn-I-fpw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cpw, D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpw, hn⁄m-\-hn-h-c-߃ B¿÷n®v
i‡-cmIphm≥ F{X t\ctØ Xs∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂pthm, A{Xbpw thK-Øn¬ hfsc
i‡-amb Hcp Im¿jnI hym]mc kpc-£m-hy-h-ÿsb AXns‚ bYm-ÿm-\Øv {]Xn-jvTn-°m≥ \ap°v
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.

qtdm _ney≥
Irjn-bv°p≈ samØw klmbw
400
350
347
343
300
250
a‰p-≈-h¿
275
200
150
100
P∏m≥
50
0
bp.-F-kv.-G.
bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥
1986-1988 1999-2001 2001
Dd-hnSw : OECD (2002), kmº-Øn-I-k-l-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwL-S\

DXv]m-Z-I\p \evIp∂ klmbw iX-am-\-Øn¬/ samØw Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬
kzn‰vk¿e≠v
t\m¿th
sImdnb
P∏m≥
bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn:
35%
Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ t^m¿ F°tWm: tImHm:
Uh-e∏v:
35%
bp.-F-kv.-F.
25%
sN°v dn_ªnIv
17%
lwKdn
12%
t…mhmIv dn_-ªnIv
11%
t]mf≠v
10%
Hmkvt{S-enb
4%
\yqkn-em≠v
1%
iX-am\w
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Dd-hnSw : OECD (2002), kmº-Øn-I-k-l-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwL-S\
59%
64%
69%
67%

kmº-Øn-I-k-l-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwL-S\ (OECD) cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v e`n-°p∂ icm-i-cn-hn-ebpw ^mwtK-‰n¬
In´p∂ t_m¿U¿ hne-bpsS icm-i-cnbpw 2001
tKmXºv
107
tNmfw
111
t]mƒ{Sn
115
FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ
121
icm-icn
131
am´n-d®n
131
B´n-d®n
155
]m¬
172
]©-kmc
187
Acn
501
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Dd-hnSw : OECD (2002), kmº-Øn-I-k-l-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwL-S\

1.1.0 ]›m-Ø-ehpw IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\hpw
sk£≥ B ]m¿´v 1
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ hni-Z-cq]w
1.1.1.1 temI hym]mc kwL-S\ (WTO) bpsS Bhn¿`mh ]›m-Øew
Km´ns‚ (hym-]m-c-sØbpw, Xmcn-^p-Isfbpw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-I-cmdpIfpsS) DdptKz h´ ktΩf-\-Øn¬
h®v {]kvXpX Icm-dp-I-fn¬ C¥ybpw H∏p hbv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. C¥ybpw a‰p AwKcmPy-ßfpw,
a‰p hkvXp-X-Itfm-sSm-∏w, Xß-fpsS kºZv hyh-ÿ-I-sf, temI hym]mc i‡n-Iƒ°mbn Xpd-
∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Aßs\ _m≤yÿ¿ Bbn Xo¿∂p. DdptKz h´ A\p-cRvP-\-ß-fn¬ BZy-am-bn,
temI hym]mc Icm-dns‚ (WTA) hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Irjn _lp-]-m-fn-Ø-ap≈ hym]mc
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw, 1995 P\p-hcn 1˛-HmSp IqSn temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS Iogn¬ ÿm]\-
h-XvIr-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. temI- hym-]mc Icm-dns‚ (WTA) {]tXyI DS-º-Sn-bmWv Irjn-bpsS
_lp-]-m-fn-Ø-]-c-amb N´-°q-Sp-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CXmWv Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm¿ (AOA) F∂
t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. temI Im¿jnI hym]mc hyhÿ \oXn]q¿∆hpw, hn]W-t\m-∑p-Jhpw B°phm-\pw,
Km´ns‚ \nb-a-ß-fpw, N´-ßfpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-hm\pw aq∂p apJy _m≤y-X-I-fm-Wv
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm¿ (AOA) hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
1. hn]Wn {]m]yX (Market Access): Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw, ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ.
2. B`y-¥c klmbw (Domestic Support): Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-߃°v AXmXv cmPy-߃ I¿j-
I¿°v A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI klm-bhpw, a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw temI-hym-]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂
hn[-Øn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ klm-b-ßsf Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xpw kw_-‘n®v bp‡n-]-c-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃.
3. Ib-‰p-aXn B\p-Iq-ey-߃: Im¿jnI DXv∏∂ßfpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ klmb-ßsf
(k-_vkn-Un-I-sf) hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-embn \o°w sNøp-I.
Hmtcm temI hym]mc Icm-dn˛s‚ (WTA) Iogn¬ hcp∂ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ (AOA)°p
]pd-ta, GXm\pw Nne Icm-dp-Iƒ IqSnbp≈h-bm-Wv, hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-
Imi (TRIPS) hpw, Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS ipNn-Xzhpw AWp-hn-ap-‡-Xbpw kw_-‘n® km\n-´-dn-˛ss^-t‰m
-km-\n-´dn (SPS) hyh-ÿbpw, A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® kmt-XnI XS- -
߃ \o°p-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw, Icm-dp-I-fpw. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ Im¿jnI hym]m-csØ hnhn[
coXn-I-fn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p≠v.
1.1.1.2 tIc-f-Øns‚ ÿnXn
hf-sc-tbsd Nc-°p-hym-]mc/hn]-Wnsb B{i-bn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kºZv hyhÿ
{]IrXym Xs∂ Zu¿_eyap-≈-Xm-I-bm¬, apsºm-cn-°epw A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep≈
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn-eq-sS-bpw, kmº-Øn-I-Ø-I¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw BWv 1990-˛-I-fpsS Ah-km\w apX¬ tIcfw
IS-∂p-s]m-bvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw, Nc-°p-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bn-ep-≠mb Xmßm-
\m-hmØ XI¿®-bmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. 1990-˛-I-fpsS BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-I-s´, Im¿jnIcwKØv D≠mb
DW¿hns‚ ^e-ambn {KmaoW Pohn-X-Øn¬ KWy-amb kar≤n {]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-∂p.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S\ icm-icn tZiob hf¿®m-\n-c-°n¬ \n∂pw
Db¿∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Im¿jnI kmº-ØnIcwKsØ Cu Du¿÷-kz-e-Xbv°v Imc-Ww, Hcp
hi-Øv DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw ssIh-cn® Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏pw ('70-˛I-fnse Hcp
Zo¿L-Ime apc-Sn-∏n-\p-tijw aµ-K-Xn-bn-embn Fn¬ t]mepw), adp-h-iØv an°-hmdpw F√m
Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw hne-bn¬ {ItaW D≠mb h¿≤-\hpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Im¿jnI hyh-kmb
Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ß-fp-sSbpw, Nc-°p-I-b-‰p-a-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bn¬ 1990-˛s‚ a≤ywhsc t`Z-
31

s∏´ Db¿® D≠m-bn. Ign 30 h¿j-°m-esØ Im¿jnI hn`-h-ß-fpsS hne kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-
[n-®m¬ hne-h¿≤\ {]h-WX 1996-˛98 BIp-tºm-tg°pw KXn-thKw IqSn ]mc-ay-Øn¬ FØn-b-Xmbn
ImWmw. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-ti-j-am-I-s´, Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS hne -{I-taW Xmgp-Ibpw apºv '80-
˛-I-fpsS Ah-km-\hpw, '90-˛-I-fpsS BZyhpw A\p-`-h-s∏´ XmW-\n-e-bn-te°v Iq∏p-Ip-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1990-˛-I-fpsS Ah-km\w D≠mb hne-Ø-I¿®-bpsS XpS¿∂p≈ ÿnXn tIc-f-Ønse {KmaoW kº-
ZvL-S-\-bn¬ Zqc-hym-]-I-amb Zpc-¥-^-e-߃ Df-hm-°n. CXns‚ sISp-Xn-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw _m[n-®-Xv.
{]tXy-In®pw, Irjn am{Xw D]-Poh-\-am¿§-am-°nb Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I-sc-bm-Wv. Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS
hne-ØI¿®-aqew D≠mIp∂ kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZvhyhÿ ap≥Im-e-ßfnepw
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ A°m-e-ß-fn¬ Htc kabw Xs∂ F√m-hn[ Im¿jnI DXv∏-
∂-ß-fp-tSbpw hne-bn¬ XI¿® D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´n-√. s]mXpth Nne Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-fpsS hne Ipd-
-t∏mgpw Nne-h-bpsS hne Db¿∂n-cp-∂p. AØ-c-samcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ em`-\-jvSßfpsS hne-t]-ien¬
tIc-f-Øn\v Nne \jvS-]-cn-lmcw In´n F∂p ]d-bmw. Cßs\ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]c kΩn-
{im-hÿaqew Im¿jnIhn]-Wn-bn¬ Nm©m-´-ap-≠m-b-t∏mgpw, kmº-ØnIcwKØv h¿j-ß-tfmfw, Hcp
Icp-X¬ \ne ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ Ign-n-cp-∂p. F∂m-en-t∏m-gsØ hne-Ø-I¿®-bn-em-I-s´, AXns‚ Akm-
[m-cW khn-ti-j-X, an°-hmdpw F√m Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-sfbpw AXv i‡-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw,
B Zpxÿn-Xn°v Hcp am‰hpw C√msX XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂-Xm-Wv. hymh-km-bnI Akw-kvIrX
hkvXp-°-fp-tS-Xm-bmepw, B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p≈h-bp-tS-Xm-bm-epw, Ib-‰p-aXn Nc-°p-I-fp-tS-Xmbmepw
hne-Ø-I¿® `oa-am-bn-cp∂p (]-´nI ImWp-I).
Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS hne-Ø-I¿®aqe-ap-≠mb Xncn-®-Sn-°-p ]p-dsa "Iq\n-t∑¬ Ipcp' F∂t]mse,
tIc-fo-b-cpsS hm߬ Ign-hnepw KWy-amb then-bn-d-°-hpw, \nc-¥-c-amb \mW-b-s∏-cp-∏hpw
(a-µ-K-Xn-bn¬ BsW-n-epw) hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hne°qSp-X-epw, h¿≤n® Irjn-s®ehpw,
]Wn°qen-bpw, s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠mb sh´n-°p-d-bv°epw F√mw IqSn kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kºZvLS-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ine-I-sf-Xs∂ Cf-°n-a-dn-°p-I-bpw, Cu sh√p-hnfn-Isf
t\cn-Sp-hm≥ Im¿jnI cwK-Øn-t\m, Irjnsb am{Xw B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ P\-e-£-߃t°m
Ign-bmØ Hcp Ah-ÿ-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv.
1980-˛-Im-esØ {Ib-˛-hn-{Ib A\p-]mX kqNnI (]m-cn‰n C‚-Ivkv), AXm-bXv I¿j-I-cpsS DXv∏-
∂-߃°v e`n-°p∂ hnebpw D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb km[-\-߃°v I¿j-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnebpw
XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-Xw, 1993-˛te-Xn¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn \n∂n-cp-∂Xv 1990-˛¬ F-Øp-tºmƒ, 1980
Ifn-te-Xn¬ \n∂pw XmWv XmWv 84-˛¬ FØn. AXn-\p-ti-jw, 1991-˛epw, 1992 HgnsI Cu
A\p-]mXw ho≠pw XmWv 2000-˛¬ 70 Bbn-Øo¿∂p. (]-´nI 2 ImWp-I). CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hºn® hne-
Ø-I¿® tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ `qcn-]£w hcp∂ Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-am-°n-bn-´p≈hcpsS
t¢i-߃°v hfsctbsd Imc-W-am-bn. CXn\p ImcWw, _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\p kz¥-am-bn-´p≈ Irjn-
`q-an-bpsS hnkvXrXn ]cn-an-Xhpw, GXm\pw sk‚p-Iƒ am{X-am-sW-∂Xpw Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcpam\w
sIm≠v, hne-bnse AÿncX-t-bbpw IpØ-s\-bp≈ hne-bn-Sn-hn-s\bpw t\cn-Sp-hm≥ Ah¿°p
Ign-bp-∂-X√ F∂-Xp-amWv.
1995-˛\p tijw temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bn¬ C¥y {]th-in-®Xp apX-ep≈ Ime-L-´hpw, tIcf-Øns‚
Im¿jnI kºZv hyh-ÿ C∂p t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘nbpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS apgp-h≥ DØ-c-hm-Znbpw WTO Icm-dp-I-fpsS ^e-am-sW∂v ]dt\m´v/Ipdn∏v
: (I-gn 2 Zi-h¿j-°mew kwÿm-\sØ IrjntaJe-bnse hm¿jnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v Ffnb
coXn-bn¬ Db¿∂v 3.3%hpw, tImºu≠v hm¿jnI hf¿®m \nc°v 2.83% Bbn Db¿∂v icm-icn
tZiob hf¿®m \nc-°mb 3.00%Ønt\mSv ASp-sØØn \n∂n-cp-∂p. '80-˛-I-fnse kwÿm-\sØ
Im¿jnI cwKsØ {]I-S\w, samØw hm¿jnI tImºu≠v hf¿®m \nc°v 3.13% ImgvN-h-®t∏mƒ
'70 Ifn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏´ apc-Sn-∏n¬ \n∂pw Ic-I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ '90-I-fn¬ Hcp
sas√t]m°v D≠m-b-t∏mƒ hm¿jnI tImºu≠v hf¿®m \nc°v 2.52% Bbn Ipd-p. AXv
tZiob hm¿jnI icm-icn hf¿®m \nc-°m-bn-cp∂ 2.23%˛¬ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu amµy-Øn\v
ImcWw `mKn-I-ambn 1990-˛-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ D≠mb Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS IpØ-s\-
bp≈ hne-bn-Sn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn≥ta¬ G¬]n®
BLm-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw tIcfw C\nbpw Ic-I-b-dn-bn-´n-√).
32

p-Iq-Sm. F∂m¬ Ib-‰n- -bnd-°p-a-Xn-I-fpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb XS- -ß-fpw - (QRS), Nne Nc-°p-I-fpsS
Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°p-I-fpsS taep≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw, GXm≠v 1991 apX¬ Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-`n®
DZm-c-h-XvI-cW \b-Øns‚ L-S-\m-]-c-amb {Iao-I-c-W-Øns‚ {]{In-bbpw Xo¿®-bmbpw Irjnsb
{]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v.
Irjn-bpw, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-Whpw ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°p IS-∂p-h-∂-t∏m-gp-
≠mb Hcp {]Xym-LmXw A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn-ep≈ hne-bpsS Aÿ-cn-Xbpw, Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃°v
sR´n-∏n-°p∂ Xnc-®-Snsb t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p F∂-Xm-Wv.
1.1.2.1 Ggv h¿jsØ WTO _‘w
temI- hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂n´v 7 h¿jw Ign-n-cn-°p-∂p. Irjnsb _m[n-°p∂ ]e
Icm-dp-Ifpw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS apJy-e£yw \oXn-
]q¿∆hpw hn]Wn {]m]yX kpJ-Ic-am-b-Xp-amb Hcp hym]mc hyhÿ Bbncps∂-n-epw, BtKmf
hym]mc hyhÿ \nb-{¥-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw h{I-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzX-{¥-am-Ip-sa-∂pw, hym]mccwKsØ
{]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lm-c hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-amWv WTO IS-∂p-h-∂-sX-n-epw ^e-Øn¬ hcpam-\-am¿§-߃
Ipd Zcn{Z I¿j-I-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp `oj-Wn-bm-bpw hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpsS
Im¿jnI kºZvLS-\-Iƒ°v {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn´pw BWv WTO _‘w Cu sNdnb Ime-Øn-\n-Sbn¬
\ap°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂-Xv.
hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS hym]mc Xm¬∏-cy-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-tºmgpw hnI-knX cmPy߃
Xß-fpsS Im¿jnIkºZvvhyh-ÿ-bpsS kpc-£-bv°p-th≠n temI hym]mc kwL-S\ (WTO)
bpsS F√m thZn-I-fpw {]Xn-tcm-[n®p \n¬°m≥ Ch¿ InWp {ian®phcn-I-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw
C¥y≥ tZiob kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ a‰p ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw temI hym]mc kw-L-S-\-bpsS
kzm[o\w IS-∂p-I-bdn AhnsS WTO bpsS \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®p-h-cp-∂p. temI- hym-
]m-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw hºn® tXmXn¬ {]tbm-P-\hpw hym]mccwKØv hn]Wn{]m]yX hf-sc-tbsd kpJIc-am-hp-Ibpw
Aßns\ tZiob hcp-am-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ t{]m’ml-P-\-I-amb
Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv C¥y Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ temI -hym-]m-c-kw-
L-S\ (WTO) bpsS Icm-dp-I-fn¬ H∏p-h-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Ign Ggp-h¿jw temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-
bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂ BtKmf hym]m-c-Øn¬ \ap-°p-≠mb t\´-ß-fpsS ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-
®m¬ \¬I-s∏´ hmKvZm-\-߃ ]men-°-s∏-SmsX \mw I_-fn-∏n°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. \ΩpsS
]°-ep≈ tcJ-I-fpw, hkvXp ÿnXnhnh-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw, A\p-Zn\w h¿≤n-°p∂ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bnepw
A\p-`-h-ß-fnepw Du∂n-bp≈ Kth-j-W-ßfpw, A]-{K-Y-\-ßfpw CXmWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-
W-am-bn, 2001-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb temI -`£y Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-bpsS (FAO) ]T\-Øn¬ 1995-˛98
ImeØv 14 hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, Cu cmPy-ß-fn-te°v \S∂
`£ykm-[-\-ß-fpsS hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS h¿≤-\-hv, Ah-cpsS samØw Im¿jn-tImXv∏∂°b-‰paXnbpsS
hf¿®-tb-°mƒ hfsc aSßv Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv ImWp-hm≥ Ign--Xv.
1990-˛s‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnse temI -hym-]m-c-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-ambn Xm-c-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ 1995-˛\p
tij-ap≈ ImesØ hym]mc ]ptcm-KXn aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. CXn\p ImcWw WTO
Bbmepw As√-nepw, CXn\v WTO bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hp-ambn Imen-I-ambn s]mcp-Ø-ap-≈-Xmbn
ImWmw. IqSmsX hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpw hnI-knX cmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hpamb
im‡nI \ne-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ hnS-hp-Iƒ 7 h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-am-hp-I-bpw,
temI-hym-]mckwL-S-\-bpsS kΩ¿±-Øn¬ hnI-kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-fpsS tZiob \b-ßsfbpw
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmW N´-°q-Sp-Isfbpw i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-I-bpw Ahsc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
Ipdn∏v :
1995-˛96˛se IW-°v {]-Imcw tIc-f-Ønse 55 e£w hy‡n-KX I¿jI-cn¬ (0.02 slIvS-dn¬ Xmsg
`qan-bp-≈-hsc Hgn®p \ndp-Øn-bm¬) 51 e£w (93%) I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw Irjn-`qan \ma-am-{X-hpw Hcp
slIvS-dn¬ Xmsg-bp-am-Wv. CXns‚ icm-icn hnkvXrXn 0.18 slIvS¿ am{X-hpw. CXn-t\mSv Hcp slIvSdn\pw
c≠p slIvS-dn\pw, CS-bn¬ `qan-bp≈ sNdp-InS `qhpS-a-I-tf-°qSn tN¿Øm¬, Cu A\p-
]mXw 98% ambn Dbcpw (A-Xm-b-Xv, 54 e£w `q DSa-I-fp≠v. F∂m-e-h-cpsS ssIh-i-`q-an-bpsS icmicn
hnkvXr-Xn-bm-Is´ 0.23 slIvS¿ am{Xhpw BWv.
33

°p-I-bpw sNdnb hcp-am-\-°mcpw, hcp-am-\-am¿§-߃ Xosc Ipd Zcn{Z Im¿jn-I-P-\- -tIm-Sn-I-fpsS
D]-Po-h-\-sØbpw, \nXy-Po-hn-X-sØbpw, t£a-sØbpw hf-sc-tbsd A]-I-SØn-em-°n-bn-´ps≠∂
Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°an√.
CsXm-s°-bm-sW-n-epw, C¥y Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Ct∏mƒ WTO Icm-dp-I-fpsS
]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ D≈ Nne hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ X߃°p {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn-Øo¿∂-hsb Xncn®v A\p-
Iq-e-am-°p-hm-\p≈ X{X-∏m-Sn-emWv G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. WTO Icm-dp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-k-c-߃ hn\ntbm-Kn®v
t\´w D≠m-°m-\p≈ \ymb-amb ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv hnI-kz-c -cm-Py-ß-fnse B`y-¥c
hn]-Wn-bnse hym]mcw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw, DXv]m-Z\w sshhn-[yh-Xv°-cn-°m\pw D≈ bXv\-߃.
Cu bXv\-߃ hnP-bn-°-W-sa-n¬ WTO I-cm-cp-Iƒ°v B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\w, sXmgn-¬ km≤y-X,
`£yhpw a‰p D]-Po-h\ kpc-£-Iƒ, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI t{kmX- p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS taep≈ bYm¿∞
kzm[o-\w tZiob Xe-Ønepw, kwÿm\ Xe-Ønepw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn A]-{K-Yn®v hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. CØ-c-ap≈ hne-bn-cp-ج Xo¿®-bmbpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb {]Xn-I-c-
W-hpw, Bkq-{Xn-X-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw IqSp-X¬ Xpd-∂-Xpw, \oXn-]q¿∆hpw, Ah-kc Xpey-X-bp-≈-
Xp-amb Hcp hym]mc kml-N-cy-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-te-s°-Øm≥ klm-bn-°pw.
1.1.2.2. tIc-f-Øn¬ kpÿn-c-amb hym]mc kpc-£m-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]m[m\yw
tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-bpsS {it≤-b-amb khn-ti-jX hnhn-[-Xcw kΩn-{i-hn-f-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-
Pyhpw Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ hen-sbmcp ]pw hln-°p-∂-˛-H-t´sd AXn-kq-£va-amb Im¿jnI
]mcnÿnXnI LS-I-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤yhpw D≈ Hcp {]tXyI Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z\ hyh-ÿ-bmWv
tIc-f-Øn\pD≈Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Nc-°p-I-fpsSbpw Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsSbpw
80%˛¬ Gsd-bpw, B`y-¥chpw A¥m-cm-jv{So-b-hp-amb hn]-Wn-Isf BWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
C¥y-bnse samØw tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS 45%hpw tIc-f-amWv DXv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬
20% D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v tXm´-hn-f-IsfbmWm-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. apJy -tXm-´-˛-Ic°rjn hnf-I-fmWv s\√v, ac-
®o-\n, hmg, d∫¿, Im∏n, Gew, tXbn-e, AS-bv°, Iip-h-≠n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, \mfntIcw F∂n-h. Chbn¬
Ipd®p hnf-Iƒ am{X-amWv H‰ hnf-bmbn Irjn sNøp-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw Gdnb hnf-Ifpw
hyXykvX kΩn-{i-˛-an-{i-˛C-S-hnfIfm-bn-´mWv Irjn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tXbn-e, Im∏n, d∫¿, Gew F∂o
\mev apJy -tXm´ hnf-Iƒ°v KWy-amb AXym-ln-X-amWv t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂-Xv.
Aßs\ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-ØnIÿnXn-bn¬ Akm-[mc-W-amb {]Xn-k‘nbp≠m-bn. kapt{ZmXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS
A¥m-cmjv{S hym]mccwKØpw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. 1995 apX¬
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ (AOA) °v A\p-tcm-[-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \ne-hn-em-b-Xn-s\Øp-S¿∂v
Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS hy]mcw DZm-c-h-XvI-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb-tXmSpIqSn tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jntImXv∏-∂߃s°√mw
Ct∂mfw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-´n-√mØ hne-Ø-I¿®-bmWv t\cn-tS≠n h∂-Xv.
(Nn{Xw H∂p t\m°p-I). Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS t¢i-`mcw apgp-h≥ Xmtß-≠n-h-∂Xv hf-sc-°p-d®v
am{Xw `qan-bp≈ I¿j-I-cpw \ma-am-{X-°r-jn-°mcpw BWv. Ch-cmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ {KmaoW
sXmgn¬i‡n -k-º-Øns‚ apJy-`m-Kw. Ch-cpsS D]-Po-h\w Irjn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Itºmf hnesb
B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ (AOA) BtKmf Im¿jnI hym]mccwKØv hcp-Ønb amXr-I-Ifnepw
ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-ß-fnepw D≠m-°nb am‰-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Db¿∂p-h∂ {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-
Sp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ bXv\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-hm-\m-bn, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\bpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kºZv hyh-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-hm\pw
ASn-Ip-dn∏v :
\mfntI-chpw d∫dpw tN¿∂v, GXm≠v samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd ÿeØv IrjnsN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
Iq-SmsX samØw Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ 2/3 `mK-hpw, samØw Im¿jnIhnfbpsS
D]-hn-`m-K-amb \mfntI-c-Øn-s‚bpw d∫-dn-s‚bpw hne-bn¬ \n∂mWv D≠m-hp-∂-Xv. apIfn¬
ImWn-°p∂ Ib-‰p-aXn hnf-Iƒ°v F√mw IqSn samØw Im¿jnIhcp-am-\-Øns‚ \mensem∂p
e`n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ B hnf-Iƒ F√mw IqSn BsI Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 1/10 `m-KØv HXpßn
\n¬°p-∂p.
34

\n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-hm-\p-ambn tUm.- Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥ A≤y-£-\mbn Hcp IΩn-j≥ 2001-˛se
Pqsse 31-˛\v \nb-an-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. (A-\p-_‘w I ImWp-I). CsX XpS¿∂v 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 31-˛\v
IΩn-js‚ ]q¿Æcq]hpw, IΩn-js‚ {i≤ ]Xn-tb≠ {]tXyI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS enÃpw Xocp-am-\n-°s∏´p
(A-\p-_‘w II Im-Wp-I).
k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hn-\p-tijw H´pw sshImsX IΩn-j≥ tUm.-sI.-F≥. iyma-kp-µ-c≥\m-b-cpsS
D]m-≤y-£-X-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®p. IΩn-j\v Bh-iy-amb sk{I-t´-dn-b¬ klmbw \¬In-bXv
tIcf kwkvYm\ Bkq-{XW IΩn-j-\m-Wv. IΩn-j≥ A©p {]mh-iyw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn ktΩfn®p,
N¿®-Iƒ sNbvXp. 2002 \hw-_¿ 6, 7 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ tImh-fØv tN¿∂ A©m-asØ ktΩ-f-\-
Øn¬ h®v dnt∏m¿´n\v Ah-km\ cq]w \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.
dnt∏m¿´n\v c≠p {][m\ `mK-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-hiy-amb
hkvXp ÿnXn hnh-c-߃ tIc-f-Ønse {]Xn-k-‘n°v hnt[-b-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw,
hy‡n-I-fpsSbpw, {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `mKØv \n∂p≈ ÿnXnhnh-c-߃, CS-°me dnt∏m¿´pw,
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ A¥na cq]hpw Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ kzoI-cn® \S-]Sn {Ia-ß-fpamWv hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠masØ
`mK-Øn¬ IΩn-j≥ \ntbm-Kn® h¿°nwKv {Kq∏p-I-fpsS hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw, Ah¿ Xømdm-°nb
{]tXyI ]T\tcJ-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
1.1.3 IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-bpw kao-]-\hpw
1. {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬Xs∂, tIc-f-k¿°m¿ IΩn-js\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Ønb I¿Øhy-ßsf
Bg-hpw hym]vXnbpw hfsc ko¿Æ-am-sW∂v IΩn-j\v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-p.
I¿Øhyw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ IΩnj≥ Xnc-s-SpØ am¿§w. e`y-amb F√m hnZKv[ A`n-
{]m-b-ßfpw tcJ-Ifpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ht´sd IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fpw, N¿®-
I-fpw, s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p t\cn-´p≈ Adn-hp-Ifpw In´p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. IqSmsX hnZ-Kv[-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xøm-dm-°nb \nc-h[n ]T-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb ]e hkvXp-X-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°pIbp-ap-≠m-bn. Ign 16 amk-°mew
IΩn-j≥ 4 km[m-cW tbmK-ßfpw Hcp {]tXyI ktΩ-f-\hpw IqSp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXp-Iq-SmsX
\nc-h[n N¿®-I-fneq-sS-bpw, kº¿°-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw, hn]p-e-amb A`n-{]mb sshhn-[y-Øn-eqsSbpw
Dcp-Xn-cn-p-h∂ Imcy-߃ IΩn-j\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX _‘-s∏´ hnjb-ß-fn¬
hnZ-Kv[-cm-b-h¿, HutZym-KnI `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ, cmjv{Sob I£n {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, I¿jI
kwL-S-\-Iƒ, hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A≤y-£-∑m¿, hnti-jn®p kmt-Xn-IXzw hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-Ø-h¿,
Im¿jnIhnI-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bp-≈-h¿, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ,
ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ, tI{µ- k¿°m-cns‚ hnI-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ hn]p-eamb
Hcp \ncXs∂ IΩnj\v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\pw
klm-bn-®n-´p≠v.
2. hym]m-csØ BsI \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ temI -hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\-
bpsS Bcw` ]›m-Ø-ehpw, AXn¬ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS (AOA) \n¿Æm-b-Iamb
LS-I-ß-fpw, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ temI -hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ sNep-
Øp∂ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o-\-hpw, hninjy tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS taep≈
kΩ¿±-ßfpw, hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ N¿®-I-fpsS tcJ-Ifpw IΩn-j≥ Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu
N¿®m-tc-J-Iƒ°v A\p-_-‘-ambn hnh-c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\v {]ivt\m-Ø-cn-Iƒ ]e¿°pw Ab-®psIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
WTO bm¬ \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂ temI- hym-]m-c-ta-J-esb∏‰n s]mXpsh-bp≈
hkvXp-X-I-tf-bpw, Hmtcmtcm {]tXyI DXv∏-∂-Øns‚ taJ-e-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cß-fpw,
Bi-b-ß-fpw, A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw AS-ßnb hkvXp ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw CtXmsSm∏w
kam-l-cn-®p. N¿®m-hn-j-b-ßfpw, {]k-‡-amb {]ivt\m-Ø-cn-Ifpw hn]p-e-ambn Xs∂
k¿°p-te‰p sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. IΩn-j≥ kwL-Sn-∏n® \nc-h[n N¿®-I-fnepw, IqSn-bmtem-N-\-I-fn-epw,
]s-Sp-Ø-h¿°p ]pdta kzm`n-{]mbw cq]o-Icn°p∂-Xn\pw Ah {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw k∂≤-cmb Hcp henb hn`m-K-Øns‚ apºnepw IΩn-js‚ {]ivt\m-Ø-cn-Iƒ
35

sNs∂-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fpw tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p≈
temI-k-`m-˛-cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fpw, \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ I£n-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpw
hnhn[ cmjv{Sob I£n-Iƒ \bn-°p∂ I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fpw, I¿j-I-cpw,
kwÿm-\sØ h¿Ø-am-\-]-{X-ß-fpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-∑-cmcpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
F∂m¬ {]ivt\m-Ø-cnbpw, a‰p tcJ-Ifpw e`n® Ch-cn¬ an°-bm-fp-Ifpw AhcpsS
{]Xn-IcWw Adn-bn-°m≥ Iq´m-°n-bn√ F∂ hkvXpX FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. GXmbmepw
IΩn-j≥ hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb ]ªn°v lnb-dnw-Kn¬ A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®pw, Fgp-Xn-Ø∂pw
kwÿm-\sØ apJy In m≥ kwL-\-S-Iƒ kl-I-cn®p F∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ IΩn-j\v
kt¥m-j-ap-≠v.
3. IΩn-js‚ Ime-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \mep-h´w ip]m¿i-Iƒ k¿°m-cn\p ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. (A-\p-
_-‘-߃ 3 apX¬ 6 hsc ImWp-I). Cu dnt∏m¿´p-I-fnse ip]m¿I-fn-t∑¬, A∏-t∏mƒXs∂
A\p-tbm-Py-amb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw tIcf k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn®p F∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
1.1.4 IΩn-j≥ tbmK-߃
1.1.4.1 Xe-]p-I N¿®-Iƒ 2001 BKÃv 25-˛26 (Brain Storming Consultation)
IΩn-js‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw Xma-kn-bmsX (ap-gp-h≥ IΩn-j-\w-K-ßfpw \nb-an-X-cmIpw
apºv) s{]m^. Fw.-Fkv. kzman-\m-Ys‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ 2001 BKÃv 25, 26 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cØv Hcp ZznZn\ s{_bn≥ t{ÃmanwKv N¿®m ktΩ-f\w k¿°m¿ hnfn-®p-Iq-´n.
temI- hym-]mc Icm-dns‚ (WTA) kzm[o\w GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v Xncn-
®-dn-bp-I-bpw, kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S-\sb Ah Fßns\ _m[n-°p∂p F∂v s]mXpthbpw,
(AOA) Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F{X Bg-Ønepw hym]vXn-bnepw BWv tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-sbbpw
A\p-_‘ taJ-e-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-∂pw, Irjnsb B{i-bn®p D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp∂ hensbmcp
P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ PohnXkpc-£bv°p Ah F{X-am{Xw `oj-Wnbmbn-cp∂p F∂pw hne-bn-cp-
ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu N¿®m ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ {][m\ e£yw. Irjn-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-Xm¬]-
cy-ap≈ tbmK-Øn¬ ]sSpØ-hsc hnhn[ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v Ah-bp-ambn ktΩ-f-\m-≤y-£≥
hn]p-e-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu N¿®-I-fn¬, I¿j-I¿°p-]p-d-sa, ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Uv
{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, \m\m hIp-∏n-sebpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿, k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ GP≥kn-Iƒ,
DXv]m-Z-\w, Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn, apJy Im¿jnIhnf-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bp-≈-h¿, F∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈-hcmbncp∂p
N¿®-bn¬ ]s-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ {]ap-J¿. IΩn-j≥ ]n∂oSv \S-Ønb N¿®m ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬
(A-h-km\ kn‰nw-Kn¬ Hgn-sI) F√mw Xs∂ CØcw Xe-]p-I N¿®-Iƒ hn]p-e-ambn \S-Ø-s∏-´-
Xns‚ ^e-am-bn, tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-fpsS ÿmbn-bmb kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´
F√m hkvXp-X-Ifpw kpÿnc kpc-£-bv°mbn ASn-b-¥n-c-ambpw Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw a‰pw
\mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-Isf∏‰n hy‡-amb Adnhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip∂ hn]p-e-am-sbmcp
ho£-W-amWv IΩn-j\v e`n-®-Xv.
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS ta¬ WTO sNep-Øp-∂-Xmbn s]mXpth Btcm-
]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzm[o\w F¥m-sW∂pw, IΩn-j≥ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠ apJy-{]-iv\-ß-fpsS ap≥K-W-
\m-{Iaw F¥m-sW∂pw Adn-bp-hm-\pw, _lp-P-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ Ch-sb-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb [mcW D≠m-
°p-hm\pw Cu N¿®m ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v Ign-p. s{_bn≥ tÃmanwKv UnkvI-j-\n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øph∂
A≤y-£s‚ \nco-£-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S-\-bpsS hnhn[ D]-hn-`m-
K-ß-fn¬ {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ DXv∏-∂-ß-sf-∏‰n Adnhpw, hnZKv[ ]cn-io-e-\hpw kn≤n® 10
AwK-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp IΩn-js\ \nb-an-°p-hm≥ k¿°m¿ ap≥ssI FSp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
1.1.4.2 IΩn-js‚ BZy kn‰nw-Kv-˛2001 HIvtSm-_¿-˛9-˛\v
1. IΩn-js‚ apgpAwK BZy ktΩ-f\w 2001 HIvtSm-_¿ 9˛\v tImgn-t°mSv tN¿∂p. IΩn-j≥
AwK-߃°p ]pd-ta, ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Un-s‚bpw _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpw,
36

arK-kw-c-£-Ww, kap-t{ZmXv∏∂ hIp∏v F∂n-h-bpsS GP≥kn-Ifpw N¿®-bn¬ ]s-Sp-Øp.
IΩn-js‚ Ah-Km-V-amb A]-{K-Y\w th≠-Xmb H≥]Xv taJ-e-Ifpw Im¿jnI hn`-h-ßfpw
th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw, ]pXnb hym]mc ]cnXÿnXn-I-fp-b¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sfbpw AtXmsSm∏w
Ah hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Ahsb ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mfntI-chpw
d∫dpw ASn-b-¥nc {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-t°≠ hnf-I-fm-sW∂v t_m≤y-am-bn. IΩn-js\ \nb-an-®psIm-≠p≈
DØ-c-hn¬, Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSbpw kwL-S-\-
I-fp-tSbpw hnZ-Kv[-c-S-ßnb SmkvIv t^m-gvkpIsf \nb-an®v {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m≥ IΩn-js\ Npa-
X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v H≥]Xv SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v Hmtcm-∂n\pw,
Hmtcm A≤y-£s‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ssIImcyw sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´p sNøphm≥
\ntbm-Kn-®p. F∂m¬ F√m SmkvIv t^mgvkpIƒ°pw IΩn-j≥ B{K-ln-®-Xp-t]mse
{]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. AXn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ hnZKv[cmbhsc
I≠p-]nSn®v Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw th≠ klm-b-߃ kzoI-cn-®p, AXns‚ ^e-ambn Nne
kp{]-[m\ taJ-e-I-fn¬ shfn®w e`n-°p-I-bpw, IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø\w kpJ-Ic-am-°m≥ klmbn-°p∂
tcJ-Iƒ Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw kam-l-cn-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp.
2. tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z\ IΩn-j-W-dpsS {]tXyI A`y¿∞-\-b-\p-k-cn-®pw,
tIcfw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n IW-°n-se-SpØpw {lkz-amb Hcp ASn-b-¥nc CS-
°me dnt∏m¿´v ap-Jy-a-{¥n°v IΩn-j≥ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. 2001 \hw-_-dn¬ tZml-bn¬ \S-°p∂
temI -hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS an\n-Ão-cn-b¬ Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬, C¥y Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠
tZiob ]cn-]mSn (National Agenda) F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ F√m kwÿm\
apJy-a-{¥n-am-cpsS-bpw, tI{µ-a-{¥n-am-cp-sSbpw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ ]s-Sp-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bmbn-cp∂
tIcf apJy-a-{¥n°p IΩnj≥ ka¿∏n® \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw (2002 HIvtSm-
_¿ 2˛-\v) A\p-_-‘-ambn Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ tN¿Øn-´p≠v (A-\p-_‘w IV ImWp-I).
1.1.4.3 2001 \hw-_¿ 23-˛se tbmKw (kn-‰nwKv)
1. IΩn-js‚ c≠m-asØ tbmKw 2001-˛-\hw. 26-˛\v I¬∏-‰-bnse tUm.- Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥
dnk¿®v ^ut≠-js‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂, Im¿jnI ssPh sshhn[y tI{µ-Øn¬ h®p
\S-∂p. kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jn-tImXv]m-Z\ hyhÿ sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw, Im¿jntImXv∏-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw
kap-t{ZmXv∏-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ Db¿∂p h∂n-´p≈ {]iv\-
ß-sf]‰nbpw Btem-Nn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tbmK-Øns‚ apJy AP≠. Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-߃°p
]pdta arK-k-º-Øv, £ocw, amwkw, ap´, Iip-h≠n F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw tbmKw ]cym-tem-Nn-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu taJ-e-I-fnse {]iv\-ßsf Ah-Km-l-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-]-cnlm-c-Øn\v
Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃°v cq]w \¬Ip-hm-\p-ambn SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ cq]o-
I-cn-°p-hm\pw tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p. kwÿm\ \mfntIc hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-js‚ ap≥ A≤y-
£≥ tUm.- ]n. cØn-\-Øns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn-ep≈ SmkIv t^m-gvkns‚ dnt∏m¿´v N¿® sNbvXp.
{]kvXpX dnt∏m¿´v hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®p th≠ ip]m¿i-Iƒ k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-
bv°mbn hbv°p-hm≥ Hcp D]-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. SmkvIv t^mgvkv AwKw
tUm. tPm¨ Ipcy≥ temI-hym-]mc Icm-dns‚ (WTA) kzm[o\w a’y-hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bn¬
D≠m-°nb {]Xym-Lm-XsØ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ ]T\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn¬, tIc-f-Øns‚ a’yhym-]mc
hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ (WTA) Icm-dp-I-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cnp h∂n-
´p≈ bYm¿∞ km[y-X-IfpsS ]p\ch-tem-I\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse hb-\mSv Pn√bnse
Im∏n-bp-tSbpw, a‰p tXm´-hn-f-I-fp-tSbpw G‰hpw henb DXv]m-Z-I-\pw, kwÿm-\sØ
Kncn-h¿§ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ A[nIw hcp∂ P\-X-bpsS hmk-tI-{µ-hp-amb hb-
\mSv Pn√-bnse I¬∏-‰-bn-emWv Cu tbmKw tN¿∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu Ah-kcw hn\n-tbm-
Kn-®p-sIm≠,v IΩn-j≥ kmaq-ln-I-ambn G‰hpw ]nt∂m-°hpw AtX-k-abw kmº-Øn-I-ambn
37

kº-∂-hp-amb Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ÿmbo-`m-h-ap≈ Hcp Im¿jnIhyh-ÿ sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v
sh√p-hn-fn-bmb hkvXp-X-Isf∏‰n hni-Z-amb N¿®-I-fmWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. {io. Fw.-]n. k\-XvIpam¿
A≤y-£-\pw Hcp Iq´w imkv{X-⁄-∑mcpw hnZ-Kv[≥am-cpw I¿j-I-cpw, ]uc-h-Imi
AtXm-dn-‰n-Ifpw AwK-ß-fp-ambn Hcp Pn√m-Xe hnZKv[ kanXn hb-\m-Sns‚ ka{K Im¿jnI
hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ IΩn-js‚ apºn¬ hbv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
2. {]Xn-hn[n \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-XmWv F∂-Xn-\mepw, AØcw \S-]-Sn-
°m-h-iy-amb kmº-Øn-I-amb ]n¥pW Bhiy-am-b-Xn-\m-epw, 2002-˛03 kmº-ØnIh¿jsØ
kwÿm\ _UvP-‰n¬ [\-k-lm-b-Øn\v hI-sIm-≈n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, IΩn-j≥ Hcp Iq´w CS-
°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ 2002 s^{_p-hcn 26-˛\v k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-K-W-\bv°pw, _UvP‰v s{]mhnj\pw
Bbn ka¿∏n-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn kwÿm\ Kh¿Æ-dpsS \b-{]-Jym-]\ {]kw-K-Øn¬
Cu hnI-k\ ]≤Xn {]Xn-^-en-°p-Ibp≠m-bn.
1.1.4.4. aq∂mw kn‰nw-Kv-˛2002 Pqembv 18-˛19
1. IΩn-js‚ aq∂m-asØ tbmKw 2002 Pqssebv 18, 19 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv tN¿∂p.
CXn¬ hnhn[ dnt∏m¿´p-I-fpsS hymJym-\-k-ta-X-ap≈ Hcp IcSp cq]-tcJsb ]cn-tim-[n-®v ]p\-c-htem-I\w
\S-Øn. d∫¿, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, ssPh-Ir-jn, kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃, tXbn-e, Im∏n, IqSmsX am[y-a߃,
_u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi \nb-a-߃ (IPR), ssPh-ssh-hn[yw, Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰paXn,
kwkvI-cW (Processing) taJe F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]Tn-°m≥ \nbp-‡-cmb SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ
Ah-X-cn-∏n® dnt∏m¿´p-I-fmWv N¿®m-hn-t[-b-am-b-Xv.
Ah-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p:
d∫¿ DXv]m-Z\ IΩn-j-W¿ tUm.-F.-sI. IrjvW-Ip-am¿ d∫¿ t_m¿Uv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
°p∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fpw, WTO Icm¿ hyhÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v d∫¿ taJ-ebv°v e`y-am-bn-
´p≈ Ah-k-c-ßfpw kw_-‘n® dnt∏m¿´v h®p. kwÿm\ kvss]kkv (kp-K-‘{Z-hy -˛hyRvP\)
t_m¿Uns‚ ap≥ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv Ub-d-IvS¿ tUm.-kn.-sI. tPm¿÷ v (C-t∏mƒ
ssPthmXv∏∂ Ib-‰p-aXn Unhn-j-t‚-bpw, ]ocp-taSv hnI-k\ kan-Xn-bp-tSbpw D]-tZ-jvSm-hv)
tIc-f-Øn¬ ssPh-Irjn k{º-Zmbw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hºn® km≤y-X-Iƒ, t\´ßƒ,
]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v Xøm-dm-°nb dnt∏m¿´pw CXn-sem-∂mWv.
C¥y≥ Im¿jnI Kth-jW Iu¨kn-ens‚ (ICAR) ap≥ Akn. Ub-d-IvS¿ P\-d¬ tUm.
Fkv. _me-chn _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi (IPR) tØbpw, ssPh sshhn-[y-tØbpw kw_-‘n-
®p≈ dnt∏m¿´pw, 38 Xn∏-enbpw a‰p kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fpsSbpw Imcy-߃ AS-ßnb tUm.
sI.-hn. ]o‰-dns‚ dnt∏m¿´pw Ah-tem-I\w sNø-s∏-´p.
am[y-a-cw-KsØ {]iv\-ßsf∏‰n ]Tn®v ip]m¿i- sNøm≥ \nbp-‡-bmb SmkvIv t^mgvkwKw
tUm. ]m¿∆Xn tat\ms‚ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw, tIcf Irjn hIp∏v sk{I-´dn {io. kn.-F-kv. {io\nhm-k≥
(I-Ωn-j-\w-Kw) Im¿jn-tImXv∏∂ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-t{]m-k-knwKv tkmWp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-hpw, km≤y-X-I-fpw, ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ dnt∏m¿´pw Cu kn‰nw-
Kn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-´p.
2. ssPh-Ir-jnsb kw_-‘n®v ]d-m¬ Cu taJe kwÿm-\-Øn\pw C¥ybv°m-sIbpw ]pXnb
hym]mc km≤y-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ H∂m-sW-∂mWv IΩn-j\v tXm∂p-∂-Xv.
A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-c-cw-KsØ {]h-W-X-Isfbpw, Cu cwK-hp-ambn Uªyq.-Sn.-H.bv°p≈ _‘ßsfbpw
]‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-p-sIm≠v Hcp tZiob ssPh-
Im¿jnI C≥Ãn-‰yq´v tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v tIcf k¿°m-cn-t\mSv IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-
∂p-. AXp-t]mse A¥m-cm-jv{S-hym-]m-csØ Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-amb Adnhp t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn
Hcp Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e (Virtual University)-ÿm-]n-°-W-sa∂pw ip]m¿i sNøm≥ Cu tbmKw
Xocp-am-\n-®p.
3. 2002 Pqembv 20 \v \S∂ aq∂mw kn‰nw-Kn-\p-tijw IΩn-js‚ aq∂mw CS-°me dnt∏m¿´pw
ip]m¿i-Ifpw k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-®p. (A-\p-_‘w 6 ImWp-I)
38

1.1.4.5 \memw kn‰nw-Kv(2002 sk]vX: 11)
2003˛¬ saIvkn-t°m-bnse Im≥Iq-Wn¬ IqSp-hm≥t]m-Ip∂ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS an\n-Ão-cn-bn¬Xe
ktΩ-f\w tNcp-tºmƒ AXn¬ ]s-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v C¥y-bpsS ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xmbn-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬
AXn-\p-ap-ºmbn Uªyq.-Sn.-H. Icm-dp-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X-sbbpw
a‰-\p-_‘ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F¥m-sW∂v tI{µ-k¿°m-cns\
Adn-bn-°p-hm-\pw [mc-W-bn-te¿s∏-Sp-hm\pw Bbn IΩn-js‚ ho£-W-߃ tIcf k¿°m-cn\v \¬Iphm≥
Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xns\ XpS¿∂v IΩn-j≥ 2002 sk]vXw. 11 \v Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse Bep-h-bn¬
tbmKw tN¿∂p. Cu tbmK-Øn¬ IΩn-j-\nse AwK-߃°p ]pd-sa, d∫¿ t_m¿Uns‚ d∫¿ s{]mU-
£≥ IΩn-j-W¿, \mfn-tIc hnI-k\ t_m¿Uns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿, Ib¿ t_m¿Uns‚ sNb¿ t]gvk¨,
kap-t{Zm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn t{]m’m-l-\-˛-hn-I-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS sNb¿t]-gvk¨, tIcf
At{Km-˛-sa-jn-\dn tIm¿∏-td-j≥ sk{I-´-dn, kvss]kkv t_m¿Uv {]Xn-\n-[n, a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fnse
D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ F∂n-hcpw ]s-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. tbmK-Øn¬, Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS \nb-{¥-W-
Øn¬ C∂p≈ hn]Wn {]m]y-X-bpsS {]iv\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\pw, hn]-Wnsb kw_-‘n® Imcy߃
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw, Bh-iy-amb N´-°qSv F¥m-sW-∂pw C¥y Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bn¬ AwK-am-b-
Xn-\p-tijw Fßs\ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS Icp-X¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-sa∂pw hy‡-am-
°p∂ t]∏-dp-Iƒ IΩn-j≥ hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CXp-Iq-SmsX Hmtcm hnf- -bp-sSbpw DXv∏-∂-Øns‚bpw
khn-tij {]iv\-ß-fn-t∑¬ ^e-{]-Z-amb N¿®-Iƒ GtIm-]n-°p-∂Xv kpIc-am-°m≥ Hcp
{]ivt\m-Ø-cnbpw hnX-cWw sNbvXp. tIc-f-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-hn-f-I-fm-b hnti-jn-®pw, \mfn-tI-cw,
d∫¿, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Im∏n, tXbn-e, Gew F∂n-hsb]‰n-bp≈Xmbn-cp∂p {]kvXpX {]ivt\m-Ø-cn.
Hmtcm hnf-sbbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-hm≥ AXm-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Unt\m-SmWv
Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ImcWw Ah-cmWv tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-ßfnepw
apI-fn¬∏d hnf-Isf kw_-‘n® F.-H.-F. bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fnepw a‰pw tI{µ-k¿°m-cns\
D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cn¬\n∂pw hne-tb-dnb Bi-b-ß-fpw, hnh-c-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw IΩn-j\v e`n-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aßs\ Hmtcmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\ -k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ho£-W-ßsf
]c-kv]cw tIm¿Øn-W-°p-hm≥ Cu \n¿t±-i-߃ hfsctbsd klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. CXp-Iq-SmsX tIc-f-
Ønse I¿j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-߃ AS-ßnb taJ-e-Ifpw, kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jnI
kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbpw, tI{µ- k¿°m-cns‚ Im¿jn-I-\-bhpw XΩn¬ CW-°n-t®¿°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßfpw
Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw tI{µ-Øn-s‚bpw \ne-]m-Sp-Isf GI-e-£y-
Øn-te°v tI{µo-I-cn-®m¬ am{Xta kwÿm-\sØ I¿j-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-ß-sf, hnti-jn®pw AhcpsS
D]-Po-h\ kpc-£-bv°p≈ am¿§-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m\m-hp-I-bp-≈q. AXn\m¬ hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX
kp-JI-c-am-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw IΩn-js‚ \memw CS-°me dnt∏m¿´n¬ k¿°mcn\v
ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. (A-\p-_‘w 7 ImWpI)
hn]Wn {]m]y-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v IΩn-j≥ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpw, tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ kPo-h
-]-cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂Xpamb {]iv\-߃ Xmsg-°m-Wp∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p.
* Xmcn^p Npa-ج
* Im¿jnI DXv∏∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXnbpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃(Iyq.-B¿.-F-kv.)
* _u≠v \nc-°p-I-ƒ
* Ib-‰p-aXn DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS ipNn-XzsØ kw_-‘n® km\n-´dn ss^t‰mkm\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Ifp-b¿Øp∂
{]iv\-߃
* temI- hym-]mcw kw_-‘n® Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ab¬cm-Py-ßfp-ambn hnti-jn®pw {ioe--bp-ambn
kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp s]mXp-\n-e-]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-I. C¥ym-˛-{io-e d_¿ DXv∏m-Z-I-cpsS
Hcp Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.
tIcfØn¬ Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃°v hn]Wn{]m]yX kpI-c-am-°m≥ Irjnsb kw_-‘n®
Icm-dn¬ (F.-H.F) -am-‰-߃ hcp-Øp-hm≥ ]c-am-h[n {ian°ptºmƒ Xs∂,- tI-c-fw, DXv]mZ-\-£-a-X,
KpW-\n-e-hmc aqey-h¿≤-\-hv, DXv]mZ\s®ehv Ipd-bv°¬, DXv∏∂ sshhn-[y-h-XvI-cWw, AXn-\q-X-
\-amb aqey-h¿≤\ (AtXm-sSm∏w hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw ]pXnb imkv{X-k-t-߃ Xnc-s-Sp-°pI)
39

F∂o X{¥-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah Xo¿®-bmbpw tIc-f-Øns‚ hn]-Wn-bnse am’-cy-ti-jn°v
aq¿®-Iq-´p-I-Xs∂ sNøpw. AXp-t]mse kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jnItaJ-e-bn¬\n∂pw hninjym tXm´hn-f-I-fnepw
arK-kw-c-£-Ww, kap-t{Zm-Xv∏∂-߃ F∂o cwK-ß-fnse ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw \m´n¬
kº-Zvk-ar≤n ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bpw. Fnepw apI-fn¬ ]d B`y-¥c hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
sIm≠p-am{Xw F√mw XnIp F∂ Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXn-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-
∂n-√.
1.1.4.6 A©m-a-sØbpw Ahkm\-sØbpw tbmKw 2002 \hw.6-˛7
IΩn-js‚ 5˛mw sØbpw(A-h-km-\)-tbmKw 2002 \hw. 6.7 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv tImhfØv
tN¿∂p. IΩn-js‚ sk{It-´-dn-b‰v Xøm-dm-°nb \nK-a-\-ß-fpsSbpw ip]m¿i-I-fp-sSbpw Ic-Spcq-]-Øn-t∑¬
tbmKw hni-Z-amb N¿® \S-Øn. \nK-a-\-ß-sfbpw ip]m¿iI-sfbpw ho≠pw hnI-kn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IΩn-js‚ hnhn[ ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cnp h∂n-´p≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpw, \nco-
£-W-ß-fpw, ]T-\-ß-fpw, SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ aptºm-´p-h® hnh-c-ßfpw, \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw, kwÿm\w
t\cn-Sp∂ hnhn[ Im¿jnI{]iv\-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-tbsd Xmev]-cy-ap≈ \nc-h[n hn`m-K-am-fp-I-fpw, C∂sØ
{]Xn-k-‘n°v t\cn´v hnt[-b-cm-b-h-cp-ambn IΩn-j≥ \S-Ønb hn]p-e-amb N¿®-I-fpw, A]-{K-Yn®pw
GI{X k©n-X-am-°n-bp-amWv hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃°v kar≤n ssIhcn-°m≥
kzoI-cn-t°≠ GI-am¿§w Im¿jnI hym]mcw BsW∂v Xncn-®-dn-p-sIm≠v kwÿm-\-
Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿsI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv Im¿jn-Ihym-]mcw
BsW∂v Xncn-®-dn-psIm≠v kwÿm-\-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb Hcp Im¿jnI DXv∏m-Z\- hyh-ÿ
sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv Im¿jnI hym]mc hyh-ÿbpw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm≥ Xo¿®bmbpw
km[n-°p-∂-XmWv F∂ hnizm-k-Øn-emWv IΩn-j≥ AXns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ F√mw hn`m-h\
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ s]mXpsh \mep hn]p-e-amb hn`m-K-ß-fn¬
s]Sp-∂p.
1) 2003˛¬ saIvkn-t°m-bnse Im≥Iq-Wn¬ \S-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. an\n-Ão-cn-b¬Xe
ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-°p-Ibpw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNtø≠ Imcy-߃.
2) tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬, hnti-jn®pw tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ CSs]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS ]cn-lmcw ImtW≠
Imcy-߃.
3) kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø\w Bh-iyamb Imcy-߃.
4) tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-°m¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, `£y-kw-kvI-c-Ww, hn]-W\w F∂n-h-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂-h¿, Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃ Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂-h¿ XpSßn {]Xn-k‘n _m[n-X-cm-b-hcp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßfpw IΩn-js‚ an° \nK-a-\-ßfpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw hen-sbmcp P\-
k-aq-lsØ _m[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ah Im¿jnItaJ-esb BsI ka-{K-ambn kw_-‘n-°p-
∂Xpw BWv. F∂m¬ Nne \nK-a-\-ßfpw ip]m-¿-i-Ifpw BIs´ GsX-nepw Hcp {]tXyI
hnf-tb-tbm, DXv∏-∂-tØtbm am{Xw kw_-‘n-®-hbpw BWv. ip]m¿i-I-fpsS IcSv IΩnjs‚
A≤y-£≥ A¥n-a-cq]w \¬I-W-sa-∂pw, Unkw_¿ BZy-Øn-Øn-\Iw IΩn-j≥ AwK߃°n-S-bn¬
A`n-{]m-b-߃°mbn k¿°p-te‰p sNø-W-sa∂pw D≈ \n¿t±iw AwK-߃
F√mw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® temI- hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\(Uªyq.-
Sn.-H.) bpambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃, Ah kwÿm-\-Øn-\p-am{Xw khn-ti-j-am-b-h-b-√, tZiob
am\-ap-≈hIqSn-bm-sW∂pw Ccp k¿°m-cp-Ifpw Ahsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠-h-bm-sW∂pw
Adn-p-sIm≠v ASp-Øp-h-cp∂ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS Im≥Iq¨ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s-Sp-°m≥
k÷-am-Ip∂ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns\ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ DX-Ip∂hn[-Øn¬ Hcp tZiob N¿® (-Iq-
Sn-bm-tem-N-\) 2003 \hw-_¿ a≤y-Øn¬ \S-Øp-hm≥ BWv tI{µ k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-
Xv. AXn-\m¬ IΩn-js‚ \nK-a-\-ßfpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn tIcf k¿°m-cn\v
ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ A≤y-£s\ tbmKw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv IΩn-js‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpw ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-Ifpw tIcf k¿°m-cn\v bYm-Imew th≠{X ]cym-tem-N-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°n-b-tijw
tZiob N¿®mthZn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kuI-cy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
40

1.2 amc-t°jv apX¬ tZml-hsc; Uªyq.-Sn.-F. bpsS kzm[o\w
1. temI -hym-]m-c -I-cm-dns‚ (Uªyq.-Sn.F.)1994 se amc-t°jv ktΩ-f-\-Øn\pw 2001 se tZml
3˛mw h´ a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn\pw CS-bn¬ 7 h¿jw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. Fnepw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI
kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsStaep≈ temI -hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\ (Uªyq.-Sn.-H.) bpsS kzm[o\w F{X-am{Xw
BsW∂v Adn-bp-hm≥ ka-{Khpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-hp-amb A]-{K-Y\w \SØp∂-Xn\v Imcy-amb {ia߃
Ipd-®p-am-{Xta \S-∂n-´p-≈q. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnhn[
{]iv\-ßfpw Ah F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambpw A\p-Iq-e-ambpw tIc-fsØ _m[n-°p-∂p- F∂pw, Uªyq.-
Sn.-H. bpamb tZiobXe-Øn-ep≈ kº¿°-߃°v ]tcm-£-ambpw {]Xy-£-hp-ambn tIc-f-hp-am-bp≈
_‘hpw bp‡n-`-{Z-am-sbmcp N´-°q-´n¬\n∂pw At\z-jn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp {ia-amWv Cu `mKw. temIhym-]m-c-
kw-L-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥, Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS A¥m-cm-jv{S- hym-
]m-c-Øns‚ A®S°Øn\v Uªyq.-Sn.-H. A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xp-amb I¿j-
I¿°p≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-bw, hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X, Ib-‰p-aXn t{]m’m-l-\w, km\n-´dn˛ss^-t‰m-km-\n-
´dn \n_-‘-\-Iƒ, hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I-kzØhIm-iw (IPR) I¨sh≥j≥ Hm¨
_tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ssUth-gvkn-‰n(-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[yw)-X-Xz-߃ F∂n-ßs\ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. ]n¥p-S¿∂p-hcp∂
\nb-a-ß-fpsS km{º-Zm-bn-I-amb kma-{Kn-Ifpw D]m-[n-Ifpw icn°pw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. C¥ybpsS
Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb s]mXp-thbpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿsb {]tXy-
In®pw Cu D]m-[n-Iƒ°p≈ kzm[o-\-ßsf C∂sØ BtKmf ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw BWv IΩn-j≥ A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂-Xv. bp‡n-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬,
Cu A]-{K-Y-\w, Uªyq.-Sn.-H. hyhÿ Bhn¿`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ Ime-Øp-\n∂pw BWv Bcw-`nt°-≠-Xv.
Ime-Øns‚ Cu N´-°q-Sv, Uªyq.-Sn.-H. hyh-ÿ- \n-e-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ {]iv\-߃°p
]pd-ta, tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ {]Ir-Xym-X-s∂-bp-≈-Xpw, ASnÿm-\-]-c-hp-am-bn-´p≈
{]iv\-ßsf hnth-N-\-]q¿∆w Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ hfsc klm-bn-°p-sa∂v hmZn-
°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2) temI- hym-]m-c-Øn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb ]cn-jvImcw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v cmPy-߃ XΩnep≈
A\p-c-RvP\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS am{Xta km[y-am-Iq-F∂pw, AXn\v Zo¿L-Ime e£y-tØmsS
I¿j-I¿°v KWy-amb tXmXn¬ B`y-¥c klm-bhpw kwc-£-Whpw XpS¿∂v A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-XmsW-∂pw,
cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ A\p-c-RvP\-߃ F√mw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-tØ≠ Ime-Øns‚
Ah-km-\-Øn-\p-apºv Hcp h¿jw t\csØ Xs∂ AwK-cm-Py-߃ \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°Ww
F∂p-amWv Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn(F.-H.-F.)s‚ B¿´n°nƒ 20 eqsS Uªyq.-Sn.-H. A\p-im-kn-
°p-∂-Xv. 2000 Øn\p-tijw Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ ka-{K-amb ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ \S-∂p-h-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ F.-H.-F. cmPy-ß-fpsS {i≤m-tI-{µ-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS(F.-
H.F)hnhn[ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ e`y-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fpw, AwKcm-Py-ß-tfm-Sp≈
_m≤y-X-Ifpw/{]Xn-_-≤-ß-fpw, F.-H.-F. bpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃°v hym]mc {]iv\-
ß-fpsS kzm[o-\hpw AwK-cm-Py-ß-tfm-Sp≈ XpS¿_m-≤y-X-Ifpw kw_-‘n-® Imcy-ßfmWv Ct∏mgpw
F.-H.-F.bpsS ]p\x]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AwK-cm-Py-߃ XΩn-ep≈ F.-
H.-F. sb kw_-‘n®v F√m A\p-c-RvP-\-ßfpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F√mw-IqSn
2005 P\p-hcn apX¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]hr¿Øn ]Y-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
1.2.1 hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-߃
A\p-c-RvP\ {ia-߃ Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw AwK-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n∂pw 126˛¬ Gsd \n¿t±-i-ßfmWv
aptºm-´p-h-bv°-s∏-´-Xv. C¥y Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]e-hn-I-kzc cmPy-ßfpw apt∂m-´p-h® A\p-c-
RvP\m- \n¿t±-i-߃ F√mw-Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X, B`y-¥c klm-b-߃ sh´n-
°p-d-bv°¬ Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw Ah-c-psS \n¿t±i߃°v Dt]m-Xv_eIambn-cp∂ hmZ-K-Xn-I-fnepw
D]-]m-Zy-ß-fnepw ]c-kv]c s]mcp-Ø-an-√mbva {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS kPo-h-{i≤,
Ah¿°v hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-In-´-W-sa-∂p-am-{X-a√ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn-epw-
IqSn hn]Wn e`y-am-I-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Xmev]-cy-ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn A\p-c-RvP-
\-{i-a-߃ hfsc ko¿Æ-am-hp-Ibpw cmPy-߃ hnhn[ X´p-I-fn-embn \n¬°p-Ibpw XΩn¬ sshcp-
41

≤y-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ F.-H.-F. AXns‚ N´-°q-´n¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v AwKcm-Py߃
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ F.-H.-F. tbmSv i‡-ambn {]Xn-_-≤X ImWn-°-W-sa∂v Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p.(1)-hn-]-W-n
{]m-]y-X(2)B`y-¥c klm-bw(3)Ib‰paXn k_vkn-Un-Iƒ.
1.2.1.1. hym]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-c-h-XvI-c-Whpw hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-Xbpw
1. Ah-km-\-h´ A\p-c-RvP\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øn¬ \nc-
∏mb Ifn-°-fw (-A-h-k-c-Xp-ey-X) -D-cp-Øn-cn-p-h-∂n-cp-∂n-√ F∂ hkvXpX Ct∏mƒ s]mXpth AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃ H∂pw-Xs∂ B`y-¥c klm-b-Øn-epw, Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-
Un-I-fnepw bmsXmcphn[ Ipdhpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Irjn-sb-kw-_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ (F.-H.-
F.) A¥¿tZiob hym]mc \nb-a-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hfsc t\´-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-n-epw, ASnb-¥n-c-ambn
Xß-fpsS hn]-Wn-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Øn-ep-≠mb hnPbw Xptemw ]cn-an-X-ambn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\m¬ temI Im¿jnI hym]mc DZm-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øn¬ Ah¿ A¿∏n® {]Xo-£-Iƒ,
hn`m-h\w sNbvX t\´-߃ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Iøn¬\n∂pw hgp-Xn-t∏m-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
2. Ddp-tKz-h´ A\p-c-RvP\-ß-fpsS ImeØv FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°s∏´ncp-∂-Xv, Irjnsb kw_-‘n®
Icm-dp-Iƒ (-F.-H.-F.)-]n-¥p-S-cp∂ ]£w temI-Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn-ep≈ Aÿn-c-X-Ifpw hnI-e-X-
Ifpw Ipd-bp-sa-∂pw, AXns‚ ^e-ambn hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hn]-
Wn-Iƒ h¿≤n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-°p-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hmKvZm\w C\nbpw k^-e-am-ImsX
Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. hn`m-h\w sNø-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse \oXn-]q¿∆-amb Hcp temI- Im¿jnI hym]m-c-hyhÿ
D≠m-bn-√. Imcy-£-a-X-bp≈ hnI-kz-c -cm-Py-ß-fnse `qcn-]£w Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS
hne temI -I-tºm-f-ß-fn-seßpw XmWp XmWp h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃ I¿j-
I¿°p≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-sW-n¬, [m\y-DXv∏∂-ß-fpsS (-]-b-dp-h¿§-߃ XpSßn-b)
DXv]m-Z\ tI{µ-߃ hn-I-knX cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p- am-dp-sa∂ {]Xo-
£bpw hrYm-hn-em-bn. A\p-`-h-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv hnI-knX cmPy-߃ Ah-cpsS I¿j-I¿°p-
\¬Ip-∂ (-B-`y-¥-c) -k-lm-b-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv F∂m-Wv. AtXkabw hnI-kz-c- cm-
Py-߃, kz¥w kmº-ØnI ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Xß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°p \¬Ip∂ Xp—-amb
klm-bw-t]mepw \ne-\n-dp-Øm-\m-hmsX _p≤n-ap-´p-Ibpw XpS¿∂p klmbw \¬Im-\m-hmØ Zpÿn-
Xn-bn¬ Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am-°nbhcpsS `£y-kp-c-£-bv°pw D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£bv°pw AXv h¿≤n®
`oj-Wn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p- am-{X-a-√, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-Whpw (Iyq.-
B¿.-F-kv.), Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°p-I-fnse Ipdhpw Cu D]-Poh\ kpc-£m-`o-j-Wnsb h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv
sNbvX-Xv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn {]Xo-£bv°p hn]-co-X-ambn [m\y-h¿§-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw hym]mc-Ønepw
am‰w hcm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Ch-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn h¿≤n-®p-h-cn-Ibp-am-Wv.
1.2.1.2 A¥m-cm-{„-hn-]-Wn-I-fpsS A\n-›n-XXz-Øn\v Iog-ßp∂ ÿnXn
1. Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßfpsS hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ A\n-›n-X-Xzhpw, Ahbv°p A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wnbn-ep-≠m-Ip∂
hne-\n-e-hm-c-Ønse A´n-a-dn-Ifpw t\cn-Sp-hm≥ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cpsS
Ign-hp-tI-Spw, hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse Db¿∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-tØmSpw hºn® k_vkn-Un-I-tfmSpw
IqSnb Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hym]m-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hpw-aqew,
hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃°v hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ IS-∂p-sN-√p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. CXns‚
^e-ambn hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿jI P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£bv°v hnIknX cmPyß-fn¬
\n∂pw hºn® `ojWn Db¿∂p h∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I-P-\-X-bm-
I-s´, hcp-am-\-am¿§-ß-fn¬ Zcn-{Z¿ am{X-a-√, Xß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v B`y-¥c ]cn-c-£-Iƒ e`n-
°msX \´w Xncn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. CXp-Iq-Sm-sX, hn]Wn {]m]y-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hnI-kz-c -cm-Py߃°v
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v F.-H.-F. bv°p≈ _m≤y-X-Ifpw hyh-ÿ-I-fpw hnIkn-X-cm-Py-߃
\nd-th-‰n-bn-´n√ F∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
2. Cu hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃°v hn]-Wn-{]m-
]yX sa®-am-°m-sa-∂pw, Ah-cpsS Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-߃°v BtKmf hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ hnI-knX
cmPy-ß-fp-ambn Xpey-X-bp≈ ÿnXn-bn¬ a’-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂p≈ Imcy-Øn¬ temI
42

-hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\ (Uªyq.-Sn.-H.)bpsS klmbw D≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂v Icp-Xp-hm≥ \n¿∆m-l-an-√.
am{X-hp-a√ hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Irjn-°m¿°v A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw, k_vknUn F∂nh-bn¬
X{¥-]q¿∆w CS-s]-´p-sIm-≠v, AXm-bXv klmb _m≤y-X-Isf "Bw_¿t_mIvkn'¬\n∂pw
"ªq t_mIvkn'-te°pw ]n∂oSv "{Ko≥ t_mIvkn-te°pw' ]c-kv]cw am‰n adn-®p-sIm≠pw AXm-bXv
G‰hpw Ipd \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ Xmcn-^p-Isf BZy-ta-Xs∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-
®p-sIm-≠v, ]n∂oSv th≠n-h-∂m¬ Db¿Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-Øn\v ]gp-Xn-Sp∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw (-D-Zm-l-c-
W-Øn\v Acn°v P∏m≥ G‰hpw IqSnb Xmcn^v 2000 iX-am-\-ambn Dd-∏n-®-t∏mƒ AXn\v C¥y-bn¬
100 iX-am\w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p Xmcn^v), Xmcn-t^-Xc \nb-{¥-W-ß-sf(-km-\n-´dn ss^t‰mkm\n-´dn
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, Xmcn^v tIzm´-Iƒ, Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃)-X-∂n-jvSw-t]mse
XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠pw, hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-ß-fpsS Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ°v hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏´ hºn® tXmXnep≈
Itºmf {]m]y-X-sb∂ {]Xym-isb hnI-knX cmPy-߃ hen-sbmc-f-hp-hsc A´n-a-dn-®n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.
t\sc-a-dn®v hnI-knX cmPy-߃°v hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn- -Iƒ ae¿t°-Xp-d∂p
In´n-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ah¿°v hºn® t\´-߃ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. temI Im¿jnI hym]mc
cwKsØ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ kmº-Øn-I-ambn AXn-i-‡-cmb cmPy-߃°v hºn® t\´-߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂
hn[-Øn¬ Ak-a-ambpw kpXm-cy-X-bn-√m-sXbpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃°v Xß-fpsS Ib-
‰p-a-Xn-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v t\´-ap-≠m-°-W-sa-n¬ Xo¿®-bm-bpw, hnI-knX cmPy-߃ Ah-cpsS
I¿j-I¿°v \¬Ip∂ [\-k-lm-bhpw Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-Ifpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw \o°w sNtø-≠-Xm-
Wv. ASpØv \S-°m≥t]m-Ip∂ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS A\p-c-RvP-\-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpsS
Poh¬ {]m[m-\y-ap≈, {]tXy-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ap≈ DXv∏-∂-ßfpsS hn]-W\-km-≤y-X-Ifpw {]m]y-
Xbpw KWy-amb tXmXn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ ]pXnb _m≤y-XIƒ°mbn
A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a-߃ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. tZmlm a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym-
]n-°-s∏-´-Xmb hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v am{X-ap≈Xpw, {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂-Xp-amb HØp-
Xo¿∏p N¿®-Ifpw A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-Iam-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Ahsb B\p-Iq-ey-ßfp-sSbpw
_m≤y-X-I-fp-sSbpw ]´n-I-bn¬s∏Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw, Ah IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ°p≈ N´-߃°pw
in£-W-߃°pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, F∂m¬ am{Xta A\p-c-RvP\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-
∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ ^e-{]-Z-am-hp-I-bp≈q F∂pw, F∂m¬ am{Xta hnIkz-c -cm-Py-ß-fnse `£y-kp-c-
£bpw {Kma-hn-I-k-\hpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-k-\m-h-iy-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-hm≥
{]m]vX-am-hp-I-bp≈q F∂pap≈ \n¿t±iw A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Hcp Ah-Imi-ambn
AwKo-I-cnt® aXn-bm-hq. Ct∏mgpw XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fnt∑-ep≈
IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ hgn, C¥y-bpsS ho£-W-Øn¬, cmPyw-t\-cn-Sp∂ \·-amb bmYm¿-∞y߃
hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\pw, hnI-knX cmPy-߃ \-S∏nem°n-h-cp∂ hym]mc \b-ßsf KpW-]-c-amb
in£-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\pw, a‰p kam-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cmb cmjv{S-ß-fp-ambn Iq´p-tN¿∂v bXv\n-
°p-hm-\p≈ XnI®pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp kµ¿`-amWv \ap°v ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnI-kzc cmPyßfpw
h≥InS hyh-kmbhXvIrX hnI-knX cmPy-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xpey-amb hym]m-c-Øn¬ ]m-fn-Ifmbn
Db¿∂p-h-cp-hm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂ Xncp-ج \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°mt≠ aXn-bm-hq.
1.2.2 tZiob ]cn-ÿnXn/kµ¿`w (The National Context)
1994 temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS adm-°mjv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬h®v 118 cmPy-ß-tfm-sSm∏w C¥ybpw
Icm¿ H∏p-h-bv°p-tºmƒ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ (F.-H.-F) -\-S-∏n¬h-cp-Øp- -hm≥ C¥y _m≤yÿ-bmbnØo¿∂p.
F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Ct∏mƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ F.-H.-F. A\p-c-RvP\m N¿®-
Iƒ C¥ybv°v AXns‚ hym]mc Ah-k-c-߃ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw, C¥y≥ I¿j-I-cp-sS, hntijn®pw
\ma-am-{X-amb Irjn-`q-anbpw hfsc Ipd hcp-am-\-am¿§-hpw, apX¬ap-S°pw D≈-h-cmb I¿j-
I-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\pw, `£y-kp-c-£-bv°pw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ hnf DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´ncn-°p-∂-h¿°pw
Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£bpw kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb
]cn-c£m \S]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥, F.-H.-F. bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ N´-°q-´n¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-
߃ hcp-Øm-sa∂pw hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw At\z-jn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp \√ Ah-k-c-amWv h∂n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.
43

1.2.2.1 hn]Wn {]m]y-X (Market Access)
1. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS(F.-H.-F.) -aq-∂p -apJy-L-S-I-ß-fn¬ H∂mb hn]Wn {]m]y-
X(-a‰v c≠pw, B`y-¥c klm-bhpw Cd-°p-aXn k_vkn-Unbpw BWv)bv°v hfsc Zqc-hym-]-I-amb
{]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fmWv D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. ImcWw AXv A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv 1995 apX¬ 2004
hsc-bp≈ 10 h¿j-°m-e-tØ°v Bcpw-Xs∂ Cd-°p-a-Xn°v bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-Whpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥
]mSn√ F∂m-Wv. AXn≥ {]Imcw Icm¿ AwKo-I-cn-® (-I-cm-dn¬ H∏p-h-®)-F√m cmPy-ßfpw Xß-fpsS
B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ At\ym\yw ae¿s° Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw hntZi Im¿jnI D¬∏∂-߃°v
kzX-{¥-ambn(Hcp tIzm´-bp-an-√msX)Hgp-Ip-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂pw, Cd-°p-aXn Np-߃ Ipd-bv°-
W-sa∂pw 2005 \Iw Cu Np-߃ Ign-bp-∂{X C√m-Xm-°-W-sa∂pw D≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ AwK-߃
F√mw A\p-k-cn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv. a‰p hn[-Øn¬ ]d-m¬, F√m hntZi Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂ßfpw
Nc-°p-I-fpw, kwkv°Icn® `£y-]-Zm¿∞-߃ AS-°-ap≈ `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw a‰pw \ΩpsS
\m´n-\-I-tØ°v kzX-{¥-ambn Hgp-Ip-sa∂v A¿∞w. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hn]-Wn-ku-I-cy-߃ Xo¿®bmbpw
\ΩpsS Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-߃°pw Nc-°p-Iƒ°pw Ct∂mfw D≠m-bn-´n-√mØ Xc-Øn-ep≈
_p≤n-ap-´p-I-fmWv t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. hn]-Wn-bn¬ am’cyw \S-Øp∂ i‡n-I-fpsS kΩ¿±-Øns‚
^e-ambn B`y-¥c D¬∏-∂-߃°v hne KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-hm≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v. AXp-t]mse cmPyw
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp-h-cp∂ D¬∏-∂-߃°v A¥m-cm-jv{S-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS
ÿm\w kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-b-W-sa-n¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ a’-cn-°p∂ a‰p cmPy-ß-fp-am-bp≈ a¬]n-
Sp-Ø-Øn¬ hnP-bn-°-W-sa-n¬ hne-bnepw KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xnepw {i≤ ]Xn-∏nt® aXnbmhq.
2. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn-s‚(-F.-H.-F.)-Io-gn-ep≈ Hcp kwL-SnX hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX hn`mh\w
sNøp-∂-Xv F√m Xmcn-t^-Xc \nb-{¥-W-ß-fpsS taepw Xmcn^v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw B Xmcn-
^ns\ {ItaW Ipd®p Ipd®p sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bp-am-Wv. Ddp-tKz -h´ N¿®m ka-bØv C¥y Gs‰-SpØ
_m≤yX A\p-k-cn-®v, {]mY-anI Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-߃°v _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 100 iX-am\w
BWv. kwkvI-cn® D¬∏-∂-߃ 150 iX-am-\hpw `£y- F-Æ-Iƒ°v 300 iX-am-\hpw BWv. _u≠v
Xmcn^v \nc°v \n›-bn-®-Xv. (-C-Xn\v Nne A]-hm-Z-߃ C√m-Xn-√) -A-\p-_-‘-߃ 8 Dw 9 Dw ImWp-
I. Cu ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠pXs∂, tI{µ k¿°m-cn\v Nne Bh-iy-amb Ab-hp-Iƒ hcp-Øns°m≠v
tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-߃ kwc£n°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb Xmcn-^p-Iƒ G¿s∏-
SpØn, Im¿jnI D¬∏∂-ß-fpsS hntZ-i- C-d-°p-a-Xnsb \nb-{¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. 1997 G{]n¬ H∂p-ap-X¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ 825 Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn-ep≈ Afhp-]-c-amb
\nb-{¥-W߃(Iyp.-B¿.-F-kv.)2001 G{]n¬ Ht∂msS Ime-l-c-W-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A\p-
Iq-e-amb _me≥kv Hm^v t]sa‚ v ÿnXn-bp-sS-bpw, Ata-cn-°bv°v FXn-cmb Hcp ]cm-Xn-bn-t∑-ep≈
Uªyq.-Sn.-H. X¿°-]-cn-lmc Xocp-am-\-Øn\p A\p-k-cWambn´pw BWv CØ-c-samcp \S]Sn kzoI-cn-
°p-hm≥ \n¿_-≤n-X-cm-b-Xv.
4. Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-߃°v s]mXpth Npa-Øn-°m-Wp-∂Xv ]c-am-h[n …m_mb 35 iX-am\w
BWv Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^v. H´-\-h[n Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-Iƒ ASp-Ø-ImeØv
h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\p-Im-cWw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-I-sc kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p(-A-\p-_‘w
10 ImWp-I)
1.2.2.2 B`y-¥c klm-bhpw Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-Ifpw
1. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fp-sS(-F.-H.-F.)-\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]m-Z-\-
Øn-\pw, hym]m-c-Øn\pw B`y-¥c klmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v c≠p- ap-Jy-e-£y-߃
D≠v. AXm-b-Xv, hn]-Wnsb Ak-¥p-e-am-°p∂ hym]m-tc-Xc klm-b-ß-sf-bpw, hym]m-csØ A´n-adn-°m-Ø,
Uªyq.-Sn.-H. AwK-cm-Py-߃ \¬In-h-cp∂ klm-b-ß-tf-bpw, th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
AXp-t]mse, temI- hym-]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃ Gh F∂-dn-m¬ am{Xta,
hym]m-c-cw-KØv A®-S°w D≠m-°p-hm\pw Aßns\ Ah-km\w AØcw klm-b-߃ \ndp-Ø-em-
°p-hm\pw km[n-°p-I-bp≈q. Hcp {]tXyIXcw B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw temI-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ k¥p-e-\-
Xsb A´n-a-dn-°p-∂pt≠m C√tbm Ds≠-n¬ F{X-am{Xw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B`y-¥c
44

klm-bsØ "{Ko≥ t_mIvk'v (-A-´n-a-dn-°p-∂n√ AYhm G‰hpw Ipd-®p-am-{Xw), "ªq t_mIvkv' (-hfsc
Ipd®v/Ipd-®p-am{Xw Ak-¥p-e-\-X) "Bw_¿ t_mIvkv'(-Xn-I®pw Ak-¥p-e-\X-bp-≠m-°p-∂)-
F-∂n-ßs\ 3 Xcw B`y-¥c klm-b-߃ D≠v. {Ko≥ t_mIvkv A\p-k-cn®v B`y-¥-c -k-lmbw
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ªq t_mIvkns‚ Iogn¬h-cp-∂-hbv°v in£Ww Bh-iy-am-Wv. Bw_¿
t_mIvkn¬s∏Sp-∂-Xmb an° F√m B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-ßsfbpw G‰hpw Ipd- (deminimis)]cn-[nbn¬
sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bpw tijn-°p-∂-hsb 2005 \Iw \o°w sNbvXp-sIm≠pw in£W hnt[-b-am-°-
Ww. G‰hpw Ipd(deminimis)]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-tºmƒ AXv hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
Ah-cpsS tZiob Im¿jnI samØw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-\(Pn.-Un.-]n.)Øns‚ 10 iX-am-\hpw, hnI-kz-ccm-Py-߃°v
5 iX-am-\hpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Bw_¿ t_mIvkn¬ hcp∂ B`y-¥c klm-b-ßsf
Nne {]tXyI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (DXv∏m-∂m[n-jvTnXw) D≈-h-bmtWm
F∂v Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v Nne hnf-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-I¿°v Ipd Xmßphn-e-˛-Fw.-F-kv.-]n.
\¬I-W-sa∂v hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v)-Nne klm-b-߃ DXv]-∂-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX ]cn-K-
Wn-°m-sX(-D-Xv]-∂m-[n-jvTn-Xw)-bp≈ k_vkn-Un-Iƒ (-D-Zm. hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, sshZypXn XpS-ßnb-h)
C≥]p´v k_vkn-Un-Iƒ F∂p-]-d-bp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-߃ \¬I-W-sa-∂p-amWv [mc-
W. Hmtcm DXv]-∂-Øn-s‚-bpw, B`y-¥-chpw, A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb hne-Iƒ, tZiob Im¿jnI Pn.-Un.-
]n., D¬∏-∂m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw D¬∏-∂m-[n-jvTn-tX-Xc-hp-ambn \¬Ip∂ klm-b-Øns‚ aqeyw, XpS-ßnbh
IW-°n-se-SpØv ko¿Æ-amb kt-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv AXn-\¿l-amb klm-b-Øns‚
G‰hpw Ipd-(deminimis)\nc°v \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-tX-
X-chpw Bb B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃ c≠pw deminimis ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ Bbn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ
C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Ifpw \¬In-h-cp∂ k_vkn-Un-I-fpsS \ne-hm-cw, F.-H.-F.
s‚ hyh-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v C¥ybv°v A¿l-am-b-Xn¬\n∂pw de minimis ¬ hfsc XmW-XmWv F∂v
IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. \nb-a-߃°-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂p≈
]cn-K-W\ h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, C¥ybvt°m GsX-nepw kwÿm-\-Ønt\m Irjnbv°v Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ
A\p-h-Zn-®p-h-cp∂ klm-b-߃ H∂pw Xs∂ sh´n-°p-d-bvt°≠ bmsXmcp _m≤y-X-bp-an-√. IqSmsX
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fp-sS (-F.-H.-F.) -B¿´n-°nƒ 6(2) A\p-k-cn®v XmW hcp-am\w D≈htcm,
hcp-am-\-am¿§-Øn¬ Zcn-{Ztcm Bb I¿j-I¿°v hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ \¬In-h-cp∂ C≥]p´v
k_vkn-Un-Iƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-hp-am-Wv. F.-H.-F. XmW hcp-am-\-°m-scbpw D]-Po-h\am¿§w Xosc Ipd
I¿j-I-scbpw \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂n-√. CXp-Iq-SmsX F.-H.-F. hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®p-X-s∂, hnI-kzc
cmPy-߃°v Xß-fpsS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ Im¿jnI {KmaoW
hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v F.-Fw.-F-kv. s‚(A-{Ko-tK‰v an\naw kt∏m¿´v)Iognep≈ G‰hpw Ipd
klm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n°v A∏p-dØv \nt£-]-]-c-amb k_vkn-Un-Iƒ (investment subsidies) -\¬InsIm-≠p-t]mepw
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-Imiw D≠v. I¿j-I¿°v A{]-Im-c-ap≈ klmbw \¬Ip∂
Imcyw hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnItijn-bpsS {]iv\-am-Wv.
2. C¥y-bn¬ F.-H.-F. s‚ ]´n-I-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cf-hp-Iƒ sNøm≥ _m≤y-kvY-amb
Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-Iƒ \ne-hn-en-√. C¥y≥ BZm-b-\n-IpXn BIvSv sk£≥ 80 F®v.-F-®v.-kn. Ib-
‰p-a-Xn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am-\sØ BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈
BZm-b-\n-IpXn Hgn-hm-°¬ F.-H.-F. \n¿∆-Nn-´p≈ Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-bpsS `mKta BIp-∂n-√.
hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v Nne-Xcw k_vkn-Un-Iƒ I¿j-I¿°v A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm≥ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. DZml-c-W-Øn\v
Ib-‰p-aXn D¬∏∂-߃ hn]-W-I-fn-se-Øn-°p∂ Nc-°p-\o-°s-®ehv B`y-¥-chpw
A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb KXm-K-X-s®-e-hnepw IS-Øp-Iq-en-bn-epw, Ib-‰n-d-°p-Iq-en-bnepw {Ia-s∏-Sp-
Øn(AUvPÃv) sIm≠p≈ Cf-hp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v. Im¿jnI kwkvIrX `t£ym-Xv]∂
Ib-‰p-aXn hnI-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n (APEDA-)bpsS Nne ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v hnti-jn®pw thKw tISp-h-cp∂
]g-˛-]-®-°dn D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn C{]-Im-c-ap≈ k_vknUn A\ph-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
3. a‰p cmPy-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v k_vkn-Un-Iƒ kmh-[m\w Ipd-®psIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ ^eambn
\ΩpsS Nne Ib-‰p-aXn D¬∏-∂-߃°v ]pXnb Ah-k-c-߃ Xpd-∂p-In-´p-∂p-≠v. C¥y-bpsS
h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Acn-bpsS Ib-‰p-aXn Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AØcw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-Ifn¬ Hcp A]-ISw
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥Wwhn´p≈ hym]mcw, C¥y≥
kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿-∫e-hn`mKw P\-߃°v `£y-[m-\y-߃ hmßp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v.
45

1.2.2.3 km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^-t‰m-km-\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ an°-cm-Py-ßfpw tZio-b-hn-]-Wn-bpsS kpc-£-bv°mbn D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS
ipNn-Xzhpw tcmKm-Wp-hn-ap-‡-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ I¿°-i-am-°n-s°m-≠v, hntZi Cd-
°p-a-Xnsb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. \ΩpsS cmPy-Øm-sW-n¬ D¬∏∂-ß-fpsS KpW-ta-∑-bpw, ipNn-Xzhpw
tcmKmWp hnap-‡-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ I¿°-i-am-°n-bn-´n-√. AXns‚ ^e-ambn hym]mc-Øns‚
DZm-c-h-XvI-cWw h∂-tXm-sS, \√ km[-\-߃°v ]Icw hne-Ip-d--h-bpw, Xcw-XmW Nc-
°p-Ifpw \ΩpsS B`y-¥chn]-Wn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p X≈p∂ ÿnXn D≠m-°p-Ibpw,
B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-I¿°v Hcp DZm-c-h-XvIrX hym]mc hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ A]-I-S-ßsf
aq¿—n∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.2.2.4 Ib-‰p-aXncwKsØ {]I-S\w
temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-\p-tijw temI- hym-]m-c-Øns‚ ssh]p-ey-Ønse
s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ°v A\p-k-c-W-ambn C¥y-bpsS Acn, sIm{], \mfn-tI-cw, ]nÆm-°v, kap-t{Zm-
¬∏-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ hfsc KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
AtXkabw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃, hy⁄-\-߃, tXbne apX-emb ]cº-cm-KX D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-
‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ KWy-amb ]pd-tIm´-Sn-bm-Wv A\p-`-h-s∏-´Xv. Nc-°p- I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Xmc-Xtay-\-bp≈
(Bt]-£n-I) -t\´w Hcp kPo-h-amb Bi-b-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw AØcw t\´-߃
GsXmcp D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw t\Sp-hm≥ ]pXnb imkv{Xob kt-X-ß-fpw, Imcy-£-a-amb
ssIIm-cy-I¿Ør-Xhpw(-am-t\-Pvsa‚pw)- D-¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw KpW-ta-∑-bpw, am’-cy-£-a-amb hne-bpw,
\ap°v C\nbpw t\Sp-hm≥ Ign-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bpsS D¬∏∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS hf¿®mkm-[y-X-Iƒ°v
hnLm-X-ambn \n¬°p∂ apJy-{]-Xn-_-‘-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ, B`y-¥-c-\-bß-fpsS
Aÿn-c-X, hntZi hym]m-c-Øn-t∑-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-\-b-Øn¬Im-Wp∂
AUvtlm-°nkw F√m-‰nepw D]cn h¿≤n® kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw, ASn-ÿm\kuIcy-ß-fpsS
A`m-h-hpw, A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-am-bn-´p≈ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-am-\-Z-WvU-ß-tf-bpw, aqeym-[njvTnX
hne hyh-ÿ-tbbpw Ipdn®v \ΩpsS \m´p-Im¿°p≈ Ah-t_m-[-Øns‚ Ipd-hp-am-Wv.
1.2.2.5 _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-ihpw t]‰‚ v BIvSns‚ t`Z-K-Xnbpw
C¥ybv°v hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n®v _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚(Sn.-B¿.-sF.-]n.-F-kv.)Iogn¬hcp∂
F√m _m≤y-X-I-tfbpw AXm-Xns‚ ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn®v {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ F√m Npa-X-e-
Ifpw 2005 P\. 1 \Iw \n¿∆-ln-t°≠ IS-a-bp-≠v. AXn-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ A\p-tbm-Pyamb
t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfm, ]p\x]cn-tim-[-\tbm AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ Ic-SptcJ
1970 se C¥y≥ t]‰‚ v t\m°p-I.
46

C¥y-bpsS t]‰‚ v \nbaw 1970 Dw hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-ahpw
(TRIPS)- ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-ß-fpsS Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\w
C¥y≥ t]‰‚ v BIvSv 1970
`£yw, Huj-[w, cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ
Zn∏n
F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿ΩmW hyh-kmb
Ønse DXv∏-∂-߃°-√, DXvv]m-Z\
{]{In-b-bv°mWv t]‰‚ v _m[-Iam
°nbn-´p-≈-Xv.
hym]m-c-hp-ambn_‘-s∏´ _u≤nI
kzØ-h-Imi \nbaw (TRIPS)
kmt-Xn-I-cw-K-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw D¬]m-
°s∏-Sp∂ DXv∏-∂-ßfpw \yqX-\-amb DXv]m-Z-\
{]{In-b-Ifpw t]‰‚ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
v
- v
t]‰‚ \nb-a-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfn¬ am{X-amWv A]-hm-Z-߃
hnj-b-߃ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
D≈Xv
""Im¿jn-I-k-º-Zm-b-߃ AYhm ]gw, ]®-°dn 1. GsX-nepw I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw s]mXp
F∂n-h-bpsS Irjn'', Huj-[w, ikv{X-{Io-b, A®-S-°-tØ-tbm, km∑m¿§ Pohn-X-tØtbm _m[n°p
a\p-jy-cpsS a‰p NnIn-’m-k-º-Zm-b-ß-fp-ambn ∂tXm, Poh\v A]-S-I-tam, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kp-c-£sb
_‘-s∏-´-Xpw, arK-ß-tfbpw kky-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°p-∂tXm Bbh
tcmK-hn-ap-‡-am-°p-hm-\pw, Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw
DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw aqeyw 2. tcmK-\n¿Æbw, NnIn-’, ikv{X-{In-bm-co-Xn-Iƒ
h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ {]{In-b-Iƒ
F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®h
3. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Poh-imkv{X {]{In-b-bn-eqsS
Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kky-ßfpw Pohn-Ifpw/arK-ßfpw
Poh-\p≈ H∂n\pw t]‰‚n-√.
kq£vam-Wp-Po-hn-Iƒ AXn-kq£va ssPhimkv{X {]{Inb-Iƒ
Pohimkvt{XXc {]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS Dev]mZn∏n°s∏-
Sp∂ kky-߃, Pohn-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v t]‰‚ \evIm-hp-
∂XmWv. As√-n¬ ssPh-h-kvXp-hns‚ P∑-ÿew
Bhn¿`m-h-ÿew (Sui generis)/As√-n¬ c≠pw (ssP-h
ssh -hn-[yhpw sui generis) t]‰‚ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬
hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.
cmkhkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw Huj-[-ßfp
tSbpw \n¿Ωm-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°p≈
t]‰‚ v 5 apX¬ 7 hsc h¿j-ambn
cn°pw. Ch Hgn-sI-bp-≈-h-bpsS
Imew 14 h¿j-am-Wv.
\n¿_-‘nX ssek≥knwKv
Ah-Imiw
t]‰‚ v D≈ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ Zp¿
hn\n-tbmKw XS-bp-hm≥ s]mXp-Xmev
]cykwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn k¿°m-cn\v
CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ Ah-Imiw D≠v.
F√m-‰n-t‚bpw t]‰‚ v Imew 20 h¿jam-Wv.
\nb-{¥nX ssek≥knwKv. ssek≥kv Hcp
Ah-Im-i-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.
s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn¬
hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb Ab-hp-Iƒ am{Xta \evIm-hq.
1.2.2.6 kky-ssh-hn-[y-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw
1. hyh-km-bsØ kw_-‘n® _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-\n-baw (TRIPS) A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv C¥ybnse
kky-˛-ssPh sshhn-≤y-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-]-chpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb N´-
°qSp thW-sa-∂m-Wv. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi (IPR) hyhÿ ^e-{]-Z-amb sui generis
hyh-ÿ-bn-eq-sS-tbm, As√-n¬ t]‰‚ v hyh-ÿ-bn-tem, As√-n¬ Cu c≠p-am¿§-ß-fn-eq-tStbm
47

kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. hyh-km-b-kw-_-‘-amb _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nbaw (TRIPS) C¥y≥
hkvXp-°ƒ°pw tkh-\-߃°pw tPym{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j-\n-eqsS kwc-£Ww hmKvZm\w/Dd∏p
sNøp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬Xs∂ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬
sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu hkvXp-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `mc-X-k¿°m¿ tPym{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°j≥kv
Hm^v KpUvkv (c-Pn-kvt{S-j≥ B≥Uv s{]m´-£≥) BIvSv 1999 F∂ ]pXnb \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw
\S-Øn-bXpw I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-ihpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw kwc-£n-°p-hm-\mbn sui generis hyhÿ-bpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s{]m´-£≥ Hm^v πm‚ v shssd-‰okv B‚ v ^m¿tagvkv ssd‰v BIvSv, 2001
Dw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \SØn ]mkm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
2. C¥y ]m m-°nb kky-ssPh sshhn-[yhpw, I¿j-I-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kw_-‘n®v 2001¬
\n¿Ωn® \nbaw (PPVFR) kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øm-e-\p-{K-lo-X-amb Hcp hnI-kz-c-cmPyw F{]-
Im-c-am-Wv Xß-fpsS ssPhss]XrIw kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv F∂-Xn\v Hcp amXr-I-bmWv krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. hym]mcw kw_-‘n® _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-a-߃ (TRIPS) \njvI¿jn-°p∂/A\p-imkn-°p∂
\n¿t±-i-ß-fpw, tIm¨^-d≥kv Hm¨ _tbm ssUth-gvkn‰n (CBD) bpsS ASn-ÿm\ XXzßfpw
ka-÷-k-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m\pw Cu BIvSn\p Ign-n-´p-≠v. kky-Øns‚ hwi-h¿≤\
XS-bp-∂-bm-fn\v ]pXnb kky-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ ta-ep≈ DS-am-h-Im-ihpw AXm-bXv, πm‚ v {_otUgvkv
ssd‰vkv (PBR) AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w I¿j-I-cpsS kky-ß-fpsS taep≈ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Ah-
Im-i-hpw, Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn kky-ßsf ]cn-c-£n®pw kwc-£n®pw kº-∂-am-°nbpw t]m∂n-´p≈ AhcpsS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kw`m-h-\-bn-t∑¬ Cu \nbaw bmsXmcp IS-∂m-{I-a-Whpw \S-Øp-∂n-√. Cu
[\y-]m-c-ºcyw \nc-h[n hnf-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w B[p-\nI kt-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn\v Cu \nbaw Hc-\p-{K-lhpw IqSn-bm-Wv. ssPh sshhn-[y-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIm¨^-d≥kv
Hm¨ _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n (CBD) tbmSp≈ C¥y-bpsS {]Xn-_-≤X {]I-S-am-°p∂ as‰mcp \nb-a-
\n¿ΩmWw IqSn \S-Øn-b-XmWv Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb sshhn-[y -_n¬ 2002. AXv Cu ASp-Ø-Im-e-
ØmWv cmPy-k-`bpw temIvk-`bpw ]m m-°n-b-Xv. tZiob ssPh-ssh-hn[y AtXm-dn‰n (NBA) (tI{µ-
Øn-epw) bpw, kwÿm\ ssPh sshhn-[y-t_m¿tUm, {]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\tam AYhm
]©m-bØv Xe-Øn-ep≈ ÿm]-\tam ssPhsshhn-[y-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ DXv]-
∂-ßfpsS hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw kam-lr-X-am-Ip∂ BZm-b-߃ Xpey-ambn ]n-Sp-∂-Xn-
\pw, Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm-\pw, ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{]m’ml\w
\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-amWv Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.
1.2.2.7 Pntbm-{K-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥ (G.I.)
Im¿jn-I-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Pntbm-{Km-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥ (c-Pn-kvt{S-j\pw kwc-£-W-hpw) BIvSv
1999 (GIGA) F√m Im¿jnIhn`-h-ß-tfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp \nb-a-am-Wv, Im¿jnI hn`-h-߃°pw
h≥tXm-Xn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ (manufactured godds) hkvXp-°ƒ°pw, kwkv°-cn® Im¿jnI Dev]-
∂-߃°pw {]tXyI KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw, \n›nX KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ah-bv°p≈
{]i-kvXn-bpw, AØcw Dev]-∂-߃°pw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-KpWw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn GsX-nepw
{]tZ-i-Øn\v Iev]n®p sImSp-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-n¬ Ahsb kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw _m≤y-X-bp≈ hyhÿ-Iƒ
AS-ßnb \nb-a-amWv GIGA, 1999. GIGA kp{]-[m-\-am-sbmcp \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ N´-°q-´neqsS
F√m tbmKyX t\Sn-bn-´p≈ Nc°pssIam-‰-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hym]m-c-Øns‚ Pntbm{K-^n-
°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ t\´-ßfpw hym]m-cnbpw Dev]m-Z-I\pw A\p-`-hn-°p-hm-\pw,
I]S kmZr-iy-ap≈ DXv]-∂-ß-fm¬ D]-t`m-‡mhv h©n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw D≈ ]cn-c-£-Iƒ Dd-
∏m-°p-∂p-≠v. _kvaXn Acn, Um¿Pn-enwKv tXbn-e, ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, KpW-Ønepw {]i-kvXn-bnepw
Ah-bpsS apJy Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ {]mtZ-inI \ma-hp≈ AKn-cn-a¬ tKmh, _wKm-\-∏-≈n, Zt -cn,
t]mep≈ Nne-bn\w amß-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Im¿jn-I-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Øn¬ Cu \nb-a-Øn\v i‡-
amb kzm[o\w D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cßns\ Dev]-∂-ß-sf, Ah Irjn-sN-øp-∂-h¿°pw hym]m-cn-
Iƒ°pw, D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn cPn-ÿ sNøp-Ibpw Aßs\ Ahsb kwc-
£n-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn {]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®n-´p-≈Xpw Nne {]tXyI `qan-im-kv{X-]-camb
{]mtZ-inI \ma-ß-fn¬ ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw KpW-hn-ti-j-߃ D≈-Xp-amb Nne ]c-º-cm-
KX C¥y≥ Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-߃°v ]Icw ]I¿∏p-Iƒ hn]-Wn-bn-d°n hym]mcw \S-Øp-∂-Xns‚
^e-ambn hf-sc-°m-e-ambn C¥y A\p-`-hn-®p-h-cp∂ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-Øn\v Hcp \√
48

{]Xn-hn-[n-Xs∂ BIpw Cu \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw F∂p {]Xo-£n-°mw. Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS (N-c-
°p-I-fp-sS) hym]m-c-Øn-t∑-ep≈ Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-js‚ (G1) kzm[o\w B`y-¥-c-hym-
]mc cwK-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ t\´w hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. GXm-bmepw B`y-¥-c-ambn
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øn-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Cu t\´-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. adn-®v,
Ch-bpsS hym]m-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn, hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi
\nba (G1) ØneqsS D`-b-I-£n-X-e-Ønepw _lp-I-£n-X-e-Ønepw ^e-{]-Z-amb A\p-c-RvP-\-߃
\S-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta t\´-߃ D≠m-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp≈q.
GIGA, 1999 A\p-k-cn®v Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥ Hcp cPn-ÿ kq£n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.
CXns‚ cPn-kv{Sn-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-hpw, ssIIm-cy-I¿Ør-Xzhpw GI bpsS cPn-kv{Sm-dn-\m-Wv. GsXmcp
Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-hpw, Hcp \n›nX `q{]-tZ-i-Øn-t‚-tbm, `qhn-`m-K-Øn-t‚-tbm, {]tZ-i-Øn-t‚tbm ÿe-
Øn-t‚tbm ta¬hn-em-khpw kw⁄-bp-ap≈ F√m khn-tij Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-Øn\pw GI bn¬
cPn-ÿ sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ I_-fn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm, Bi-b-°p-g∏w krjvSn-°p-∂-tXm, {]m_-ey-
Øn-en-cn-°p∂ GsX-nepw \nb-asØ ewLn-°p-∂-tXm, AXns‚ hwiob (P-\-dn-°v) \mahpw C≥Unt°-j≥kpw
Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNø-s∏-´-tXm, DXv]-∂-Øns‚ Dev]-Øn-sb-∏‰n sX‰mb hnhcw \evIs∏-Sp-Itbm
sNøp-∂-]£w AXn\v cPn-kvt{S-j≥ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.2.3. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-ºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS ta¬ WTO bpw WTA bpw Gev]n-°p∂
BLmXw
1. temIhym]mc Icm¿ (WTA) hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS {]I-Shpw Zqc-hym-]-I-hp-amb kzm[o-\hpw (tI-c-f-
Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-ºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS taep-≈) t\m°n-°m-tW-≠Xv tZio-b-ÿn-Xn-I-fpsS
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ am{Xw t]mcm, adn®v Ah tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-tij Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S-\-
bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ IqSn Bbn-c-°-W-sa∂ Imcyw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amWv F∂v \n¿t±-in-°phm≥
Imc-Ww, WTO bptSbpw WTA bptSbpw kzm[o\w tIc-f-Ønse _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp∂
I¿j-I-P-\-e-£-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-tØbpw hn[nhn-ln-X-ß-tfbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-
∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS \s√mcp `mKhpw sNdp-In-S-Ir-jn-°mcpw \ma-am{X I¿j-
Icpw BWv (A-Sn-°p-dn∏v t\m°p-I). Ch-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øns‚ kpc-£-bv°m-Wn-t∏mƒ WTO
bpw WTA bpw hºn® `ojWn Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ CXphsc
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS taep≈ WTA s‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p≈ bmYm¿∞kzm-[o\w
F{X-K-W-\o-b-am-sW∂v imkv{Xo-b-am-sbmcp A]-{K-Y\w \S-Ø-s∏-´n-´n-√. AØ-csamcp
A]-{K-Y-\m-]-c-amb ]T\w \mw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw Im¿jn-tImXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS aq∂n¬ c≠p apX¬ \men¬ aq∂p-hsc
`mKhpw, H∂p-In¬ Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-htbm As√-n¬ hf-sc-tbsd Ib-‰p-aXn km≤yX
D≈-h-tbm BWv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fn¬ Gdnb `mK-Øn\pw (Ip-cp-ap-fIv t]mep-
≈-h-bv°v) ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn hn]Wn e`n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu t\´w ^e-{]-Zambn
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\pw, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øn-bpw, aqey-h¿≤nX DXv]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-
®pw, hn]Wn hn]p-e-am-°p-hm\pw ]cn-{i-an-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. (aq-ey-h¿≤-\-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Øn\v X\-Xmb tijn C\nbpw ssIh-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Ib-
‰p-aXn sNøs∏Sp∂ an° `£y kky-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-ip-Nn-
XzsØ kw_-‘n® WTA hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A{X-am{Xw I¿°-i-am-Wv). AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚
]c-º-cm-KX Nc-°p-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\hpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw, kwkvI-c-W-hpw, hym]mchpw
hn]-Wnsb e£y-am-°n-s°m-≠p-≈-Xm-°n-s°m≠v i‡-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. KpW-ta-∑bnepw
hne-bnepw aqey-Ønepw am’cyti-jn Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nXm-¥-amb _mly-˛-B-`y-¥c
Pm{KX ]men-°pI F∂-XmWv \ap-s°mcp kpÿn-c-amb Im¿jnI hym]mc kpc£ sI´n-∏-
Sp-°p-hm≥ \mw \evtI-≠-Xmb hne F∂p ]d-bmw.
1.2.3.1 B`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-amb a’-c-߃
1. A¥m-cmjv{S Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc cwKØv C¥y≥ DXv]-∂-߃°v Xmc-X-tay\ D≠m-bn-´p≈
t\´-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® Hcp ]T\w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv ˛
49

tIc-f-Øns‚ am{Xw khn-ti-j-amb (]-c-º-cm-KX Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-\-ß-fn¬s]´) Hscm‰ DXvv]-∂-
Xn-\p-t]mepw \tΩmSv a’-cn-°p∂ cmPy-߃°p-ta¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb ap≥ssI t\Sp-hm≥
\ap°v Ct∂mfw Ign-n-´n√ F¥m-Wv. apJy-ImcWw, tIc-f-Ønse hfsc Db¿∂ DXv]m-
Z\-s®ehv Xs∂. F∂m¬ ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]g-h¿§-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iq´w DXvv]-∂-߃°v
A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-c-Øn¬ kpÿn-c-amb hnI-k\ km≤y-X-bp-≠v. Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Øns‚ kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßfpw hyRvP-\-ßfpw Iip-h-≠n-]-cn∏pw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂mWv
dnt∏m¿´v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Cu Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-Wn-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-hm≥
Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Npa-Xe kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn-\m-Wv. Cu DXv]-
∂-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-˛-hn-]-Wn-km-≤y-X-Ifpw a‰-\p-_-‘-hn-j-b-ßfpw ]Tn-°p-hm\pw Hcp \n›nX
Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ hkvXp-\n-jvS-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ap≥ssI FSp-
°p-Ibpw thWw.
2. Cd-°p-a-Xn-I-fpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) Cd-°p-aXn Xocph (Xm-cn-^v)-I-fp-tSbpw
Xmcn-t^-Xc Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw (A-Xm-I-s´, 1986 \pw 1988 \pan-S-bn¬, Hmtcm {]mY-anI DXv]-∂-
Øn-t‚bpw B`y-¥c D]-t`mKw 3% Øn¬ Ipd-bm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ am{X-sa∂mWv hyh-ÿ) {ItaW
Ipd-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ah ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ndp-Ø-em-°p-Ibpw thW-sa∂ Ahÿ
ImcWw hntZi Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS {]hmlw tZiob/B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Gdn-tbdn
hcn-I-bpw, AXv DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bnse hne-bn¬ Imcy-ambn {]Xn-^-en-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tIcfw i‡-amb a’cw t\cn-Sp-∂Xv aq∂p apJy Im¿jnI hnf-I-fn-em-Wv.
{]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ, ate-jy≥ d_-dpw, {ioe--bn-tebpw ^nen-∏o≥kn-tebpw \mfo-tI-c-hpw, Kzm´nam-e-bnse
Ge-hp-am-Wv. CXn-\p-ff t]mwhgn hn]-Wn-bn¬ i‡n-tbmsS a’-cn-°p-I-X-s∂-bm-
Wv. \mfo-tI-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬, tIc-f-Øn\v a’cw t\cn-tS-≠Xv hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-I-fn¬
\n∂p am{X-a-√, \mfo-tIcw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ a‰v C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-߃, hninjy Xan-gv\mSpw
B{‘-{]-tZipw Bbn-´m-Wv. (C-t∏mgpw \mfn-tI-c-Øn-t‚bpw \mfn-tI-tcm-Xv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw
hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-I-fp-am-bp≈ ISpØ a’-c-Øns‚ \Sp-hn¬ Xs∂-bmWv tIc-fw). F∂m¬
Ge-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ \ne Bt]-£n-I-ambn kpc-£-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw. Dev]m-
Z-\hpw hym]m-chpw hfsc i‡-amb {]{In-b-Ifpw h¿jw-tXmdpw hºn® Nm©m-´-Øn\v hnt[-
b-am-bXpw BI-bm¬ \tΩmSv hym]m-c-a-’-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-tb-bpw,
Dev]m-Z-\-tØbpw Ipdn®v Pm{KX ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv X{¥-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p.
1.2.3.2 ka{K klm-b-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ (Aggregate Measure of Support)
I¿j-I¿°v \¬Ip∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ˛ ka-{K-amb klm-b-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v (A<strong>MS</strong>)
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm¿ (AOA) Nne ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v ˛ aq∂p-X-c-amWv klm-b߃.
H∂v, hym]m-csØ Ak-¥p-e-am-°p-∂p,- c≠v, DXv]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-amb klm-bhpw aq∂v DXv]-
∂m-[n-jvSn-tX-X-c-am-b-Xpw. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ka-{K-k-lmbw (A<strong>MS</strong>), Ahn-S-ß-fnse
samØw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z\w Irjn-bpsS `mK-Øns‚ 10% IqSp-X-em-Ip-hm≥ ]mSn√ F∂-XmWv ]cn-an-
Xn. Cu ho£-W-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬, \evIp∂ k_vknUn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a√ F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
I¿j-I¿°v bmsXmcp `oj-Wnbv°pw Ah-Im-i-an-√. s]mXp-th, C¥y-bnse I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°p∂
k_vkn-Un-Iƒ (D-ev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-a-√mØ k_vkn-Un-I-fpw, k¿°m-cns‚ kw`-c-Whpw Xmßp-hn-ebpw
Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-h) Ct∏mƒ t\m°n-bm¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn-[n-bn¬ hfsc XmW-XmWv F∂p
ImWmw. Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTnX klmbw tIc-f-Øns‚ hnf-I-fn¬ sIm{]bv°p am{X-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS kw`-c-W-Øn-eqsS e`y-am-°p∂ hºn® k_vkn-Un-bp-ambn
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Xptemw XpO-am-Wv. Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Unsb kw_-‘n®p]-
d-m¬, tIcfw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fn¬ H∂n-\p-t]mepw Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-amb ˛
k_vkn-Untbm klm-btam e`n-°p-∂n-√. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-≈-B-Z-bm-Øn\v \nIpXn Cf-hp-sN-øp-
∂Xv am{X-amWv CXn\v Hcp A]-hmZw (F-∂m¬ BZm-b-\n-IpXn Cfhv F∂ B\p-Iq-eyhpw hfsc
XpO-am-Wv) Aßns\ t\m°n-bm¬ tIc-f-Ønse tZiob Im¿jn-I-k-_vkn-Un-bpsS ]v hfsc XmW-
Xpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy-D-ev]-∂-ß-fp-sS `qcn-`m-K-Øn\pw Xmßp-hn-ebpw e`y-am-Ip-∂n-√ F∂-XmWv
kXyw.
50

1.2.3.3. DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS h¿§o-I-cWw (Categorization of Commodities)
ss_‚nwKv Xmcn-^p-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn DXv]-∂-ßsf Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬
Nne s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ D≠v. hfsc {]I-S-amb Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv hymh-km-bn-tIm-ev]-∂-ßfpw Im¿jntIm-ev]-∂-ßfpw
XΩn¬ AXn¿hn´v IS-°p∂ ÿnXn. Cß-s\-bp≈ AXn-hym-]\w \ndp-Ø-em-°-
Ww, Imc-Ww Cu c≠p hn`mKw DXv]-∂-ßfpw temI-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ (WTO bpsS) c≠p hyXykvX
taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≈ Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°p-I-fpsS Iogn¬ hcp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Cu c≠p hn`m-K-Øn-ep-ambn h¿§o-
I-cn-®n-´p≈ DXv]-∂-߃ hymh-kmb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ Bbn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv {]iv\w Xes]m-°p-∂Xpw,
X{¥-]-c-amb Nne \nKq-V-X-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xpw. d_-dns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬,
P\-d¬ F{Kn-sa‚ v Hm¨ Xmcn^v B‚ v t{SbvUv (GATT) BZy-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ d_-dns\ Hcp
hymh-km-bnI Dev]-∂-ambn´mWv Xcw-Xn-cn®Xv. F∂m¬ GATT F∂ temI-hym-]m-c-hy-hÿ amdn
temI-hym]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bmbn WTO ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´n´pw d_-dns‚ ]p\¿h¿§o-Icw D≠m-bn-
√. CXv tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZv hyh-ÿbv°v Kuc-h-X-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-amWp D≠m-°n-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. hn]Wn kpc£ d_¿ I¿j-I¿°pw sImSp-t°-≠-Xmbpw h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp {]mY-anI DXv]-
∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ d_¿ ]mtem, d_¿ jot‰m Xo¿®-bmbpw 100% _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°n\v A¿lX
t\tS-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp hymh-km-bnI DXv]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-s°-∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬
shdpw 50% Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-am-{X-amWv A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-samcp Xcw-Xn-cn-°-ens‚ sshcp-
≤yw-aqew 100% hsc _u≠v \nc°v e`n-t°≠ ]cp-Øn-t]m-ep≈ (hym-h-km-bnI ]Zm¿∞-am-sW-nepw)
Hcp-ev]-∂sØ {]mY-anI Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-Øns‚ Iq´-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. AXn-
\m¬ C¥y-bnse d_¿ Dev]m-Z-I-cpsS Xmev]cyw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v d_-dn-t\bpw kam\ DXv]-
∂-ß-tfbpw (hy-h-kmb Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-h) Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-≠p≈ (B Dev]-∂-߃ Fßns\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p t\m°m-sX) Hcp
]p\¿h¿§o-I-cWw hfsc ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. hym]m-c-˛-cm-jv{Sob \b-X-{¥-ß-fn-eqsS
d_-dns‚ Im¿jnIhnf-bpsS ]´n-I-bn-te-°p≈ ]p\¿h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v km≤y-X-bp-≠v. AXn-s\-∏‰n
tI{µ-k¿°m-cns\ t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw hnizm-kyX t\Sm-\pw, A\p-c-⁄-\-Øn-\p≈ hnj-b-ßfn¬
H∂mbn CXns\ AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Im¿jn-Ihym-]m-c-cw-K-Øp≈
{]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n A\p-c-⁄-\-{]-{Inb XpS-cp-hm-\mWv tZmlm-a-{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f\w
Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xpw. AXp-am-{X-hp-a√, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I-P-\-X-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\ Xmev]-
cy-߃°v kpc£ \evIp-hm≥ _m≤yÿ-amb {]tXyI hnth-N-\m-kw-c-£-W-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Irjnsb
kw_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ (AOA) D≈ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-Iq-Sm.
1.2.3.4 km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (ip-Nn-Xz-˛-k-ky-ip-NnXz \S-]-Sn-Iƒ)
tIc-f-Øns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v WTO hyh-ÿ-bn¬ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ G‰hpw henb `ojWn Nc-°p-
I-fpsS Af-hns‚ Imcy-Øn-e-√, adn-®v, Nc-°p-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw kw_-‘n® \S-]-Sn-I-fpw, A¥mcmjv{S
hn]-Wn-bn¬ \njvI¿jn-°p∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ß-fp-sS, hnti-jn®pw ss^t‰m-˛-km-\n-´-dn (kky-ip-Nn-Xz)
am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw BWv. IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Ah-in-jvSmw-iw, ssat{Im-tSm-Ivkn≥, kq£vam-
Wp-km-∂n≤yw XpSßnb Imcy-߃ i‡-ambn \njvI¿jn-®p-h-cp-∂p. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ \n¿∆N\w
Bfl-\n-jvT-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn, WTO hyh-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-´p≈ Xmcn-t^-Xc XS-
-ß-fn¬ hfsc {][m-\-amb H∂m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. an°-cm-Py-ß-fpw, hnti-jn-®v, hnI-kn-X-cm-Pyßfpw
Cu km\n-´dn am\-Z-WvU-߃ Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂-Xv, `mKn-I-ambn Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ Btcm-Kym-ht_m[w
]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw, `mKn-I-ambn hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Isf sNdp-
°p-hm\pw, \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw BWv. hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃°v ipNn-Xzm-tcmKy am\-Z-WvU-߃
]men-°p-hm-\p≈ tijn- Ip-d-hm-sW∂ hn£-W-amWv Cu KpW-\n-e-hm-c- \n¿Æ-b-co-Xn kzoI-cn-°m-\n-
S-bm-°p-∂-Xv. Cu \n¿Æ-b-coXn Bfl-\n-jvThpw hnhmZ]c-hp-am-sW-∂mWv 2, 3 h¿j-߃°p-apºv
tIc-f-Øns‚ kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®Xv sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-]-cn-lmcw Hcp Zzn˛ap-J-k-ao-]-\-am-Wv.
BZy-ambn KpW-\n-e-hmcw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cphm\pw, AXv Dev]m-
Z-\-Øn-s‚ apJy-`m-K-am-°p-Ibpw, WTO bpsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb thZn-I-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v km\n-´dnbpw
ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn (SPS) am\-Z-WvU-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm\pw SPS s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-
°p∂ hym]m-c-hn-th-N\ k{º-Zmbw \ntcm-[n-°p-hm\pw `mc-X-k¿°m¿ temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO)
51

tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp-Xv]∂w \n›n-X-amb KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]men-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw CØcw
SPS am\-Z-WvU-߃ I¿°-i-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-an-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tXbn-e, Gew,
Iip-h-≠n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Im∏n F∂n-h-bn¬ It≠-°m-hp∂ cmkmh-in-jvS-߃ Hcp {]iv\-am-Wv. AXn-
\m¬ \mw sNtø≠ Imcy-߃ km\n-´dn s^t‰m-km-\n-´dn KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬
IqSp-X¬ PmK-cq-IX ]men-°p-I-bpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-cw \ΩpsS I¿j-Icpw F√mw ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
N´-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw KpW-\n-e-hmcw XpS¿∂ \e-\n-dp-Øm-\p≈ tijn ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw, Dev]-
∂-߃ Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v k÷-amIpw apºv Ahbv°v -\n-›nX KpW\ne-hmcw Dt≠m-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-hm-\p≈ tamWn-‰-dnwKv k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-I-bp-am-Wv.
1.2.3.5 _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-ihpw (IPR) ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw
1) kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øm¬ A\p-{K-lo-X-amWv tIc-fw. WTO bpsS ]pXnb _u≤n-Ikz-Ø-h-Imi
\nb-a-߃, \ΩpsS ssPh-ssh-hn[yw D]-tbm-Kn®v kmº-ØnItijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥
\nc-h[n km≤y-X-Iƒ hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w Nne `oj-Wn-Ifpw \ap°v t\cn-Sphm-\p-≠v.
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏´ A\p-t]-£-Wobamb \b-߃ C√m-Ø-Xn-
\m¬, ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-h-cpsS [m¿Ωn-I-tijnsb
tNm¿Øn-°-f-bp∂ Bh-iy-an-√mØ hnhm-Z-ß-fn¬ sNs∂-Øp-∂-Xn-\-nS-bm-hp-∂p. (D-Zm-l-c-W-
Øn-\v, sh®q¿ ]ip-hn-t‚bpw, Btcm-Ky-]-®-bpsSbpw t]‰-‚pw, kao-]-Im-eØv N°-c-s°m-√n-bp-tSbpw
Imcy-Øn¬ \S∂ hnhm-Z-ßfpw t\m°p-I). hym]m-c-hm-WnPy Bh-iy-߃°v D]-bp-‡-amb coXnbn¬
tIc-f-Ønse Dev]-∂-ßsf hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm\pw Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-X-Xz-߃ ]Tn-°phm\pw,
AØcw Poh-D-ev]-∂-ßsf B[m-c-am°n kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw
Hcp ka-b-_-‘nX ]cn-]mSn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm\pw ap≥K-W-\m-{Iaw \evIn Kth-jWw \SØn hnh-c߃
kam-l-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-amWv tIcfw ASn-b-¥n-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. tIc-f-
Øns‚ imkv{Xo-b-amb AkvXn-Xzhpw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ \nt£] kwc-`-߃°p≈ t{kmX- p-
Ifpw Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øn¬ \n∂pw hym]m-chpw
kºØpw hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ `mKØv \n∂pw ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø\w Bh-iyam-Wv.
CXn-t\m-sSm∏w ssItIm¿Øp-sIm≠v Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv \nt£]w \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v DZm-c-amb
[\-k-lmbw \evIp-Ibpw, _u≤n-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-sØ-∏‰n km£-cX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, imkv{Xob
coXn-bn¬ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Im¿jnI hn⁄m-\sØ {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-
≠-Xp-≠v.
2)Pntbm{K-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-js‚ AwKo-Im-c-Øns‚ A¿l-Xbv°v \nZm\w GsX-nepw khnti-jX
KpW-tam, {]i-kvXn-tbm, a‰p kz`m-h-Kp-W-tam, Hcp-Xv]-∂-Øns‚ _mly-cq]w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈
KpW-ßtfm Bbn-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]cn-:ÿn-Xn, ssPh-]-c-amb LS-I-߃, Dev]m-
Z-\-Ønepw kwkv°-c-W-Ønepw t\cn-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-Im-cy-߃ IW-°n-se-Sp-
°p-∂p. Cu khn-tij KpW-ßfpw, kzm`m-hn-I-amb ta∑bpw hy‡-amb \n¿∆-N-\-Øn\v hg-ßp∂-
Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, sIm®n-C-©n, Be-∏pg ^nwK¿ aƒ, Xet»cn
{Ko≥ t_mƒUv (h-en-b) Gebv° apX-em-b-hbv°v henb hn]Wn {]kn-≤n-bp-s≠∂v kphn-Zn-Zam-W-t√m.
{]I-Shpw {]Xy-£-hp-amb Nne hnti-j-kz-`m-h-Kp-W-߃ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ \n¿∆-Nn-°s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v,
BIr-Xn, hen-∏w, \ndw, Zriyw, \n›n-amb Xq°w (sSÃv shbn-‰v), D≈-S-°w, hn]-Wnbn¬
hne-\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-[m-c-am-b, DXv]-∂-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ cmk-L-S-I-ß-fpsS kwtbmKw
F∂o ASn-ÿm-\-hn-h-c-߃, DXv]-∂-Øns‚ Nn{Xw F∂n-h-bpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ \n¿∆-Nn-t°-≠-Xv. \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Øn-t‚bpw
(TRIPS) tPym{K-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥kn-t‚bpw tZiob \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Whpw Cu hninjvS DXv]-∂ßsf
kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imchpw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS
P∑-tZ-i-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ KpWhpw {]i-kvXnbpw hn]-W\ cwK-ß-fn¬ hfsc apºp-Xs∂ ]cs°
Adn-hp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
52

1.2.3.6 ]pXnb Ah-k-c-ß-fpw, km[y-X-Ifpw
Irjn-sb-kw-_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS (AoA) hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬\n∂pw {]Xo-£n-°m-hp∂ h¿≤n® tXmXnep≈
]pXnb hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X-bpsS ^e-ambn Ib-‰p-aXn cwKØv Ht´sd Ah-k-c-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cp-
∂p-≠v. hnhn-[- C\w Ae-m-c-]p-jv]-߃°pw, DjvW-ta-J-em {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]®-°-dn-Iƒ°pw, hntijn®pw
\mS≥ (hw-io-b) hn`-h-ß-fn¬ {]nb-ap≈ hntZi D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ [mcmfap≈-Xn-\m¬ ChbpsS
]pXnb hn]-Wn-km-≤yX {]I-S-am-Wv. th≠ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw, DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv Ipd
kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw, a’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb e£y-am-°n-bp≈ Dev]m-Z-\hpw (G-‰hpw
\qX-\hpw BI¿j-Wo-b-hp-amb ]m°nw-Kpw) KXm-KX kuI-cy-ß-fpw, hym]mcw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-
Øm-\p≈ F√m-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-ÿm\w hnI-kn-∏n®v FSp°Ww. Cu ]pXnb A\p-
Iqe kml-N-cy-߃ [mcmfw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ tIc-f-Øn\v B¿÷n-°m≥
Ign-bp∂ [\hpw hfsc KW-\o-b-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu cwKØv F{X-thKw apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-thm
A{Xbpw t\´w D≠m-hp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬, a≤y-]q¿∆ cmPy-ß-fnse hn]Wn ]nSn-s®Sp°phm≥ Ab¬
kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn am’cyw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-ambn hcpw.
1.2.3.7 Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA) ]p\:ch-tem-I-\-Øn-\mbn \S-°p∂
A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ tI{µk¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-t°≠ \ne-]mSv
1) tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-߃°v hn]Wn {]m]yX kp-I-c-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ tI{µ-k¿°mcns‚
\ne-]mSv Xo¿®-bmbpw "Hmªn-tK-‰dn Xmcn-^p'-Iƒ G‰hpw Ipd \nc-°p-I-fn¬ \n›-bn-°-Wsa∂v
A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ i‡n-bmbn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. F√m DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Xmcn-^p-Iƒ
H∂-Sw DS-\Sn Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv C¥ybv°v tbmPn-∏n-√. F∂m¬ tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bpsS _u≠v
Xmcn^v \nc-°mb 45%, F√m `£y-F-Æ-I-fpsSbpw Hmh¿ Hmƒ (sam-Øw) _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°ns\m∏w
Db¿tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS {KmaoW Im¿jn-I-k-ºZv hyh-ÿsb
tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂, {][m\ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS IpØ-s\-bp≈ Db¿∂-\ne KWyambn
Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ kº∂ hnI-knX cmPy-߃ kΩ-Xn-°Ww.
2)C∂sØ temI-hym-]mc hyh-ÿ-bpsS apJy-kz-`mhw AXp- {]-tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bn-´p≈
`oa-amb Ak-a-Xz-ß-fm-Wv. F√m hnI-knX kº∂ cmPy-ßfpw Ah-cpsS I¿j-I¿°v hfsc h¿≤n®
B`y-¥c klm-bhpw Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-I-fp-amWv \evIp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX, {Ko≥ t_mIvkn-tebpw
ªqt_mIvkn-tebpw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ temI-hym-]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂ klm-b-ßsf aqSnsh-bv°p-hm-\mWv
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ hym]m-csØ XInSw adn-°m-Ø-Xpw, Ak-a-Xz-ß-fn-
√m-ØXpw, IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cyhpw kXy-k-‘-hp-amb Hcp hym]m-c-hy-hÿ C∂v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-
Wv. Xß-fpsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 50% ¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-ambn Im¿jn-I-hr-Ønsb
B{i-bn-°p-tºmƒ, \n›nX ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ _lp-`q-cn-]-£w-h-cp∂ sNdp-InS Irjn-°m-cpsS D]-Po-h-
\sØ IS-∂m-{I-an-°p-∂-Xm-bpw, bmsXmcp kzØp-an-√mØ {KmaoW kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Zmcn-{ZysØ
Kpcp-X-c-am-°p-∂-Xmbpw hfsc hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, B cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hntZi
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hnepw, tXmXnepw Ah-iy-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ temIsØ
hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v Ah-Imiw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.
3)C¥y-bnse I¿jI P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \s´-√p-Xs∂ Irjnbm-sW-∂-Xp-sIm≠v
\S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ v Ah-ew-_n-t°≠
\ne-]m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]amWw-˛-B-`y-¥c Irjn-tbbpw, Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-tfbpw hn´p-hogvN
IqSmsX kwc-£n°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]∂ sshhn-[y-Øn-te°pw, ]®-°-dn-Ifpw, arK-P\y
Dev]-∂-ßfpw h≥tXm-Xn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ _m[y-kvX-amb {]h-W-X-bn-te°pw D≈ \ΩpsS Im¿jn-
I-cw-KsØ ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-∏‰n C¥ybv°v hy‡-amb [mc-W-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
4)tai-bv°p-Np‰pw A\p-c-RvP-\-{i-a-߃°mbn FØp∂ cmPy-ß-fpsS h≥\n-c-bn¬, Zmcn-{Zy-
\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-hpw, {Kmao-W-P-\-X-bpsS t£ahpw e£y-am-°n-bn-´p≈ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn HØp-tN-¿∂v
C¥y hne-t]-ip-∂-XmWv G‰hpw _p≤n-]q¿∆hpw DØ-ahpw Bb am¿§w. bp‡n-]q¿∆hpw A\p-tbm-
Py-hp-amb Xmcn-^p-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbpw, Cd-°p-a-Xnsb \ymb-ambn \nb-{¥n-®pw, tImSm-\p-tImSn I¿j-
53

I-Ip-Spw-_-߃°v G‰hpw Ipd hcp-am\ kpc-£-sb-nepw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Hcp ÿnXn C¥ybv°v
D≠mtb aXn-bm-hq. temI-hym-]mc-sØ-bmsI Xe-Iogv adn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ B`y-¥c k_vkn-
Un-Ifpw hym]m-tc-Xc XS- -ß-fpw, "Irjn-bpsS _lp-ap-JXzw' F∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈
hnI-knX kº-∂-cm-Py-ß-fpsS \o°-ßfpw \ymb-hm-Z-ßfpw, Ah-cpsS am{Xw kuI-cy-Øn\pw kzm¿∞-
Øn\pw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm-\pw, Xpey-A-h-k-c-߃ D≈ Hcp temI-hym-]m-c-hy-hÿ krjvSn-
°m\pw C¥y kam-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bp≈ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn HØp-tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.3 kao-]-\-ßfpw X{¥-ßfpw
Cu khn-tij kµ¿`-Øn¬, tIc-f-Ønse sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnepw, DXv]m-Z-\-cw-K-ß-fnepw \ap-
°p-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-sf Fßns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°Ww F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp Z¿i\w Bhiy-am-Wv.
Cu hkvXp-Xbv°v Du∂¬ \evI-Ww. ImcWw hy‡-amb Hcp Z¿i\w C√msX ]pXnb
temI-hym-]mc hyhÿ hmKvZm\w sNøm-\n-S-bp≈ \nc-h[n Ah-k-c-ß-tfbpw hnI-k\ km≤y-X-Itfbpw
NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. tIc-f-Øn\v B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-tbmSpw Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-
Wn-tbmSpw D≈ `oa-amb B{in-XXzw h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-{K-l-ambn
e`n-®n-´p≈ {]tXyI˛{]Ir-Xn-˛-P-\-˛-hn-`-h-t{km-X- p-Isf \mw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-
Wv. kºq¿Æsa∂p-]-d-bm-hp∂ km£-c-Xbpw, hnhn[ sXmgn¬ sshZ-Kv[y-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-ambpw cmjv{Sob-ambpw
Ah-t_m-[-ap≈ sXmgn¬ i‡nbpw (Labour Force) D≈-Xn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn\v At\-I-am-fp-
Iƒ°v Htc-k-abw sXmgn¬ \evIp-hm-\p≈ _rl-Xv]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. hf-sctbsd
sshhn-[y-ap≈ {]IrXn kº-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bpw, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb `q]-cn-jvI-cWw \nehn¬
h∂-Xpw, hnZym-k-º∂cpw, sXmgn¬ sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≈Xpw cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ sXmgn¬
i‡n-bpw, Btcm-Ky-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-ß-fn¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn-®n-´p≈ AXp-ey-t\-´-ßfpw, s]mXp-hnep≈
khn-tij kml-N-cy-ß-fpw, Znim-t_m-[-tØmsS ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kmº-ØnI
hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXn-b-L´w Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw tIc-f-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.3.1 tIc-f-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb hym]m-c -kp-c£mhyhÿ ÿm]n-°pI
tIc-f-Øn\v kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp Im¿jnI hym]m-c-kp-c£m hyh-ÿm-]-≤Xn sI´n∏-Sp-°m-\m-hiy-amb
\n¿t±-i-߃ ka¿∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu IΩn-js‚ apJy-e-£yw. tIc-f-Øn-se Im¿jnI
IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ÿnXnbpw cq]hpw F¥m-sW∂pw, I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ,
kwÿm\- k¿°m¿, tI{µ-k¿°m¿ F∂n-h¿ kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp hym]m-c-kp-c£m k{º-Zmbw sI´ns∏-Sp-°m-\m-h-iy-amb
{]mY-an-I-hpw, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-hp-amb Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ sNø-W-sa∂v ]cma¿in-®-sIm-≠mWv
Cu dnt∏m¿´v Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
1.3.3.1 {]mY-an-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-hp-amb hyh-ÿ-Ifpw hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]pw
{]mY-anI ASn-ÿm\ hyh-ÿ-bv°p≈ \n¿±njvS LS-I-߃ Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.
F) {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amb kwÿm-\-\bw: temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO) tbmSp≈ {]Xn-I-c-
W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amb Hcp kwÿm\ \b-Øn-\p-cq]w \¬Ip-tºmƒ, Ign-
-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kwÿm\w \S-Øn-bn-´p≈, CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kwÿm\w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kmº-ØnI t\´-ßsf hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-
Øp-hm-\pw, {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm\pw \ap°v Ign-b-Ww. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS hyhÿ
\nb-{¥n-°p∂ ]pXnb hnI-k-\-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-bp-hm≥ kwÿm-\-Øn-\m-hp-I-bn-√.
AXn-\m¬ s]mXp-\n-t£-]I kwcw-`-ß-fn¬ (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Im¿jnI hnI-k-\-ta-J-e-bnse)
kwÿm\w hln-°p∂ ]v A\n¿∆m-cy-am-bpw XpS-cp-I-bpw, AtXm-sSm∏w Zp¿_-e-P-\-hn-
`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-sØbpw, hnti-jn®pw Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I-cp-tS-bpw, I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw
D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v ]pXnb temI-hym-]m-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-Ip∂ `oj-Wn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
Ahsc kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-hm≥ k¿°m¿ _m≤y-ÿ-am-Wv.
_n)
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°pI: C∂v kwÿm-\-Øn-\p≈ kmt-Xn-I-tijn D]-tbm-Kn-®v,
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C∂p≈ Im¿jnIhnf-bpsS tXmXpw, ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ h¿≤n® DXv]m-
Z\ tXmXpw XΩn¬ D≈ henb hnShv \nI-Øp-hm≥ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏nt® aXn-bm-hq.
54

kn)
Un)
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿ØpI: B`y¥-c-hn-tZi (I-b-‰p-a-Xn) hn]-Wn-Iƒ i‡-am-°p-hm≥, Im¿jntIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw
a‰pw ipNn-Xz-Øn\pw AWp-hn-ap-‡-Xbv°pw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp∂ am\-Z-
WvU-߃ \mapw ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ i‡-am-°p-I-bpw, KpW-
\n-e-hmcw kw_-‘n® WTO \n¿t±-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v I¿j-I-sc-bpw, Im¿jnI sXmgn-ep-Xv]m-Z-
I-tcbpw, D]-t`m-‡m-°-tfbpw t_m[-h-Xv°-cn-°m≥ Hcp km£-cXm {]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w
\evIn {]h¿Øn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
BZm-b-h¿≤\: DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Imcy-£-a-X-bv°pw, h¿≤n® DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbv°pw th≠
LS-I-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bpw, AtXm-sSm∏w hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-s\-Xp-S¿∂p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ imkv{Xob
kt-X-߃ {]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw, Imcy-ßsf ]c-kv]cw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p-{]-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬
\nXm-¥-amb {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ am{Xta Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ BZmbw h¿≤n-
∏n-°m≥ Ign-bq. aqey-h¿≤-\bv°v kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, ssPh-Ir-jn, ssPh-kp-K-‘-{Zhy-߃,
tXbne, Im∏n, ]g-h¿§-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ae-m-c-]p-jv]-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
DXv]m-Z-\hpw Ah-bpsS hn]Wn {]m]y-XbpwIqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
C) Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ kpÿn-cX: DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\-hn¬ ]ptcm-KXn \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
ASn-ÿm\-]-c-amb ap∂p-]m-[n-bmWv ]cn-xÿnXn Imcy-ß-fn¬ {i≤h-bv°pI F∂-Xv, DZm-lc-W-ambn
aÆns‚ hf-°qdpw, Btcm-Kyhpw ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw kwÿm-\Øv A\p-`-hs∏-Sp∂
Pe-Zu¿e`yw t\cn-Sp-hm≥ ag-sh≈w kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw,
Pew Imcy-£-a-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw, h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpw, Im¿jn-I-˛-ssP-h-ssh-hn-[yhpw
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.
F^v) DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\-Ønepw kpÿn-cX: B`y-¥-c-˛-hn-tZi hn]-Wn-I-fnse
{]h-W-X-I-sf-∏‰n Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øp≈ hnhn[hn`mKw P\-߃°pw Imen-I-hpw, {]h¿Ø-t\m-
∑p-Jhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb D]-tZ-i-߃ \evIp-Ibpw, hn]Wn kpÿn-c-Xm-\n-[n, hnf C≥jpd≥kv
t]mep≈ A\p-tbm-Py-amb s]mXp-\b ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ am{Xta
Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z-\hpw Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpw kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
1.3.1.2 temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
1. apºv {]kvXm-hn® \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ Gdn-b-Iqdpw tIc-f-Ønse e£-°-W-°n\v I¿jI IpSpw-_-
ß-fp-tSbpw, sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\-IfptSbpw, I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw, tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fp-tSbpw kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂nh-bp-tSbpw
tI{µ-k¿°m¿, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ F∂n-h-bp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-bn¬s∏Sp-∂-h-bmbn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ temI-hym-]m-c-I-cm-dn¬ (WTA) s]Sp∂ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA)
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\Øv kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp hym]m-c-kp-c-£m-hy-hÿ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂-Xn¬
{]k-‡-amb LS-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.
F) B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw
_n) kpJI-c-amb hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX
kn) Ib-‰p-aXn k_vknUn
Un) hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imiw
C) DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw
F^v) tImUIvkv Fen-sa‚-dn-bkv Ãmt‚-¿Up-Iƒ
2. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Øn¬ apI-fn¬ ]d Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw
F{X-am{Xw Kuc-h-ta-dnb kzm[o-\-ap≠v F∂ Adnhv hfsc {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. B Adn-hp-
Iƒ F√mw `mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ apºn¬ hbv°p-hm-\pw, \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ A\p-c-RvP-\-{]-{In-bbn¬
]s-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AoA) ]p\x]cn-tim-[\mthf-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-hm≥, `mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-ß-fn¬ hcp-tØ≠ A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb am‰-
ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw, apI-fn¬ ]d--Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amb [mc-W-Ifpw D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. GXm\pw DXv]-
∂-ß-fpsS _u≠v \nc-°p-Ifpw Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xocp-h-Ifpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ
55

`mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ kXz-c-amb {i≤-]-Xn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. G‰hpw ]pXnb Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \bw A\pk-cn-®p-t]mepw
tIc-f-Øns‚ am{X-amb ]e khn-tij DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS taep≈ Ib-‰p-aXn Xmcn-^p-
Iƒ _u≠v \nc-°n¬ F{Xtbm XmW-\n-c-°n-emWv Dd-∏n-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. B Dev]-
∂-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
• d∫¿
• \mfn-tIcw
• Im∏n
• tXbne
• Ipcp-ap-fIpw a‰pw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßfpw
• Iip-h≠n
• Huj-[-k-ky-߃
•a’y-hpw, kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ßfpw
•]mepw, £otcm-ev]-∂-ßfpw
•amwk-hpw, amwtkm-ev]-∂-ßfpw
•kwkv°-cn® `£y-km-[-\-ßfpw (Sn-∂ne-S®v kq£n-®h)
3. Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRs) \o°w
sNøp-∂Xv B`y-¥-c-ambn sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w AYhm BLm-X-߃ F{X-am-{X-am-sW∂v hkvXp-
\n-jvT-ambn ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu hnf-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-t\bpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ IΩo-j≥ Hmtcm SmkvIv
t^mgvkv cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. SmkvIv t^mgvkp-Iƒ Af-hp-]-c-ambn \nb-{¥Ww \ndp-Ø-em-°n-b-
Xns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf-∏‰n {]mY-anI A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øn. AØ-c-samcp ]p\xch-tem-I\w \S-Øptºmƒ,
hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hf-sc-tbsd hnI-kn- -®n-´p≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy-kvX-ambn \ΩpsS
\m´n¬ Irjn (hn-f-Ir-jn-Iƒ) arK-kw-c-£-Ww, a’y-_-‘-\w, a’yw hf¿Ø¬, Im¿jn-I-h-\-hn-`h
kw`-c-Ww, Im¿jnI hn`-h-kw-kv°-c-Ww, F∂n-h-bn¬ BWv cmPysØ `qcn-]-£-Øn-t‚bpw D]-Po-h-
\-kp-c£m hyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´√v ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv F∂ hkvXp-X-bn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS {i≤ -H-cn-
°epw ]n¥n-cn-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-√.
4. Im¿jn-I-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-߃ sXm´v, tI{µ-k¿°m-cpw, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-
\bpw hsc-bp≈ F√m LS-I-ß-fnepw XnI®pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-]£w
kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp Im¿jn-I-hym]-]mc kpc-£m-hy-hÿ cmPyØv Hcp bmYm¿∞y-ambn Xocp-∂XmWv.
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Im¿jnI hym]m-c-kp-c-£m-hy-hÿ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvk-ar-≤nsb
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]c-a-{]m-[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂sØ {]tXyI kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬ Im¿jnI hym]m-cw XI-cm-dn-em-Ip∂ ]£w ]ns∂ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
thsd Hcp -cw-Khpw Ah-k-chpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv bYm¿∞yw.
1.3.2 hym]m-c-X-{¥hpw {]mtZ-inI Du∂epw
tIcfw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂ Im¿jnI hym]m-c-X{¥w Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ aq∂p-\n-bmaI XXz-ß-fn¬
A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
BZy-ambn: hne-bn-epw, aqey-Ønepw KpW-ta-∑-bnepw IqSpX-X¬ {i≤ Du∂n-s°m≠v B`y-¥c-hn-]-Wn-bv°m-bp≈
B`y-¥-c-hym-]mcw hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-I.
c≠m-a-Xmbn: kuØv Gjy≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ doPn-b-W¬ tIm˛-Hm-∏-td-j≥ (km¿°v),
Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Hm^v kuØv CuÃv Gjy≥ t\j≥kv (B-kn-bm≥) F∂n-h-bn-ep≈
Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fp-am-bn-´p≈ hym]m-c-Øn\v {]mtZ-in-I-amb Du∂¬ \evIp-Ibpw, hnI-kz-cam-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
F√m Ab¬ cmPy-ßfp-ambn KpW-I-c-amb, F√m-hcpw t\Sn-t\Sn apt∂dp∂
Xc-Øn-ep≈, hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p-I. tIc-f-Øn\v Xo¿®-bmbpw {ioe-,
ate-jy, Xmbve‚ v, hnb-‰v\mw, Iwt_m-Un-b, Ct¥m-t\-jy, F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]c-kv]cw KpW-
I-c-amb hyh-kmb _‘-߃ D≠m-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
56

aq∂m-a-Xmbn: BtKm-f-hym-]m-c-cw-KØv a≤y-]q¿∆-tZ-i-߃, B{^n-°≥ cmPy-߃, bqtdm-
]y≥ bqWn-b≥, kn.-sF.-F-kv. (tIm-a¨sh¬Øv Hm^v C‚n-s]‚≠v tÉvkv) cmPy-߃,
hSt° Ata-cn° F∂o cmPy-ß-fp-am-bp≈ BtKm-f-Xe hym]mcw hn]p-e-am-°-Ww. CXns‚
Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn hnti-jn®pw, hn]Wn km≤y-X-I-sf-∏‰n icn-bmb Adn-hp-t\-Sp-hm≥ Im¿jnI
hym]m-c-Øn-\m-bp≈ Hcp I¬]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime (th¿Nyp¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n), Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬
ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xm-b, ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv, Im¿jn-I-hn-`-h-߃°p≈ Unam‚pw, hne-L-S-\-bpw,
kw_-‘n®v Af-hnepw KpW-Øn-ep≈ am\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw, hym]m-c-kw-_-‘-amb
F√m hn⁄m-\hpw A\p-Zn\w \ho-I-cn-°p-hm\pw hf-sc-tbsd klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.
1.3.3 am‰-ßsf hnZ-Kv[-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-hm-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃ (Instruments for
Managing Change)
kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-t‚-bpw, temI-hym-]m-c-Øn-t‚bpw i‡-amb kzm[o-
\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI hyhÿ Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø\ L´-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-
Wv. Cu L´-Øn¬, dnt∏m¿´n¬ Bh¿Øn®v Du∂¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xp-t]m-se, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X,
KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, aqey-h¿≤\ F∂o-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CØ-c-Ønep≈
Hcp hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ ssIIm-cy-I¿ØrXzw \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Bh-iyw-th≠ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw,
sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Hmtcm taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
• P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te°v bph-P-\-ßsf BI¿jn-°p-
Ibpw Ah-cpsS Xmev]cyw Irjn-bn¬ Dd-∏n®p
\ndp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
• imkv{X-km-t-XnI cwKsØ sh√p-hnfn
• ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb sh√p-hnfn
• kmº-Øn-I-amb sh√p-hnfn
• [m¿Ωn-Ihpw ss[jWnI-hp-amb
sh√p-hnfn
• kmaq-ln-I-hpw-˛-kmºØnI-hp-amb
sh√phnfn-Iƒ
P\nXI C©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, GMO AYhm P\-Xn-I-amb
sa®-s∏´ Pohn-Iƒ, (Genetically Modified Organisms),
hnhc kmtXnI-hn-Zy.
Imem-h-ÿ, Pew, aÆv, ssPh-ssh-hn[yw t•m_¬
I¨sh-j≥ Hm¨ ss¢a‰v B‚ v _tbm
ssUth-gvkn‰n
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® temI-hym-]mc Icm¿
(World Trade Agreements in Agriculture)
hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi
\nb-a-ßfpw (TRIPS), kky P\n-XI t{kmX- p-Isf
kw_-‘n® ^pUv B‚ v A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ Hm¿K-ss\˛
tkj\p (FAO) ambp≈ HØp-Xo¿∏p[mc-W-Iƒ.
kmaq-ln-I-hpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\]chp-amb AkaXzhpw
\n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøp-I. FØn-bn-´n-√m-Øn-SØv
FØnt®cpI (reaching the unreached)
1.4 IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
k¿°m-cns‚ kXz-c-amb ]cn-K-W-\bv°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p-ambn IΩn-j≥
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ip]m¿i-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
tZmlm-\¥c A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬, C¥y-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃ kw-c-£n-°m≥ kzoI-cn-t°≠
\b-k-ao-]-\-ßfpw, X{¥-ßfpw Bh-iy-ßfpw Fs¥ms° Bbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-Xns\ Bkv]-Z-am-°nbm-bn-cp∂p
IΩn-j≥ BZyw apt∂m´p h® ip]m¿i-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw. XpS¿∂p as‰mcp Iq´w
ip]m¿i-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ am{Xw khn-ti-j-amb {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
(F) ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, (_n) {lkz-Ime ˛ a≤y-a-Im-e-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ (kn) Zo¿L-Im-e (-ÿm-]-\-]-
c-hp-ambn) am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂o aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
ip]m¿iIƒ.
57

1.4.1. Irjnsb kw_‘n® Icm-dp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tZmlm˛ktΩ-f\m-\-¥c {]iv\-߃
B`y-¥c klmbw : kpÿn-c-amb Hcp "D]-Po-h\ t_mIvkn's‚ Bhiyw
1. Hm.C.-kn.Un. cmPy-߃(-Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ t^m¿ F°-tWm-an°v tIm˛-Hm-∏-td-j≥ B≥Uv
sUh-e-]vsa‚ v) Xß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°v A\p-Zn\w \¬In-h-cp-∂-Xmb k_vknUn Hcp _ney≥
tUmf¿ hsc-bmWv. IqSmsX U.S.Z 2002 Im¿jnI _n√n¬ Im¿jnI k_vkn-Un-Iƒ h¿≤n∏n-
®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu k_vkn-Un-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ {]I-S-am-bn, ªqt_mIvknepw, {Ko≥t_m-
Ivknepw Dƒs∏-SpØn {Ia-s∏-SpØns°m≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ch¿ \¬Ip∂ CØcw h≥k_vkn-
Un-Iƒ Bw_¿ t_mIvkn¬s∏-Sp∂ B`y-¥cklm-b-߃ am{Xta hym]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-
°p-∂-Xmbn Icp-Xm≥ ]mSp≈q At{X.
2. ASp-Ø-`m-hn-bn¬, P\o-h-bn¬ \S-°m≥t]m-Ip∂ P\ohm h´ A\p-cRvP\-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-dbp∂
c≠p _Z¬ \n¿t±-i-߃ hbv°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.
BZy-ambn F√m t_mIvkpw (B`y-¥c klm-b-߃) \ndp-Ø-em-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]m-csØ
Ak-¥p-e-am-°p∂ F√m-hn-e-°p-I-fpw, Cf-hp-Ifpw \ndp-Ø-em-°p-Ibpw F√m-tem-I-hym-]mc Iogvhg°ßfpw
\S-∏p-Ifpw Icm-dp-Ifpw hy‡hpw k∂n-Kv≤-X-bn-√m-ØXpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb `mj-bn¬ tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
thWw.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpsS XXz-߃°v _Z-embn \mem-a-sXmcp t_mIvkn\v cq]w \¬tI-
≠-Xm-Wv. P\-tIm-Sn-IfpsS D]Po-h\ kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp t_m¿Up-IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-
≠v, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse sNdp-In-S-I¿j¿°pw Zcn-{Z-I¿j-I¿°pw D]Poh\w hgn-ap-´n-\n¬°p∂
kml-N-cy-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃°v Bh-iy-amb kzmX{¥yw \¬IpI.
AX-\p-k-cn®v hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fnse ]mh-s∏´ P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS Poh-k-‘m-c-W-tØbpw D]-Po-h-\-
am¿§ßsfbpw IS-∂m-{I-an®v AXym-ln-X-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p∂p F∂v hniz-k-\ob sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip∂
]£w, AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Isf \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ ]pXnb D]-Po-h-\ -kpc£m t_mIvkp
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-h-Ww. C¥y Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fnse 60%Øne-[nIw P\-ßfpw
Irjnsb (`-£y-[m-\y-hn-f-Iƒ, arK-kw-c-£-Ww, a’y-_-‘-\w, h\-hn-`-h-߃, Im¿jn-I-˛-h-\-D-¬∏-
∂-߃ Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS kwkvIc-Ww) am{Xw B{ibn-®mWv D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-
\m¬, {Kmao-W-sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fpw, a‰p-]-Po-h-\-am¿§-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂, temI-hym-]m-c-hy-hÿ
]´n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-°p-I-bpw, sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` (UNO), Cu kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚
BZy-i-X-I-Øn¬ h≥{]-Xo-£-I-tfmsS apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-∂, Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-bv°p-I, hni-s∏∂ {]Xn-`mksØ
\n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøpI F∂o e£y-߃ k^-e-am-hmsX Bhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. Zcn-
{Zcpw [\n-Icpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw IqSp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn kmaq-ln-I-amb hnL-S-\hpw km¿∆-{Xn-Iamb
XI¿®bpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-߃ XpS-cp-∂Xv
Hcn-°epw Bim-ky-a-√. ImcWw, hnI-knX kº-∂-cm-Py-ß-fnse GXm\pw Zi-e£w am{Xw hcp∂
Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-߃°v hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ F√m klm-b-ß-fpw, imkv{X-km-t-Xn-I-]p-tcm-K-XnbpsS
^e-ß-fpw, apS-°p-ap-X-epw, k_vkn-Un-Ifpw \evIn Ahsc ]cn-c-£n-°p-tºmƒ, hnIkzccm-Pyß-fnse
tImSm-\p-tImSn sNdp-InS Irjn-°m-cpw, \ma am{X-Ir-jn-°m-cpw, I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw
]d-b-Ø° kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-tStbm [\-hm-bv]-bp-tS-tbm, hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\p tij-ap≈ Im¿jn-I-kwkv°-cWw
sNøm-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßtfm C√msX kº∂ cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cpambn
BtKmfhn]-Wn-bn¬ Ak-a-amb \ne-bn¬ a’-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv \oXn-c-ln-X-am-sbmcp kml-
Ncyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. "kzX-{¥hpw DZm-c-h-XvIrX'hpamb Cu hym]mcw Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈
Hcp]I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Atº ]cm-P-b-s∏SpI-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
temI-hym-]mcw kzX-{¥hpw DZm-chpw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ t]mcm, AXv hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fn-se,
Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn apJy- D-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[nbpw hcp-am-\-am¿§hpw Bbn-´p≈ {]mY-anI Im¿jn-I-D-Xv]m-Z-
I-cmb P\-k-l-{k-߃°v \oXn e`n-°p-∂Xv IqSn Bbn-cn-°-Ww. D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£m B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpsS
t_mIvkn¬ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F√mw-X-s∂, B\p-Iq-ey-Øn-\p≈ A¿lX \n›-
bn-°p-∂-Xns‚ am\-Z-WvU-߃ Hcp cmPysØ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS F{X iX-am\w D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Irjntbbpw
A\p-_-‘-sXm-gn-ep-I-tfbpw B{i-bn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°-Ww.
temIsØ Hcp Iq´w hnI-kz-c-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmPy-߃ Hcp-an-®mWv "hnI-k\ t_m¿Uv' F∂
58

D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£-bv°m-bp≈ Bibw apt∂m-´p-h-®-Xv, AXn-\m¬ Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-°-cm-dns‚ (AOA),
B¿´n-°nƒ 6.2˛¬ ]d-bp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-ƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn "hnI-k-\-t_m¿Un\v' cq]w \evIp-tºmƒ
hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fnse Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-°m-cp-tS-bpw, h¿≤n® B`y-¥-k-lm-b-Øn\v A¿l-X-bp-≈,
hcp-am-\-am¿§-߃ Ipd-hp≈ Irjn-°m-cp-tSbpw, Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-߃°v hn]-Wn-ku-I-cy-߃ Xpd-
∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ AXn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
aq∂m-aXmbn, H.-C.-kn.-Un. (Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ t^m¿ F°-tWm-anIv tIm˛-Hm-∏-tdj≥ B‚ v sUhe-]vsa‚
v) cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v Ah¿ \evIp∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃ hfsc `oa-am-bXpw Ahsb√mw
Im¿jn-I-{]-h¿Ø-t\-Xc taJ-e-I-fn¬ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k_vkn-Un-I-fp-am-Wv. AXp-am-{Xhp-a-√,
GXm\pw Zi-e£w I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-߃°v \evIp∂ shdpw \ma-am-{X-amb klm-b-Øn\v
"k_vkn-Un' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ \mw Dt]-£n-°-Ww. ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k-
\hpw, a‰p ]e-Xcw s]mXp-k-lm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw t]mep≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ hym]mcsØ
A´n-a-dn-°m-Ø-Xpw, A°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs∂ BWv. {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ apS-°p-ap-X-ent\-°mƒ
XmWhcp-am\w am{Xw Irjn-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ Hcp Im¿jn-I-hy-h-ÿ-bn-¬ \´wXncn-bp-
∂-h¿°v \evIp∂ \ma-am-{X-amb klm-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ "k_vknUn' F∂ ]Zw A]-cym-]vXam-I-bm¬,
"Im¿jn-I-hrØn XpS¿∂p t]mIm-\p≈ klmbw' F∂ {]tbmKw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv
DNn-Xw. Bb-Xn-\m¬, C¥y-bp-tS-bpw, tIc-f-Øn-t‚bpw Im¿jn-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf temI-hym-]m-c-kw-
L-S\ (WTO) bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bpw, Cu hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ `mc-X-k¿°mcns‚
\bw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ Cu ]d {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-hp-Ibpw Ahbv°-\p-Iq-e-ambn
kwth-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂pw, Aßns\ sNdp-In-S-I¿j-I¿°v \evIp∂ GsXmcp
klm-bhpw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ "k_vknUn' F∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw
F∂mWv IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
1.4.1.2 hym]m-c-cw-KsØ hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX
hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-K-an-®n-´p≈ cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-
Iƒ Xpd-∂p-In-´p-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc \ne-bp-d-∏n-®n-´p≈ F√m-hn[ Xmcn-t^-Xc XS- ß-tfbpw ]p\x]cntim-[n-°p-Ibpw,
AØcw XS- -߃ \ymb-a-s√-n¬ Ahsb \ot°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, hnIkz-c-cm-Py-ß-fnse
I¿j-I¿°v km\n´dn ss^t‰m km\n-´dn taJ-e-bn¬ Ah-cpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\v `£y-kp-c-£sb kw_-‘n® hyh-kvX-Iƒ AS-ßnb tImUIvkv Fen-sa‚m-dn-bkv kzoIcn®v
AXns‚ am\-Z-WvU-߃ ]men-°m≥ k÷-am-°m-\p≈ klm-b-߃ \evIp-hm≥ _‘-s∏-´h¿°v
_m≤y-X-bp-≠v. bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-ta-Xp-an-√msX hfsc Db¿∂ km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn
am\-Z-WvU-߃ I¿°-i-am-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn hym]m-c-߃°v XS w
D≠m-Ip-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. km\n-´dn ss^t‰m km\n-´dn am\-Z-WvU-߃ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ C¥ytbbpw
a‰p hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-tfbpw N¿®m-{]-{In-b-I-fn¬ ]p-tN¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AtX-k-abw \mw
\ΩpsS cmPy-Øpw, hntZ-iØpw \Ωp-tS-Xmb ipNn-Xz-]-c-amb km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ°v cq]w \evtI-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
1.4.1.3 Irjnsb kw_-‘n® _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imiw
]pXp-°nb Irjnsb kw_-‘n® _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi (TRIPS) N´-ß-fn¬, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ-°p-dn-®p≈
I¨sh≥j\pw (CBD) temI-`-£y-Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-bpsS (FAO) `£yhpw Irjnbpw
kw_-‘n® kky-P-\n-XI t{kmX- p-I-fpsS Icm-dn\pw, A\p-]q-c-Iamb coXn-bn¬ ka-Xzap≈Xpw
[m¿Ωn-Ihpw Bb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. `£y-˛-B-tcm-Ky-kp-c-£-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬
]c-a-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ \ho\ I≠p-]nSnØ߃ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, Ah-bpsS KpW-^-e-߃, hnti-jn®pw
P\-XnI t{kmX- p-I-fp-tSbpw, ]c-º-cm-KX hn⁄m-\-Ønt‚bpw (\m-´-dn-hp-I-fp-tS-bpw) {]mY-anI kwc-
£-I-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn Ah ]p-h-bv°m-\pw, AXn\p≈ Ah-Im-i-߃°v \n¿_-‘-ambpw
ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-h-Ww. cmPy-߃°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ `oXn-bpw,
Bi--bpw, ssPh-tNm-c-Whpw (Biopiracy) \o°p-hm\pw At\ym\yw KpW-I-c-amb ssPh-im-kv{X-cw-
KsØ ]m-fn-ØsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm\pw Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
59

1.4.1.4 tPym{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap≈ (tPym-{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥) khn-ti-j-Kp-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-
Snb Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS t]cp-I-f-S-ßnb ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ hkvXp-\n-jvT-am-b, imkv{Xo-bamb
]≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. "ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-fIv' (Malabar Pepper)t]mep≈ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS
tPym{K-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-j\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]mNo-\X D≈-Xn-\m¬ AXn\v ]≠p-ap-X¬ temI-sa-
ºmSpw e`n-°p∂ AwKo-Im-c-hpw, AXn-\m-[m-c-amb AXns‚ aqeyhpw (k-hn-ti-j-Kp-W-hpw) Bbn-cn-
°Ww tPym{K-^n-°¬ C‚-Un-t°-j-\n¬ AXp-t]m-ep≈ DXv]-∂-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am\-
Z-WvU-߃.
1.4.1.5 hym]m-c-kp-c-£bpw I¿j-I-t£-ahpw
hn]-Wn-bnse Hcp NqXm-´-ambn Irjn-am-dp-I-bm-sW-n¬ Irjn-bn-te°v bph-P-\-ßsf BI¿jn-
°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬ temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ GI-tZiw 500 Zi-e£w hcp∂ I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-
_-߃°v Im¿jn-I-h-cp-am-\hpw BZm-bhpw Dd-∏m-°p-I-bmWv ]pXp-°nb AOA s‚ hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS
apJy-e£yw. 2030 BIp-tºm-tg°pw `qap-JØv D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ 8 iX-tImSn (8 _ney≥) Ipp߃°pw,
kv{Xo]p-cp-j∑m¿°pw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb `£y-Øns‚ Imcyw kpc-£n-X-am-°-W-sa-n¬
Xo¿®-bmbpw kpÿn-c-amb Im¿jn-I-k-{º-Zm-b-ßfpw, kwXr-]vX-amb Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ßfpw D≠mtb
aXn-bm-hq.
1.4.1.6 Irjn-bpsS _lp-ap-J-[¿Ωw
BtKm-f-ambn ]d-m¬ 2 Zi-tImSn (2 _ney¨) hy‡n-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£sb KWyambn
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-XmWv Irjn-bpw, Im¿jnI hym]m-c-hpw. a\p-jy-cpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb kpc-£tbbpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb kpc-£n-X-Xz-tØbpw Irjn Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\-n°p∂p≠v. F¥m-bn-cp-
∂m-epw, kº-∂cmb hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃ ASp-Ø-Im-eØv hmZn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmb Irjn-bpsS _lp-ap-J-
[¿Ωw F∂ Bi-bw, Hcn-°epw hymh-km-bn-I-ambn apt∂-dn-bn-´p≈ cmPy-ß-fnse k_vkn-Un-Isf
AIm-c-W-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m, AXp-aqew temI-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Xmcn-t^-Xc hym]m-c-X-S- -߃
]Sp-Øp-b¿Ømt\m hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. Cu ]pXnb XXz-Øn\v ]pXp-°nb Irjn-sb-kw-
_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ (AOA) Hcp ÿm\w \evI-W-sa-n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw Irjn-bpsS \m\m-ap-J-[¿Ωsa∂
Bibw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-tºmƒ XnI®pw \oXn-\ym-b-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp
s]cp-am-‰-®´w Bhn-jv°-cnt® aXn-bm-hq.
1.4.2 tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ IΩn-j\p \S-Øm-\p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1.4.0 ]›m-Øew
1.4.0.1 tIc-fhpw CX-c-kw-ÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw : Im¿jn-I-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bpsS taep≈
temI-hym-]m-c-I-cmdn (WTA)\p≈ kzm[o-\-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw kz`m-hhpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ, cmPysØ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬
\n∂pw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ sXm´-b¬h-° -kw-ÿm-\-ß-fmb I¿Æm-SI-hpw, Xangv\m-Spw,
GXm\pw Nne DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ (X-an-gv\m-Sv-˛-\m-fo-tI-cw, d_¿, tXbn-e-˛-I¿Æm-S-
Iw-˛-Im-∏n, Gew) hn]-Wn-bn¬ a’-cn-°p-hm≥ D≠v. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬, ([m-
\y-hn-f-Iƒ Hgn-sI ssehvtÃm-°v, kap-t{Zm-Xv]-∂-߃ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂) tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂
hnf-Iƒ hen-sbmcp A\p-]mXw hsc hntZi hym]m-csØ B{i-bn®p Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ cmPyw t\cn´
temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bp-tSbpw Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn-t‚bpw i‡-amb kzm[o-\-Øn¬ tIcf-Øns‚
kmº-ØnI cwKw Zp¿∫-e-ambn F∂Xv ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. CXns‚
^e-am-bn, Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v WTO Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≈ Ah-k-c-ßsf a‰p kwÿm-\-߃ ]c-am-h[n
hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v ]pXnb DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ i‡-amb Du∂¬ \evIn-h-cp-tºmƒ,
tIc-f-am-I-s´, kz¥w ap≥Im-e-t\-´-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\pw, WTO bpsS {]Xn-Iqe kzm[o-\-ßsf
sNdp-Øp-\n-ev°p-hm-\pw, P\-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-ßfpw _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw Ipd-bv°p-hm-\pap≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fnemWv
IqSp-X¬ {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
60

1.4.0.2 C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-a-Xn-\-b-߃
C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-a-Xn-\-b-߃ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p-∂-Xv, hymh-kmbn
Akw-kvIrX km[-\-ß-fmb hnf-I-fpsS hne hyh-ÿsb BWv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-
L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v hf-sc-ap-ºv, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fmb hnf-I-fpsS
Itºm-f-hn-e, DZm-l-c-WØn\v d∫-dns‚ hne, Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v ssIs°m-≠p-h-
∂n-´p≈ Ib-‰p-aXn Cd-°p-aXn \b-ß-fm¬ i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Unam‚pw
kssπbpw XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-e\X A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B \b-߃ temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-
bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p apºv I¿j-I¿°pw, kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\pw hne-sbm-c-f-hp-h-sc, tZiob
cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-cq-]o-
I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-hm-\pw, Aßns\ Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS, hninjym d_-dns‚ hne
hyh-ÿsb kz¥w \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ \ndp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-n-cp-∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn hn]-Wn-bn¬
hne-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ISpØ kΩ¿±w D≠m-Ip-tºm-sg√mw tI{µ-k¿°m¿ d∫¿ I¿j-I-cp-tS-bpw,
d∫¿ DXv∏∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h-cp-tSbpw CS-bn¬ Hcp CS-\n-e-°m-c-\mbn \nev°p-Ibpw a’-c-Ønte¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw
AXym-ln-XsØ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw, ]e-t∏mgpw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambncp∂n-s√-n¬t]mepw,
hne-bn¬ D≠mb {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lm-c-hpw, I£n-Iƒ°v Ipd®v Bizm-khpw \evIn-bn-cp-∂p.
tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Xocp-am-\-ßsf d∫¿ I¿j-I-cpw, \n¿Ωm-W-I-º-\n-Ifpw kzm[o-\n®p h∂n-cp-∂p.
kzm[o-\-߃ Xev]-c-I-£n-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS {]oW-\hpw kΩ¿±hpw tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ ta¬ sNep-
Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xns\ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cp-∂-Xv. WTO {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS, hntijn®pw
2001 G{]n-en-\p-tijw Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃
(QRS)FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-Ibpw tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F√mw AOA s‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-imkn-°p∂
]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p am{X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ, GsX-n-ep-sams° ]cn-an-X-amb Cd-°paXn
Cf-hp-Ifpw, d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°pw, kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\pw ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-
n-cp∂ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw F√mw Hgp-In-t∏m-bn. Aßs\ X{¥-]q¿∆w Icp-°ƒ \o°p-hm-\p≈ Ahk-c-߃
\jvS-s∏-´-t∏mƒ am{X-amWv WTO bn¬ tN¿∂-Xn-t‚-bpw, Irjn-sb-kw-_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ
H∏n-´-Xn-s‚bpw {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign--Xv. Aßn-s\-bmWv tIc-f-Øns‚
Im¿jn-I-k-ºZv hyhÿ WTO bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-b-Xpw, c≠p apJy-hn-f-I-fmb \mfo-tI-c-hpw,
d∫dpw (kw-ÿm\ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bnse samØw B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ (GDP) aq∂n¬ c≠p
`mK-am-b tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-ß-fpsS apºn¬ ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-
∂-Xv.
1.4.0.3 ]Tn® ]mT-߃
C¥y-bpsS Im¿jnI taJ-e-bmsI BtKmf hn]-Wnbv°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂Xns‚ ^e-am-bn, DXv]-∂ß-fpsS
hne-bn-epw, Irjn-tbbpw Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-csØ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂ LS-\-I-fnepw ]e-hn-[-Ønep≈
]cn-c£m \S-]-Sn-I-fnepw KWy-amb am‰-߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. \ap-°p-≠mb A\p-`-h-ßfpw
Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \mw ImgvN-h® {]I-S-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ ka-{K-am-sbmcp hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Øn-bm¬ am{X-ta, `mhn-bn¬ cmPyw t\cn-tS-≠nh-cp∂
sh√p-hn-fn-Isf i‡n-bmbn t\cn-Sp-hm\pw cmPy-Øn\p Xpd-∂p-In-´p-∂-Xmb Ah-k-c-ßsf
icn°pw apX-em-°p-hm\pw \ap°v Ign-bp-I-bp≈q. Fßs\ kpÿn-c-am-sbmcp Im¿jn-I-kp-c-£m-hyh-ÿ-bv°pw,
I¿j-I-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ ÿnXn°pw cq]w \¬Im-sa-∂-XmWv
\ΩpsS ap∂n-ep≈ {]iv\w. AtXm-sSm∏w Xmcn-t^-Xc hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p ]Icw Xmcn^p Npa-Øm-hp-
∂-Xm-sW∂pw hym]m-c-Øn¬ kmt-Xn-I-amb XS- -ßsf Fßs\ \o°m-sa-∂pw, km\n-´dn ss^t‰m
km\n-´dn \n_-‘-\-Iƒ Fßs\ kpXm-cy-am-°m-sa∂pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXp-t]mse
{][m-\-amb Imcy-ß-fm-Wv-˛-tem-IsØ Zp¿∫-e-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\ am¿§-߃°v kpc-£n-
XXzw C√m-Xm-°p∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°p-I, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb coXnbn-ep≈
Xpey-\n-e-bn-ep≈ am’-cy-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-I, I¿j-I-P-\-X-I-fp-tSbpw ssPh-sshhn[yw
Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn kwc-£n-®p-h-cp-∂-h-cp-tS-bpw, Xmev]-cy-߃°v kpc£ \evIp∂ _u≤n-I-kz-
Ø-h-Imi hyhÿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I, XpS-ßnb \ΩpsS Bh-iy-ß-fpw. C{Xbpw sNdnb Ime-b-f-hn-\p-
≈n¬ \ΩpsS A\p-`-hw, t\´-߃ am{Xw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-bm¬ t]mc F∂m-Wv. cmPysØ
_lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ hcp-am\ t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ Zcn-{Z-¿°pw, sNdpXpw \ma-am-{X-amb `qan-bn¬ Irjn-
61

sN-øp∂ Zcn-{Z-{Km-aoW I¿j-I¿°pw Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h\w kpc-£-am-°p-hm\pw \mw th≠ F√m \S-
]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. \mw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Cu Ncn-{X-k-‘n-bn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb am¿§w
Is≠-Ø-Ww. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ \mw AwK-am-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn D≠m-bn-´p≈ hnhn-[-kml-N-cy-ßfpw
Ah-bpsS `mhn-kq-N-\-Ifpw F¥m-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \mw ]q¿Æ-ambpw t_m[-hm-∑mcm-Ip-I-bpw,
AtX-k-abw WTO apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ Ah-k-c-ßsf ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn t\´ß-fp-≠m-°m≥
cmPysØ apgp-h≥ k÷-am-°p-I-bpw, WTO bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ Xøm-sd-
Sp-°p-I-bp-amWv \mw Ct∏mƒ sNtø-≠-Xv. tZml ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ A\p-`hw t\m°n-bm¬ hy‡-amhp-∂-Xv,
Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n icn-bmb Adnhpw F√m {]iv\-ß-fnepw hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ap-gp-Ip-hm≥
X° Xøm-sd-Sp-t∏mSpw thWw \mw A\pc-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s-Sp-t°-≠Xv F∂mWv. F∂m¬
am{Xta KpW-I-c-amb ^e-߃ D≠m-hq. A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fpsS AP≠bn¬ cmPyw t\cn-Sp∂
apJy-{]-iv\-ßsf ]p\xch-tem-I\w sNøp-hm≥ Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂-Xn¬ C¥y hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw, hcm≥
t]mIp∂ knwK-∏q¿ h´ A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ ASn-b-¥n-c-{]-iv\-ßsf-∏-‰n-bp≈ kp{]-
[m\ hnh-c-߃ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-hm\pw \ap°v kabw In´n F∂Xv Nmcn-Xm¿∞-P-\-Iam-Wv.
1.4.0.4 tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-tijamb Bh-iy-߃
Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ BZyw hmZn-®-Xp-t]m-se, C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bmWv tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv. F∂p am{X-a√ {]Xn-Iq-em-h-ÿsb
sNdp-Øp-\n-ev°m-\m-h-ØXpw Zu¿_-ey-߃ Bg-Øn¬ _m[n-®n-´p≈Xpamb Hcp hyh-ÿ-bmWv tIcf-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.
WTO bpw Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdpw (AOA)Bbn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc
ko¿Æmb Hcp ÿnXn-bmWv \mw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn\p ImcWw tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS
hºn® A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep≈ hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-tØm-Sp≈ B{in-X-Xz-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ kwÿm\w ssIhcn-®n-´p≈
t\´-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤]Xn-∏n-°p-Ibpw WTO apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ F√m-hn[
Ah-k-c-ß-tfbpw ]c-am-h[n apX-se-Sp-°p-I-bpw sNøm≥ tIcfw _m≤y-ÿ-am-Wv. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-hkvXp-Xbv°p
]pdsa AOA bptSbpw WTO bptSbpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw kqN-\-Ifpw {]Ir-Xym-Xs∂ kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-hy-h-ÿsb _m[n-°p-∂Xv a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf _m[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXn-cn-
‡-am-bn-´m-Wv. Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-߃ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Xm-ev]-
cy-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cp-ambn CS-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xp-amWv F∂v ImWmw. Hcp ]cnan-X-amb
A¿∞-Øn¬ WTO, AOA hyh-ÿIƒ tIc-f-Ønse Xß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Irjn-sbbpw
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-sØbpw B{i-bn-°p∂ P\-e-£-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£sb tami-ambn/{]Xn-
Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXn\p apJy-amb ImcWw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS
X\Xv khn-ti-j-Xbpw {]tXyI kz`m-hhpw Akm-[m-cW LS-\m-cq-]hpw BWv. Ahsb Cßs\
kw{K-ln°mw:
• tIc-f-Øns‚ Irjn-`q-an-bpsS Gdnb `mKhpw (80%) Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-IfmWv.
hn]-Wn-bnse am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn®v Cu hnfI-fpsS Irjn amXr-I-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øphmt\m
{Iao-I-cWw \S-Øp-hmt\m Ign-bp-∂-X-√. CXn\v \nc-h[n ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v. {]mtbm-
Kn-Iambn {lkz-Im-e-tØbvt°m a[y-a-Im-e-tØbvt°m bmsXmcpam‰hpw hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bn-
√. Hcp ]p\¿{I-ao-I-c-W-Øn\v kmh-Im-ihpw Zo¿L-Im-ehpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Cu
Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fp-tSbpw A\p-_‘ D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw hne-bn-Sn-bp∂ L´-ß-fn¬, Irjns®e-hp-Iƒ
]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°p-I-bmWv DXv]m-Z-\-£aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\°mƒ sa®-s∏´
X{¥w.
• kwÿm-\sØ tIc-hr-£-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-≈Xv {]mbw sN∂-h-bm-b-Xn-
\m¬ hfsc Ipd hnf-bmWv Ah \evIp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX {]mtZ-in-I-amb kmw{I-anI tcmK-
_m-[bpw Ipd DXv]m-Z\£a-Xbv°v hgnsXfn-®p. CXn\p {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbn {]mbw sN∂hsb
apdn-®p-am‰n ]Icw ssXIƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-bhsb ]p\-xc[n-hkn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-I-bm-Wv th≠Xv. CXn\v KWy-amb apX¬ap-S°v thWw, IqSmsX DXv]m-
Z-\-£-a-Xbv°v \o≠ Ime-b-fhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
• sXßv Irjnbv°v {]mtbW A{X A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebv°v Ipd-®p-Imew Irjn
hym]n-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXn\p ImcWw `mKn-I-am-bn, bp‡n°p \nc-°mØ hn[-Øn-ep-≠mb
62

hne-\n-e-hmcw t\cn-Sp-hm-\pw, `mKn-I-ambn DXv]m-Z\w Bhp-∂{X h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa∂ kwÿm-
\-k¿°m-cns‚ \b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m-enXv k¿°m-cns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn-s\mØv Irjn sNbvXp
F∂-X-√msX Imcy-ambn tIc-I¿jI kaq-l-Øn\v KpW-sam∂pw sNbvXn-√. Cu kao-]\w
]p\x-c-h-tem-I\w sNøp-Ibpw DXv]m-Z-I-tcmSv {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp≈ Hcp \bw cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-
Xpap≠v.
• \mfo-tI-c-Øns‚ hne-\ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ hºn® Nm©m-´-߃°p (]-b-dp-h¿§-߃, a‰p [m\yhn-f-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS ÿnXn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬)]n∂n¬ hntZ-i-F-Æ-I-fpsS Cd-
°p-a-Xnbpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \mfo-tI-chpw shfn-s®-
Æbpw DXv]m-Z-\-h-kvXp-°-fpsS Akw-kvIr-X-km-[-\-ß-fmbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-am-
WXv F∂p Im-Wmw.
• \mfotI-c-Øns‚ tZio-b-hn-]-Wn-bpsS Zp¿±-ibv°p Imc-Ww, GXm\pw GP≥kn-Iƒ, _lp-
`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ hym]m-c-Xm-ev]-cysØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ÿn-Xn-bmWv (Oligopolistic), \mfn-tIcw
samØ-ambn hne-bvs°-Sp-°p∂ Hcp Iq´w CS-\n-e-°m-cmWv hn]-Wnsb Hcp Zqcw hsc \nb-
{¥n-°p-∂Xv. (H-c¿∞-Øn¬ hn]-Wn-bpsS tI{µo-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv DXv∏∂w tÃm°p sNøp∂
`uXn-I-L-S-I-߃ Xs∂-bm-I-W-sa-∂n-√) AXn-\m¬ hne-\n-e-hm-c-tØbpw hne-\n¿Æ-bn-°p∂
LS-I-ß-tfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ I¿j-I¿°v Ign-hn-√. (`-£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-I¿°v
AXn\v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v) CXn\p ImcWw k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS, hnti-jn®pw tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ i‡-
amb C—m-i-‡n-bpsS A`m-h-am-Wv.
• Ft∏mgpw Db¿∂ hne tamln-°p∂ tIc-I¿j-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-hpw, Ipd hnebv°v AkwkvIrX
km[-\-߃ hmßp∂ \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw tItcmXv]-∂-ß-fpsS A¥m-cmjv{S hym]mc-Øn¬\n∂pw
h≥em`w sImøp∂ Ib-‰p-aXn GP≥kn-I-fp-tSbpw Xmev]-cy-ßfpw XΩn¬
At\ym\yw kl-P-amb InS-a-’cw \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßn-s\-bp≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \mfotI-c-Øns‚
hne-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw Du´n-bp-≠m-°phm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-√.
• tIc-f-Ønse hne-I-fn-te-sdbpw ({]-[m-\-s∏-´h am{Xw ]d-m¬ \mfn-tI-cw, d∫¿, Ipcp-apfIv,
Gew F∂n-h) ag-ho-gvN, `qan-bpsS \navt\m-∂-X-amb InS-∏v, ASp-Øp≈ \So¬ F∂nßs\
AXp-ey-amb {]IrXn t{kmX- ns‚ A\p-Iq-em-hÿ F∂n-hbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
coXn-bn-emWv Irjn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ Cu hnf-Iƒ°v
hfsc KWy-amb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-sX-n-epw, tZiob kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬, `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ Chbv°p X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ÿm\w H-´p-an-√-Xm-\pw. [m\y-hn-f-I-fmb Acn, tKmXºv,
hmWn-Py-hn-f-I-fmb ]cpØn, Icnºv F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂pw hn`n-∂-ambn Cu Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ°v
tZiob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ bmsXmcp kzm[o-\hpw C√. Ch-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Ønt\m hne-\n-ehm-c-Øn¬
D≠m-Ip∂ Nm©m-´-߃t°m, tZiob kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ Kuc-h-amb bmsXmcp
{]Xym-Lm-Xhpw D≠m-°m≥ Ign-hn-√. AXp-sIm≠v hne-bnepw DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw Ch-bv°p-
≠m-Ip∂ {]Xn-Iq-em-h-ÿ-Iƒ tZio-b-{i-≤-bn¬s∏SmsX t]mhp-∂p. I¿j-I¿°p-≠m-hp∂
kmº-Øn-I-amb ]pd-tIm-´Snbv°pw a‰-\p-_-‘-I-jvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\p≈ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ tI{µ-k¿°m-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. AtX-k-abw Hcp sshcp-≤y-sa-∂p ]dbs´,
]©m-_n-te-bpw, lcym-\-bn-tebpw s\√pw tKmXºpw Irjn-°m¿°pw, B{‘-{]-tZ-inse
s\¬°r-jn-°m¿°pw, \nc-h[n Zpcn-Xm-izmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.
• Hcp ImeØv tIc-f-Øn-\p-am{Xw IpØ-Im-[n-]-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw tIcfw h≥tXm-Xn¬ DXv∏m-
Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xp-amb hnf-Iƒ a‰p kwÿm-\-߃ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°m≥
XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn tZiob hn]-Wn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv∏-∂-߃, Ign Ipsd-
°m-e-am-bn, sI´n-°n-S-°p-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bnse hym]m-c-cw-KsØ Cu
hnNn{X {]Xn-`m-k-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Zpc-¥-^-ehpw t]td-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-cm-
Wv.
• Irjn-∏-Wn-bn¬ I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_m-wK-߃ Bt]-£n-I-ambn hfsc Ipd-®p-am{Xw A≤zm-\n-°p-
I-bpw, I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Db¿∂ Iqen \evtI-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjns®-ehv
IqSp-∂p. CXns‚ ^e-ambn A\p-Iq-e-amb Imemh-ÿ-bmepw hnti-jn®pw \√ ag-hogvN-bmepw
a‰pw A\p-Kr-lo-X-am-sW-nepw tIc-f-I¿j-I¿ a’-c-cw-KØv Xo¿Øpw Zp¿_-e-cm-
63

Ip-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hne-Ø-I¿®- -bp-≠m-Ip-tºm-sgms° Irjn-s®-e-hp-I-fpsS \ne-hnep≈
ISpØ bmYm¿∞y-߃ aqew tIc-f-I¿j-I\v ]nSn-®p-\n-ev°m≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.
ip]m¿i-I-fpsS N´-°qSv
c≠p hnim-e-amb hn`m-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. H∂m-a-Xmbn, tIcf-Ønse
C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ kam-izm-k-Øn\pw X∑q-e-ap≈ t¢i-߃ Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠
ASn-b-¥nc ]cn-lm-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-Iƒ. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, tIcfw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-
Isf A\p-Iq-e-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂, hnti-jn®pw ]pXnb Ah-kc-ßsf
]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-Iƒ. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-
bpsS kzm[o-\w-aqew C¥y t\cn-Sm≥ _m≤y-ÿ-amb hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambn ASpØv kº¿°w
]pe¿Øns°m≠m-Wv, hnti-jn®pw A©p apJy-ta-J-e-I-fmb B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw, hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X,
Ib-‰paXn t{]m’m-l-\w, km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn am\-Z-WvU-߃, hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
_u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-߃ (TRIPS) Ahbv°v ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-tΩ-f-\ (CBS) tØmSp≈ _m≤y-X-
Iƒ, F∂n-hsb hfsc ASpØv ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cu ip]m¿i-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. C∂sØ
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ s]mdp-Xn-ap-´n-I-gn-bp∂ apJy-I-£n-I-fmb I¿jI P\-e-£-ß-tfmSv hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw
kmaq-ln-I-X-e-Ønepw {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp ho£-W-Øn-emWv IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-
Xv. Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS `ojWn t\cn-Sp-∂Xv I¿j-I¿ am{X-a√ tIc-f-k¿°m-cpw, k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-
Ifpw hnhn[ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Ifpw apJy-ambpw ItΩm-Un-‰n t_m¿Up-Ifpw A[n-Ir-Xcpw IqSn-bm-
Wv. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ASpØv \S-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Im≥Iq¨ a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-sØ-
IqSn ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. HSp-hn¬ ]d
c≠p ip]m¿i-Ifpw Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-sW∂v tXm∂mw. Hcp "sP\-dnIv' A¿∞-Øn¬ Ah-sb-°p-dn®p
]d-p-I-gn--Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu `mKØv Ah-bpsS {]tXyI {]tbm-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂Xv. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw kPo-h-{i-≤-bv°mbn IΩn-j\v ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv C∂sØ Zpxÿn-Xn-_m-[n-Xcm-bn-´p≈
F√m hn`mKw P\-Øn-\pw, hy‡n-Iƒ°pw Hmtcm _m≤y-X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m-\p≠v F∂m-Wv.
{]Xn- -k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-hpw, F√m kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Hcp ]m›m-Xy-hm-Zyhr-µ-Ønse
kzc-ta-f-bnse (knw-^Wn Hm¿s°-kv{Sm-bp-sS) AwK-ß-sft]mse kwtbm-Pn-∏n®p {]h¿Ønt°-≠-Xp≠v
F∂mWv. IΩnjs‚ CS-°me dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw Cu `mKØv tN¿Øn-´p≈
IΩn-j≥ Gs‰-SpØ {]hr-Øn-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘hpw ]q¿Æ-cq-]hpw hy‡-am-°m-\m-Wv. F√m
dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw AXm-Xns‚ {]k‡ ÿm\Øv Xs∂-bmWv sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. IΩnjs‚
dnt∏m¿´pw ip]m¿i-Ifpw Hcp {Xn˛-Xe cq]-Øn-emWv kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. H∂m-a-Xm-bn,
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb BsI (GXp DXv∏-∂-sa∂p t\m°m-sX) _m[n-°p∂ (s]m-Xp)
{]iv\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ {]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn Hmtcm DXv∏-∂-tØbpw {]tXy-In®v ]cntim-[n-®p-sIm≠v
AXns‚ {]Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Fßns\ CS-s]-S-W-sa∂pw ]pXnb Ah-k-cß-fn¬
{]tXy-In®v Fßns\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn CS-s]-Sm-sa-∂Xp kw_-‘n-®pw, aq∂m-a-Xmbn WTO bpambp≈
hnt[-bXzw \ne-\n-dp-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø-\hpw {]Xn-Iqe kzm[o-\-ß-fpsS tZmj-^-e-߃ Ipd-bv°p-hm≥, Ah-k-c-ßsf Fßs\
]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂pw AXn\v kwÿm-\sØ Fßns\ {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-am-°m-sa∂pw
kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-I-fp-amWv Cu dnt∏m¿´nep-≈Xv.
kXz-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1.4.1. Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn\v Hcp-∂-X-e -Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n
Bkq-{X-W-hpw, C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bnse apJy-L-S-I-ß-fpsS F√m I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwhn-
[m-\-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw CW°n tN¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-cw-K-
Øp-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßsf XnI®pw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]Xn-k-‘nsb
t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈ F√m kwL-SnX Bkq-{X-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw bXv\-ßfpw Hcp hmZy-hr-µ-Ønse (knw-
^Wn Hm¿s°-kv{S) AwK-ß-sf-t∏mse GI-e-£y-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-°-Ww. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-Ihym-]m-c-\-b-Øns‚
knw^-Wn°pcq]w \¬Ip-hm≥ knw^-Wn-bpsS I≠-IvS-dmbn Hcp D∂-X-Xe
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS A≤y-£≥
64

_lp. apJy-a-{¥nbpw, D]m-≤y-£-\mbn _lp. Irjn-h-Ip-∏n-s‚ a{¥nbpw {]h¿Øn-°-Ww. C∂sØ
{]Xn-k‘n _m[n-X-cpw, apJy-I-£n-I-fp-amb I¿j-I-cp-w I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-IfpsS kwL-S\m {]Xn-
\n-[n-Iƒ, tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fpsS kwL-S\m {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ ItΩm-Un‰n t_mUp-Iƒ,
tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e, I.C.A.R., C.S.I.R, D]-t`m-‡r-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, s]mXp-P-\-am-[y-a-߃ (A-
®-Sn, Zriy-am-[y-a-߃, Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn°pw C‚¿s\-‰p-am-[y-a-߃) tIc-f-k¿°m-cns‚ _‘-s∏´ F√m
hIp-∏p-I-fp-tSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Cu Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXn-\p-]p-dta IΩn-
‰n-bn¬ FIvkv Hm^ntjym AwK-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´
Imcy-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøp-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°mcns‚
Irjn-˛-hm-Wn-Py-Im-cy-a-{¥m-e-b-ß-tfmSv A`y¿∞n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS apJy-
]-cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-߃ Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.
• kwÿm\ tI{µ-k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S-∂p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m ]≤-Xn-I-tfbpw
GtIm-]n-∏n®v Hcp kwbp‡cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w Zznap-Jhpw _lp-ap-J-hp-amb
GP≥kn-I-fpsS F√m ]≤-Xn-I-tfbpw ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Im¿jnI hym]m-c-cw-KØv am’-
cy-tijn e£yw-h-®p-sIm≠v e`y-amb F√m t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]c-am-h[n t\´-߃
D≠m-°p-I.
• B`y-¥-chpw sshtZ-in-Ihpw Bb hn]-Wn-I-fpsS {]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v I¿j-I¿°pw _‘-
s∏´ F√m-h¿°pw X’-abw Bh-iy-amb ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ \evIpI.
• Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw hnti-jn®pw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sS Zpcn-X-ßfpw
t¢i-ßfpw Ipd-bv°p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ aptºm-´p-h-bv°p-I.
• Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb ]c-am-h[n Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, Irjn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-hm-\pw, F√m
kq£vamw-i-ß-fnepw Ah-[m-\-]q¿∆-amb {i≤ Bh-iy-ap≈ Hcp hrØn-bmbn Irjnsb am‰p-
∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.
• temI-hym-]m-c-tØbpw _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-tØbpw Ipdn®p _lp-P-\-am-≤y-a-ß-fnepw I¿j-
I-P-\-km-am-\y-Øn\v km£-cX \evIp-I.
• \b-]-c-amb ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-hm-\mbn Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn\v Hcp Iev]nXk¿∆-Iem- -ime
(th¿®yp¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n) ÿm]n-°p-I. kwÿm-\- `q-hn-\n-tbmK t_m¿Uns\ ]p\xkwL-
Sn-∏n-°p-I.
• sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw D]-Poh\
kpc£m ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Hcp XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ i‡-am-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
1.4.2 Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc D∂-X-Xe-Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰nbv°v hnZ-Kv≤-k-lmbw
D∂-X-X-e-Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n hnP-b-I-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ AXn\v Hcp ÿncw sk{I-t´-dn-b-
‰pw, sk{I-t´-dn-b-‰n¬ D∂-X-hn-Z-Kv≤¿, Irjn-im-kv{X-⁄¿, Im¿jn-I-km-º-ØnI hnZ-Kv≤¿, A¥mcm-jv{S-hym-]-c-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ [\-Im-cy-hn-Z-Kv≤¿, _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i -hn-h-c-km-t-Xn-I-hnZy F∂nh-bnse
{]K-¤¿, ÿnXn-hn-h-c-I-W-°p-hn-Z-Kv≤¿ XpSßn A°m-Z-anIv ]cn-io-e-\-ap≈ s{]m^-k-¿-am¿,
sXmgn¬]-c-amb A\p-`-h-k-º-∂¿ F∂n-h¿ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww. sk{I-t´-dn-b-‰n-te-°p≈ \nb-a\w
sU]yq-t´-j≥ hyh-ÿ-bntem AYhm aq∂p apX¬ A©p-hsc h¿j-tØt°m \nb-an-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-, `c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂-sXm-gn¬]-c-amb hnZ-Kvt≤m-]-tZ-i-߃ \evIm≥
Ign-hp≈ Hcp kan-Xn-bm-bn-´mWv AXns‚ sk{I-t´-dn-b-‰ns\ Cu IΩn-j≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
saº¿ sk{I-´dn Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-hn-j-b-Øn¬ \√ Adn-hp-≈-bm-tfm, B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-≈-bm-tfm,
Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ Adn-hp≈ Hcp ko\n-b¿ knhn¬ k¿∆o-kp-tZym-K-ÿt\m Bbn-cn-°-Ww.
1.4.3 tXm´-hn-f-ta-J-esb tam\n-´¿ sNøp-I
1. tIc-f-Ønse tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb d∫-dpw, Gehpw, Im∏n-bpw, tXbn-ebpw kmº-ØnI {]m[m-\yap-≈-h-bm-Wv.
ImcWw Ch-sb√mw IqSn samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS A©n-semcp `mK-amWv Ic-ÿ-am-
65

°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX samØw B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ (GDP) aq∂n-semcp `mKhpw Ch-bpsS kw`m-h-
\-bm-Wv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn-epw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xn-I-c-W-ap≈ Xmgvhmc-ßfnepw,
Ip∂p-I-fnepw Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Chbv°v ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb {]m[m-\yhpw D≠v. F∂n´pw tIc-fk¿°m-cns‚
hnI-k\ kao-]-\-Øn-sem∂pw tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ°v A¿l-amb bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw
In´n-bn-´n-√. CXn-\p-Im-cWw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn tXm´w taJ-esb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Iognep≈
ItΩm-Un-‰n-t_m¿Up-I-fm-Wv. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-tf-tbm, k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-tf-tbm, tIc-f-
Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-tbtbm H∂pw tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS hnI-k\w ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´n√ F∂p-am-{X-a-√, Ah-sbm∂pw tXm´-hnf hnI-k-\-Øn¬ sshZKv≤yw D≈-h-cp-a-√. AXn-
\m¬ Cu hnf-Iƒ, Npcp-°-Øn¬ Zmcp-W-amb Ah-K-W-\-bn¬s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Iogv\-S-∏-\p-k-cn-®pw, \nb-a-]-c-amb tXm´-hn-f-Ir-jnsb Hcp hyh-km-b-am-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®p-h-cp-
∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn-°m-cm-Is´ sNdp-In-S-°mcpw \ma-am-{X-Ir-jn-°mcpw AS-ßnb Hcp kaq-l-amWv
h≥tXm-Xn¬ H‰ hnf-bm-bpw, {]mY-an-I-ambn henb apX¬ap-S-°nbpw Irjn-sN-øp-I-bm-sW-n¬, sImtfm-
Wn-b¬ Imew apX¬ ]cn-W-an-®p-h∂ ÿncw Iqen°v sXmgn-em-fn-Isf \nb-an-°p∂ coXnbpw AhbpsS
amt\-Pvsa‚pw t\m°n-bm¬ kok¨ Irjn-co-Xn-tbm-S-√, hyh-km-b-tØm-Sm-Wn-Xn\v IqSp-X¬
ASp-∏w. tXm´-hn-f-bmb Im∏n-bpw tXbn-ebpw `q]-cn[n \nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ, \mfntI-cw,
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Iip-h-≠n, ASbv° F∂n-hsb tXm´-hn-f-Ifm-bn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bpsS
Irjn-`qan `q]-cn[n \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. kwÿm-\sØ tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-ß-fn¬
Xo¿∏p Iev]n-°m\pw a‰pw GI-ÿm-]\w sXmgn¬a-{¥n-bpsS Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ "πmt‚-j≥'
te_¿ dnte-j≥kv IΩn-‰n-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\w, kwkv°-c-Ww, hym]mcw
F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \nev°p∂p
k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤.
2. tXm´-hn-f-Ir-jn-cwKw Ct∏mƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘n°p ]pd-ta, \nc-h[n \b-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßfn¬
IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS Cu D]-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ kpÿn-c-amb hnI-k-\-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬t]mepw \mw A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cusbmcp Zpc-h-ÿ-bn¬ sNs∂-Øm≥ Imc-
Ww, apX¬ap-S-°ns‚ Ipd-hpw, ]cnx-ÿnXn \io-I-c-W-hpw, Xosc A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ `qhn-\n-tbm-Khpw,
sXmgn¬ cwKsØ {]iv\-ß-fpw, ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-an-√m-bvabpw BWv. CXn-\pw-]p-d-ta, ]cnjvIm-c-߃
\S-∏n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂ ]e hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-ß-fpw, Itºm-f-®p-a-X-e-Ifpw Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ B ÿm\Øv
shdpw iq\yX am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øn-\v, Cu taJ-e-tbm-Sp≈ kPo-h-amb Xmev]cyw ]cn-K-
Wn®v tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS kpÿn-c-amb hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw (DXv]m-
Z-\-Øn-epw, am’-cy-ti-jn-bnepw am{X-a-√), ]cnx-ÿnXn kwc-£-Ww, `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, \nIpXn, cmPym-
¥-c-hym-]m-cw, a‰-\p-_-‘-{]-iv\-߃ F∂n-hsb F√mw bYm-ÿm-\Øv sIm-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw Ahsb
ÿm]-\-h-Xv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn-te°v Npa-Xe hn`-Pn-®p-\-evI-Ww. tXm´-Ir-jn- hn-]pe-am-°p-I-bpw,
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-hm≥ klmbw \evtI≠ Npa-Xe Irjn-h-Ip-∏n-\m-I-Ww.
tIcf Im¿jn-I-k¿∆-I-em-ime Bbn-cn-°Ww Kth-j-WØn-t‚bpw kmt-XnI hnI-k-\-Øn-t‚bpw
Npa-Xe hln-t°-≠-Xv. sk{I-t´-dn-b-‰ns‚ ÿm\w Bkq-{X-W-t_m¿Uns‚ Iogn¬ Imem-Im-e-w \bw
cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw, Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-{XWw \S-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn¬ Hcp
"sk¬' D≠m-h-Ww. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, kwÿm-\sØ G‰hpw
IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-I-c-W-ti-jn-bp-≈-ta-J-e-bmWv tXm´-hn-f-ta-J-e. AXn-\m¬ Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ \n¿t±-in-
®n-´p≈ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bv°p tXm´-hn-f-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw apgpIn {]h¿Øn-°phm-\p≈
_m≤yX D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IrjnbpsS D]-hn-`m-K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tXm´-hn-f-bpsS Imcy߃
\nb-{¥n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-߃ IqSn Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øp-∂Xv A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°pw.
1.4.4.1 Zpcn-Xm-izmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1.4.4 Bizmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1. tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ "kºq¿Æ {KmaoW-tbm-PKm¿ tbmP\' bn¬ hn`m-h\w sNø-s∏-´n-´p≈
]≤-Xn-bn¬\n-∂pw, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p Iqen-bmbn `£Ww \evIp-I-bpw, sXmgn¬ kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p-
66

hm-\mbn tIc-f-k¿°m¿ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbn ]cn-{i-an-°-W-sa∂v IΩo-j≥ BZysØ
CS-°me ip]m¿i-I-fn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS Iogn¬, ITn-\-amb kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-
\X t\cn-Sp∂ tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Iqen-bpsS Hcp `mK-ambn Acn-hn-X-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw,
]ncn-®p-hn-Soepw DXv]m-Z\w \ndpØn tXm´w AS®p ]q´p∂ tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn Hgn-hm-°p-hm\pw
km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Zni-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ tIc-f-k¿°m¿ CXn-\Iw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoIcn®p
F∂p-Im-Wp-∂-Xn¬ IΩn-j\v kt¥m-j-ap-≠v.
2. as‰mcp kXzc \S-]-Sn, tXm´-߃°pw, I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-߃°pw D≠m-Ip∂ \jvSw Ipd-bv°phm≥,
\nIp-Xn-bpw, FIvsskkv Xocp-hbpw Cfhp sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv. C°m-cy-Ønepw k¿°m¿
Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≠-Xn¬ IΩn-j≥ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p.
1.4.42 D]-t`m-‡m-hn\p \ymb-hn-ebpw I¿j-I-cpsS t£ahpw
1. I¿jIIpSpw-_-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-t‚bpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kºXvhyh-ÿ-bp-tSbpw BWn-°√v
Im¿jn-tIm-Xv∏-∂-߃°v \ymb-amb hne -hn-]-Wn-bn¬ e`n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. hne-Ø-I¿®
krjvSn-°p∂ IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂pw Bizm-k-Øn-\p≈ GI t]mwhgn I¿j-I¿°v D]-t`m‡r
hne-bpsS \ymb-amb hnlnXw e`y-am-°p-∂Xv Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ D]-I-c-W-ß-tfbpw
ÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw k÷-am-°p-I-bm-Wv.
2. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv c≠v hnP-b-I-Y-Iƒ D≠m-bn´p≠v (I-gn 3˛4 h¿j-Øn-\n-
S-bn¬ hne-Ø-I¿® aqew D≠mb {]Xn-k-‘n°v kam-¥-cam-bn) tIc-f-Øn¬ I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw
a‰pw ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ ]W-Øns‚ \ymb-amb Hcp hnlnXw
I¿j-I¿°v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ KWy-amb hnPbw t\Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse
Xncp-h-ºmSn tIc-I¿j-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw Itºm-f-Øn¬ t\cn´p ]s-Sp-°p-Ibpw DXv∏-∂߃
\n¿Ωn-®pw, kwkvIcn®pw icn°v hn\n-tbm-Kn®pw hne-Ø-I¿®bv°v apºp≈ hne-\n-ehm-csØ
]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øp-hm\p≈ tijn t\Sn-bXv Hcp hnP-b-IY Xs∂-bm-Wv. d∫¿ DXv]m-Z-
I-cpsS skmssk-‰n-I-fpsS irwJ-ebpw CXp-t]mse Itºm-f-Øn¬ t\cn´v CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw d∫¿
]m¬ kwkvI-cn-°p-I, Ib-‰p-aXn sNøpI F∂n-h-bn-eqsS skmssk‰n AwK-ß-fmb I¿j-
I¿°v sa®-s∏´ hcp-am\w t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®p.
3. as‰mcp hnP-b-IY Iq´p-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-cp-∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ F°-tWm-anIv IΩyq-
Wn-‰n-bpsS (EEC)klm-b-tØmSp IqSn tIcfm ]®-°-dn-hn-I-k-\-]-≤Xn (KHDP) ]®-°-dn-D-ev]m-
Z\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ ap≥ssI FSp-Ø-Xns‚ ^e-ambn hcp-am-\-am¿§w Ipd-hmb Zcn-{Z-
I¿jIsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw \ma-am-{X-Ir-jn-°m¿°pw kpÿn-c-amb D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ ssIhcn-°m≥
Hc-h-kcw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-°n. Hcp {]tXyI ]≤-Xn-bn-epƒs∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°n-b-
Xm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]®-°-dn-Ir-jn-bn¬ ]s-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-b-hsc kzbw \nb-{¥-W -kz-X-{¥-
Iq-´-ß-fmbn kwL-Sn-∏n®v ]®-°dn DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]tZ-i-߃ Xnc-s-
SpØv Irjn-bm-cw-`n-°p-I-bpw, Cu kwL-߃°v Bh-iy-amb kmt-XnI D]-tZiw Ffp-∏-
Øn¬ e`y-am-°p-I-bpw, ]eni C√m- hm-bv]bpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ hfhpw IoS-\m-in-\nbpw
\evIp-Ibpw a‰p ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw, hn]-Wn-ku-I-cyhpw e`y-am-°pIbpw sNbvXp.
CsXmcp GIo-IrX ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-´mWv hn`m-h\w sNbvX-Xv. hnP-b-Øns‚ apJy-Im-c-Whpw
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F√m ]m-fn-Ifpw Bflm¿∞-X-tbmsS
]≤-Xn-bn¬ apgpIn {]h¿Øn-®Xpaqe-hpw, kzbw-\n-b-{¥-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn {]I-S-am-b, Xncn-
®-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xmb tXmXn-ep≈ hcp-am-\-h¿≤-\-hmWv D≠m-b-Xv.
4. kwL-ambn Irjn-bn¬ kl-I-cn-®p-{]-h¿Øn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ GXm≠v
Im¬\q-‰m-≠ns‚ A\p-`-h-k-º-Øp-≠v. B kao-]-\-Øn¬ s\√pw, \mfn-tI-c-hpw, Ipcp-ap-fIpw
Irjn-sNbvXv Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\w D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-n-´p-≠v. F∂m-en-Øcw Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\
coXn `qcn-]£w kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw A\yw \n∂p-t]m-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
k¿°m¿ klmbw ]n≥h-en-®-Xn-\m¬ kl-I-c-W-cwKw _e-lo-\-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p-∂p. DXv]m-
Z-\-Øn¬ am{Xw Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-I-bpw, Irjn-bpsS a‰p am\-߃, `£y-[m-\y-kw-kvI-c-
Ww, hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX F∂o-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb kmt-XnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ C√m-Xm-bn.
67

IqSmsX IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kw, Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K-\n-b-{¥-Ww, kzm{ib Irjn-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn\v
imkv{Xo-b-k-lm-bw, Irjn-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ AwK-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ ]m-fnØw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈
kzbw-sXm-gn-en¬ \n∂pw hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw hn]-Wn-hn-esb hen-sbmcp Af-hp-hsc
Xncn®p ]nSn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ D]m-b-ß-fpsS Imcy-amb A`mhw CØcw kwcw-`-ßfpsS
]cm-P-b-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xmbn IW-°m-°mw.
5. tIcf ]®-°dn hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-bp-tSbpw d∫¿ Dev]m-ZI kl-I-c-W-kw-L-Øn-t‚-bpw, IY
H‰-s∏-´-h-bm-sW-n-epw, Xncp-h-ºmSn t]cmw{º kl-I-cW kwL-ß-fp-tSbpw hnP-b-Øn¬
\n∂pw, I¿j-I-kw-L-ß-fp-tS-bpw, tIc-s^Uv t]mep≈ am¿°-‰nwKv skmssk‰n AS-°ap≈hbpsS
]cm-P-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]mTw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ ap≥ssI-{]-
h¿Ø-\hpw Iq´m-bvabpw Im¿jn-I-hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-Øns‚ A`n-`m-Py-L-S-Iam-sW∂ hkvXpX
AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.
A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb {]I-S\w ImgvN-h® ÿm]-\-߃s°√mw AwK-ß-fpsS kzbw-k-a¿∏-
W-tØm-Sp≈ ]m-fnØw D≠m-°n-b-Xn-\m-emWv hnP-bn-°m≥ Ign--Xv. CØcw Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-
ßsf tI{µo-I-cn-®v, sNdnb kwL-ß-fpsS Hcp irwJ-esb {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS C∂sØ hym]mc-hy-h-ÿbv°v
Hcp _Z-ep- -≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnP-bw-h-cn® kwcw-`-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-߃
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bpw, I¿j-I-tcbpw Irjn \S-Øn-∏p-Im-tcbpw kzbw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-amb DXv]m-ZI
kan-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-bn-te°v CW-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm\pw ZrV-\n-›-b-tØmsS ]cn-{i-an-°-Ww.
AwK-ß-fpsS A¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-hpw, ]m-fn-Øhpw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m≠pw, kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-ihpw DS-amh-Im-ihpw
A\p-h-Zn®pw, \b-]-c-ambn kmº-ØnI klm-b-߃°v hI-bn-cp-Ønbpw, ASn-ÿm-\-ku-
I-cy-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ klm-bn®pw {]h¿Øn-®m¬ Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv hºn® apt∂-‰-Øn\v hgn Xpd-°psa∂v
IΩoj\v t_m≤y-am-bn-´p-≠v.
1.4.4.3 tXm´-hnf Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib‰pa-Xn°v XpS¿k-lmbw
d∫¿, \mfn-tIcw apX-em-bh tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ct∂mfw I≠n-´n-√mØ
hne-Ø-I¿®-bpsS apJy-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ H∂v Ime-Im-e-ß-fmbn DXv∏-∂-߃ hf-scIqSp-X¬ Ip∂p-
Iq´n hºn® tXmXn¬ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wv. CtXm-sSm∏w hntZ-i-˛-C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Afhp-]-c-amb
\nb-{¥-W-߃ \o°n-b-Xns‚ Xn‡-^-e-hpw, hym]mcØns‚ DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ XWen¬
Xg-®p-h-f¿∂ Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw IqSn-bm-b-t∏mƒ ÿnXn G‰hpw cq£-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv Cu
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ s]mSp-∂-t\, DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ]pd-tIm´p t]mIp-hm-t\m, B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ DXv]-
∂-ß-fpsS Unam‚ v KWy-ambn Db¿Øp-hmt\m Ign-bp-∂-X-√. Xm¬°m-en-Ihpw io{L-hp-amb KpW-
Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp \S-]Sn DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS B`y-¥-c-hn-e-bnepw hntZ-i-hn-e-bnepw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw
I¿j-I¿°v (DXv]m-Z-I¿°v) \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ambn \evIn-s°m≠v Cu DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. tI{µ-k¿°m¿ 2002˛2003 se _UvP-‰n¬ {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xpw, temI-hym-
]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO)A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-amb 2002˛2007 hsc-bp≈ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-˛-C-d-°p-aXn \b-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ÿm]-\-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-am-b, Nc-°p-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-
´p≈ klmbw tIc-f-Ønse tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ AS-°-ap-≈ F√m Dev]∂߃°pw hn]p-e-am-°p-I-bpw,
Nc-°p-\o-°Øn\pw ]m°nw-Kn-\pw-IqSn tI{µ-k-lmbw _m[-I-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.
1.4.4. Zo¿L-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
`mhn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Dev]-∂-߃°v B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bn¬, \mfn-tI-cw, Im∏n, tXbne F∂nh-bn¬
C¥y-bnse CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bpw, B`y¥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew, Iip-h-≠n,
kap-t{Zmev]-∂-߃ F∂n-hbn¬ hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambpw ISpØ a’- -c-Øn-te¿s∏-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xm-
Wv. a’-c-£-aX Db¿Øn-bm¬ am{Xta tIc-f-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb Im¿jnI hym]mc kpc-£m -hyhÿ
krjvSn-°p-hm\pw Im¿jn-Im-Sn-Ø-d-bp≈ Hcp kº-Zvhy-hÿ sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm\pw Ign-bq. Dev]-
∂-߃°v hne IqSp-X¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \√ KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]qe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw am’-cy-£-aX ssIhcn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.
Hcp \n›nX bqWn‰v `qan-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ]c-amh[n Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-sb-bmWv
CXm-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse Im¿jnI t{kmX- p-I-tfbpw A\p-_-‘-L-S-I-ß-fmb a\p-jym-
≤zm-\-tijn (am-\-h-hn-`-hi-‡n)bpsSbpw hnth-I-]q¿Æhpw Imcy-£-a-hp-amb hn\n-tbm-Khpw hne-bp-
68

sS-Im-cy-Øn¬ am’-cy-£-aX h¿≤n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ {][m\ LS-I-߃-B-Wv. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-
Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬, Dev]m-Z-m\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-b-Xpw, F∂m¬ DXv]m-Zm\\-¥cw {i≤nt°≠Imcy-߃
-D-≠v. IoS-\m-in-\n, hfw, ^wKkv \min-\n, If-\m-in\n F∂n-h-b-psS Ah-in-jvS߃
Dev]-∂-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. hnf-sh-Sp-∏v, ssIImcyw sNø¬, kwkvIm-c-Ww,
DW°¬ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\p-tijap≈ {]{In-b-Ifpw ]m°nw-Kpw, am¿°-‰nw-Knep-sa√mw DS-
\ofw D≠m-Im-hp∂ ipNnXz {]iv\-߃ AXoh {i≤-tbmsS ssIImcyw tNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. CuhI
Imcy-ßsf°pdn®v I¿jI-cn-epw, Dev]m-Z-I-cn-epw, kwkv°-cWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cnepw hym]m-cn-I-fnepw
Ah-t_m[w hf¿tØ-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ I¿jI¿°pw, kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\-ku-
I-cy-߃ (B-ib hn\n-a-b, Dev]-∂-ß-fp-sS \ne-h-d(store)) km£y-s∏-Sp-ج, a‰p-\n-b-{¥-W-߃
(tam-Wn-‰-dnw-Kv) XpdapJ-tØ-°p≈ Nc-°p-\o°w apX-emb {]hr-Øn-Iƒs°√mw t{]m’m-l-\m¿∞w
{]Xn-^ew \evIpI-hgn KpW-\n-e-hmcw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\p≈ Hcp ]≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.
h≥tXmXn-ep≈ hr£-hn-f-I-fqsS
]p\xc[n-hm-khpw doπm‚ nwKv ]≤-Xnbpw
1.4.4.1 1) tIc-f-Øns‚ Irjn `qan-bn¬ A©n¬ \mep-`m-K-hpw Zo¿L-Ime hnf-I-fmb \mfn-tI-cw,
d_¿, Iip-h-≠n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew, Im∏n, tXbne F∂nh Iø-S-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v apºv tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p≠v. C∂p≈ sXßp-I-fn¬ Gdnb ]pw {]mbw sN∂-hbpw DXv]m-Z\ tijn-bpsS Imew
Ign--hbpw BWv. Cu Ime-]-g-°-Øns‚ ÿnXn Hmtcm hnf-bp-sS-Im-cy-Øn-epw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
tIc-hr-£-ß-fn¬ apX¬ 1 / 3
hsc-bpw, Ipcp-ap-fIp sImSn-Iƒ 1 / 3
apX¬ hscbpw, Iip-am-hn
s‚ 2 / 3
apX¬ hscbpw {]mbw sN∂-hbpw DXv]m-Z-\- £-a-X-bpsS A¥na L´-sa-Øn-b-hbpw BWv.
d_¿ am{Xta 30 h¿j-Øns‚ Ah-km\w ]g-a-c-߃ apdn-®p-am‰n X¬ÿm-\Øv ssXIƒ \Sp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p-≈q. Imc-Ww, d_¿ I¿j-I¿°v \¬In-h-cp∂ ]p\¿Irjn (\-So¬) k_vkn-Un-Ifpw a‰-\ph-Zob
t{]m’m-l-\-ß-fp-am-Wv. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, {][m\ Irjn {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ F√mw tcmK-_m-[-bp-≈-
Xn-\m¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]g-bXpw, tcmK-_m[ Kpcp-X-c-am-bn-´p-≈ hr£-ßfpw apdn®p \o°n ssXIƒ
h®p ]nSn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, Be-∏p-g, tIm´-bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-I-fn-¬ \m-en¬ Hcp `mKtØbpw
thcp-No-b¬ tcmKw _m[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CSp-°n, hb-\mSv Pn√-I-fn-se Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjnbpw
{ZpX-hm-´-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-bn¬s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. d_¿ Hgn-sI, Cu hnf-I-sf√mw ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb a‰p-hnti-j-Kp-W-߃
C√mØ Xmgv∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv. \mfo-tI-c-tØm-´-ß-fn¬ CS-hn-f-bmbn
d_¿ Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw shdptX `qan ]mgm-°p∂ G¿∏m-SpamWv. Ipcp-ap-fIv apJyambpw
Hcp CS-hn-f-bm-bmWv Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv. sXßnepw a‰p ]e-hI hr£ß-fn¬ ]S¿Ønbpw CXv
hf¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏m-gsØ coXn-Iƒ F√mw Hcp bqWn‰v `qan-bnse DXv]m-Z\ £a-Xsb
Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\mWv CS-bm-°p-∂-Xv. `mhn-bn¬ Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z\-£-aX h¿≤n-°-Wsa-n¬
hºn-®-tXm-Xn¬ ]pXnb ssXIƒ, hnti-jn®pw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-Iq-Sn-bXpw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-
ti-jn-bp≈Xpamb \√-bn\w ssXIƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, Aßns\ `qansb ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-
£-a-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.
2) imkv{Xob coXn-bn-ep≈ doπm‚nw-Kpw, ]g-b-hsb ]p\x-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°epw 15\pw 25\pw h¿j߃°n-S-bn¬
\S-Øp-hm-\p≈ _rl-Ømb ]≤Xn Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu ]cn-]mSn e£y-an-Sp∂
hnf-IfpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-°n-\n-dp-Øn-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-sa-nepw Cu hnfbv°mbn \o°n-hbv°-s∏´
`qan-bpsS apgp-h≥ DXv]m-Z-\-ti-jnbpw hn]p-e-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. a‰-\p-tbmPy
hnf-I-fp-ambn CS-I-e¿Øn imkv{Xo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ Iq´p-Ir-jn-sN-bvXv `qan {]tbm-P-\-£-a-am-°-Ww.
IqSmsX hnf-Ir-jn-∏-Wn-Iq-Sm-sX, I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬, asÆm-en∏pw sh≈-s∏m-°hpw XS-p-a-Æns\
kwc-£n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, ag-sh≈w sI´n-\n-dpØn Cu¿∏w \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I, Pe-tk-N\w \S-
ØpI (sN-cn-hp-Ifpw Pe-t{km-X pw A\p-Iq-e-am-sW-n¬) CXym-Zn-Im¿jnI {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Irjn-bpambn
GtIm-]n-∏n®p sNtø-≠-h-bm-Wv. DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX, {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬
DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS aqey-h¿≤\ D≠m-°p∂ Imcy-hpw Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS apJy `mK-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]m-
Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-eqsS BZmbw h¿≤n-∏n°pI F∂-Xp-am-{X-a-√, e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse
a‰p {]hr-Øn-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw Iq´n-bn-W-°nbpw Dev]-∂-ßsf kwkv°-cn®pw \n¿±n-jvS-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw
\evInbpw aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Ønbpw IqSn-bm-WXv \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠-Xv.
69

3) CØ-c-samcp ]≤-Xn-bv°m-h-iy-amb t{kmX- p-Iƒ {]mY-an-I-ambn [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS
hmbv]-bn¬ \nt∂m, tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Isf GtIm-]n-®psImt≠m
kam-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hm´¿sjUv amt\-Pvsa‚n-\mbn k¿°m¿ \evIp∂ klmbw hn\ntbm-Kn®v
aÆn-t‚bpw Pe-Øn-t‚bpw kwc-£-Whpw \S-Ømw. `£y-k-lm-b-]-≤-Xn -a-s‰mcp t{kmXm-Wv.
{]mbw sN-∂Xpw tcmKw _m[n-®-Xmb sXßp-Iƒ sh´n-am‰n ]Icw ]pXnb ssXIƒ h®p-]n-
Sn®p Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw BZmbw In´n-Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ ImesØ (sP-tÃ-j≥ ]ocn-b-Un-se)
\jvShpw hcp-am-\-an-√m-bvabp≈ ImesØ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn `£y-k-lmb ]≤Xn hnlnXw hn\ntbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse _mnwKv hyh-ÿ-bnse s{IUn-‰v sUt∏m-kn‰v (hm-bv]bpw \nt£-
]hpw Xncn-®-S-hpw) tami-amb ÿnXn-bnem-sW∂ Imcyw s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Imcy-am-Wv.
AXn-\p-Im-c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ (viable) ]≤-
Xn-I-fpsS A`m-h-am-Wv. ]pXnb ssXIƒ hbv°p-∂-Xn\pw, {]mbw sN∂-hsb apdn-®p-am-‰p-∂-Xn-\pw,
tcmKw h∂h ]p\x-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hcp _rlXv ]≤-Xn-bm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-tºmƒ [\-Im-cy-ÿm-
]-\-ß-fpsS hmbv]m kuI-cy-ßsf ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\pw, Aßns\ a’c£a-X-bp-
≈-Xpw, kpÿn-c-hpw, Du¿÷-kz-e-hp-amb Hcp Im¿jn-tIm-ev]m-Z\ hyhÿ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-
]n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
I¿jI hmbv]m Im¿Up-Iƒ
1.4.4.2. bYm-k-abw th≠hmbv]-Iƒ e`y-am-°p-∂Xv Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Bh-iy-ap≈
Dev]m-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h -hm-ßp-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw hnhn[
hnf-I-fpsS Irjnbpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb `qhn-\n-tbm-Khpw, (A-tXm-sSm∏w Imen-k-ºØpw IqSn
ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈) DXv]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \ΩpsS Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ h¿jw apgp-h≥ hym]n®p
\n¬°p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. Im¿jnI hcp-am-\hpw h¿jw apgp-h-\p-≠m-Ipw. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-
I-ssien sNdp-InS hyh-kmb ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tS-Xn\p Xpey-am-Wv. Irjn-s®e-hp-I-fpw e`n-°p-∂- h-cpam-\hpw
Hcp {]tXyI ImeØv am{X-sam-Xpßn \n¬°msX hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ Hcn-S-th-f-bn¬ BZm-btam Nnethm D≠m-Ip-∂n√. s]mXpth Ct∏mƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp∂
hnf-hmbv]m ]≤-Xn-hm-bv]-Iƒ Hmt∂m-ct≠m {]mh-iy-ambn hnX-cWw sNøp∂ coXn I¿j-I-cpsS
Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ A]cym]vX-amWv. hmbv]m- Xp-I-bpsS Af-hn¬ am{X-a√, ka-bm-k-abw _p≤nap-´p-Iq-SmsX
In´m-hp-∂-Xm-hWw hmbv]-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Inkm≥ s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv k{º-Zmbw Irjn-
°m-tcmSv A`n-ap-Jy-ap≈ hmbv]m \S-]-Sn-bm-sW-∂v Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. kwÿm-\sØ Nne-_m-p-
Iƒ Cu hmbv]m ]≤Xn Ah-X-cn-∏n®p Ign-n-´p-≠v. hn]p-e-am-sbmcp _mnwKv hyhÿ \ne-hn-en-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ (Hmtcm ]©m-b-Ønepw, hmWn-Py-_m-p-Ifpw kl-I-c-W-_m-p-Ifpw H∂n-e-[nIw D≠v)
I¿j-I-cn-te°v hmbv]-Iƒ sNs∂-Øm≥ bmsXmcp {]bm-k-hp-an-√. Iq´mb Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn hn]p-e-amb ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-hpw, hnI-k-\-irw-J-e-bpsS hn]p-e-amb
hnX-c-Whpw GtIm-]n-®p-sIm≠v I¿j-I¿°v hmbv]-\¬Ip-tºmƒ _mns‚ hn\n-abs®e-hp-Ifpw
KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kpÿn-chpw DXv]m-Z\ £aX \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp Im¿jnIhyhÿ
tIc-f-Øn¬ sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-hm≥, I¿j-I-kw-L-߃, _mv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, k¿°m¿ {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ
F∂nhsc√mw Hcp taibv°p Np‰p-an-cp∂v Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv I¿j-I¿°v hmbv]m-ku-Icyw kpI-c-am-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
hnf C≥jz-d≥kv
1.4.4.3 tIcfØns‚ apJy Irjn Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fm-b-Xn-\meqw, Bt]-£nIambn \√ ag-hngvN e`n-
°p-∂-Xn-\m-epw, Im¿jn-tIm-ev]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Aÿn-c-Xbv°v apºn¬ I¿j-I¿ Iog-S-ßp-∂n-√.
F∂m¬ tcmK-_m-[bpw IoS-i-eyhpw hcp-Øn-h-bv°p-∂ \jvSw XnI®pw KWy-am-Wv. hne-bnse Nm©m-
´-ß-fpw, KpW-h-\n-e-hm-c-Ø-I¿®bpw hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-ep≈ Du∂¬ hcp-Øn-h-bv°p∂ \jvShpw
KWy-am-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-Ip-d-hn\v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \evIp∂ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp-∂Xv
an\n-kvIqƒ hnf C≥jz-d≥kv (mis) ]≤Xnh-gn-bm-Wv. tI{µ-k¿°m¿ ]≤-Xn-bmb \mj-W¬ t{Im∏v
C≥jz-d≥kv kvIow (NCIS)¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ hnf-Isf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. CXn-\p-Im-c-W-ambn D≤-cn-
70

°m-dp-≈Xv hnf-hns\ kw_-‘n® ASn-ÿm\ ÿnXn hnh-c-I-W-°p-Iƒ Bh-iy-ap≈ Hcp \o≠
Ime-tØ°v \evIm≥ tIc-f-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂m-Wv. CsXmcp Zqjn-X-h-e-bamWv. Irjn-bn¬
\nt£-]-an-√msX ÿnXnhnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw th≠
hna¿i-\-]-c-amb ]T-\hpw \S-°p-∂n-√. hnf-Isf kw_-‘n® F√m-hn-h-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ {Iam-
\p-K-X-amb bmsXm-cp-b-Xv\-hp-an-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ hn]Xv `oj-
Wn-Isf Ipd-bv°p-hm-\p≈ \n¿Æ-mb-I-amb Hcp Bizmk \S-]-Sn-X-s∂-bm-Wv hnf C≥jz-d≥kv kvIow.
tIc-f-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ hnf-I-sf-°qSn Dƒs°m-f-fn-°-Ø-°-hÆw hnf C≥jzd≥kv
]≤-Xnsb hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ tIcfw tI{µ-k¿°m-cn¬ t{]cW sNep-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. tI{µhnf
C≥jz-d≥kv kvIow Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hnf-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
a‰p-ambn {]tXyIw \nt£]w \S-Øp-hm≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-h-Ww. kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿
aptºm´p h®n-´p≈ C≥jz-d≥kv ]cn-]m-Snsb ]n¥p-S¿∂p hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb t{kmX- p-Iƒ ]mgm-
°n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw (Cu kwÿm\ ]≤-Xn GXp hn[-Øn-em-bmeqw DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Hcp sNdnb
`mKØv am{Xta FØp-∂p-≈p) tI{µ-hnf C≥jz-d≥kns‚ (NCIS) ]cn-[n-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ tXm´-hnf-I-sf-°qSn
Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]cn-an-X-amb
hn`-h- -߃ \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xmhpw _p≤n. tZio-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hnf- C≥jz-d≥kv ]≤-Xnbv°p
am{Xta tIc-f-Øn-\m-I-am-\-ap≈ apJy-hn-f-Isf sa®-s∏´ Hcp ]≤-Xnbv°v Iogn¬sIm≠v h∂p {]h¿Øn-
∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-I-bp-≈p.
1.4.5. hn]Wn {]m]rX
1..4.5.1. hym]-c-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ XS- -߃ : Xmcn^pw Xmcn-t^-X-c-hp-amb XS- -߃
hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-´p≈ cmPy-ß-fnse hn]Wn-I-fn-te°v \ΩpsS DXv]-∂-߃ IS-
∂p-sN-√p-hm≥ hnLm-X-am-Ip∂ GXm\pw Xmcn-^pw, Xmcn-t^-X-c-hp-amb XS- -߃ Nne in£W߃°v
(Nn-´bv°pw {Ia-Øn-\pw) hnt[-b-am-hp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬, Xmcn-t^-Xc \nb-{¥Wßfn¬ H∂mb
ipNn-XzsØ kw_-‘n-®, km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^-t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ F√mw-Xs∂ Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂
h≥InS hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fpsS Db¿∂-k-¬]߃°p \nc-°p∂ \nehm-c-Øn-emWv \njvI¿jn-
°p-∂-Xv. Ah -hn-I-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ XnI®pw hnth-N\m]c-ambn´mWv
{]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ImWmw. hfsc I¿°-i-amb km\n-´dn˛ss^t‰m-km-\n´dn hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv
]e hnI-knX cmPy-ßfpw XpS¿®-bmbn A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-sb√mwXs∂ Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-
Øn\v km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp∂ bp‡n-]-c-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A∏p-d-ap-≈-h-bpw, hnIkz-c-cm-Py-߃
A\p-jvSn-t°-≠-X-√mØ A\m-hiy hyh-ÿ-Ifpw BWv. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw, hnIkzc
cmPy-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂pw t\m°n-bm¬ km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^-t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \nb-a-
]-c-ambn (legally) A\phZ-\o-b-amb hym]-mtc-Xc XS- -am-sW-∂p-]-d-bmw.
tIcfw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ hn]Wn {]m]r-X-bpsS {]iv\-߃
1.4.5.2 hn]-Wn-{]m-]r-Xsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ am{Xsam-Xp-ßp-∂n-√.
Ah C¥y≥ hn]-Wn-bn-te°pIqSn hym]n-°p-∂p. ImcWw AOA bpsS Cd-°p-aXn
\n_-‘-\-Iƒ {]Imcw, Hcp DZm-l-c-h-XvIrX hym]m-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Nc-°p-I-fpsS kzX-{¥-amb Hgp-
°n-\p≈ km≤y-X-bp-≈n-S-tØmfw a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw G‰hpw Ipd tXmXn-ep≈ (de minimis)
sXnepw Im¿jnI Akw-kvIrX km[-\-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ tIc-f-
Øn\v Ah-bp-ambn a’-c-Øn-te¿s∏-tS-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. AOAbpsS hyhÿIƒ A\p-k-cn®v
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-߃°v hn]Wn e`y-am-°m≥ t\cn-Sp∂ _p≤n-ap-´p-Isf XcWw sNøphm≥
tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m¿ Xe-ß-fn¬ th≠ \S-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]p-d-ta,
AOA \S-∏n-em-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ A\p-t]-j-Wobamb am‰-߃ A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn-eqsS \ne-hn¬ hcptØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
71

1.4.6 Xmcn^v \n¿Æbw
1.4.6.1 Xmcn^v \n¿Æb tImUpw: C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn˛C-d-°p-aXn \b-ßfpw
Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hntZi Nc-°p-I-fpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-ß-fpw (-Iyp.-B¿.-F-kv.)- de
minimis a‰p t]mep≈ Cd-°p-aXn _m≤y-ÿ-amb Imcy-ßfpwaqew tIc-f-Øn\p D≠m-Ip∂ hym]mc
sshj-ayßsf adn-I-S-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssIs°m-≈-Ww.
temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bp-sS(-U-ªyq.-Sn.-H.)hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pX-Ip∂ Agn-®p-]-Wn-
Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 80 iXam-\hpw
Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ Iø-S-°p-∂-Xn-\m-epw, hnf-bv°mbn ImØn-cn-t°≠ CS-thf \o≠-Xm- -Ibmepw
A°m-e-a-{Xbpw \nt£-]-k-lmbw AXym-h-iy-amWv. \ΩpsS hn`-h-t{km-X- p-Isf ]p\x-{I-ao-
I-cn-°m-\pw, ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNøp-hm\pw, a‰p cmPy-ß-fp-ambn hym]m-c-cw-KØv Xpey-A-h-k-c-Ønepw
tbmKy-X-bnepw a’-cn-°p-hm≥ tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I¿°v H∂p t\sc izmkw hnSp-hm-\pw, GXm≠v 5
h¿j-Øn-\pw 10 \p anS-bn¬ IqSnb tXmXn-ep≈ \nt£-]-k-lmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬
temI-hym-]m-c-I-cm-dn-s‚(-F.-H.-F.)-Xm-cn-^p-Iƒ Npa-Øp-∂ -Im-cy-Øn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-bhpw A¿l-hp-amb
kpc-£m-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-°p-hm≥ A\p-c-÷-\-I-fn¬ kΩ¿±w sNep-
Øp-Ibpw, B B\p-Iq-ey-ßsf \mw icn°v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw thWw. AXns‚ ^e-ambn \ΩpsS
I¿j-I¿°v hym]m-c-Øn¬ tijn B¿÷n-°p-hm≥ aXn-bmb kabw e`n-°p-Ibpw, \ΩpsS hn`-ht{km-X-
p-Isf ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS a’-c-£-aX C°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw.
2. Ah-km\h´ DdptKz ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬ apºv \S∂ A\p-c-÷\ {ia-ß-fn¬ H∂pw Xmcn^p \nc-
°p-I-fn¬ hcp-∂-Xmb hn]p-e-amb am‰-߃ ]cn-K-W-\bv°v h∂n-cp-∂n-√. ]mw Hmbn-en\pw tkmbm-
_o≥ FÆbv°pw \mw Npa-Øp∂ hfsc XmW Xmcn^p \nc-°p-Iƒ shfn-s®-Æbv°v Gev]n® BLm-
X-hpw, XpS¿∂p sIm{]-bp-sSbpw \mfn-tI-c-Øn-s‚bpw hne-Ø-I¿®bpw CXn\p \√ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
tkmtbm-_o≥ FÆ-bpsS ]c-am-h[n _u≠v Xmcn^v 45 iX-am\w Bbn \mw AwKo-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm≠v
AXnepw Db¿∂ Hcp Xmcn^v ]mw Hmbn-en\v Npa-ØpI Akm-≤y-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]mwHm-bnepw shfns®-Æbpw
XΩn¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ InS-a-’-c-Øn-ep-am-Wv. ]mw Hmbn-ens\ am{X-ambn Xmcn-^n¬ GsX-
nepw h¿≤-\hv sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS hym]m-csØ klm-bn-°p-hm\pw Bhn-√.
At∏mƒ D]t`m-‡m-°ƒ ]mw Hmbn-en¬\n∂pw tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bn-te°p Xncn-bp-∂-XmWv.
3. AXp-t]mse tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb kmc-ambn _m[n°p∂XmWv d_-dns‚
_u≠v Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°pw, Assπ-UvXm-cn^v \nc-°pw(40 iX-am\hpw 25 iX-am-\hpw bYm-{I-aw)-\n-Ps∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
AXn-\m¬ tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\mX-e-Ønepw Xmcn^v \n¿Æbn-°p-hm≥
Hcp tImUv hnI-kn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠-Xp-≠v. AXm-Is´, AkwJyw sNdp-InS I¿j-Ip-
Spw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xpw, [m¿Ωn-I-\o-Xnbnepw XXz-ß-fnepw A[n-jvTn-Xam-bXpambn-cn-°-Ww.
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp Xmcn^v \n¿Æb t_m¿Un\v cq]w \¬Im-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
ssIs°m-≈-W-sa-∂mWv IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. d_-dns\ Hcp Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ambn ]p\¿hn-`-
P\w sNøp-∂-Xp-ambpw CXv _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
1.4.6.2 Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS ]p\¿hn-`-P\w
1. {lkz-Ime ]cn-c-£-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-I-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv. temIhym-]m-c-kw-L-S\
\n›-bn-®n-´p≈ _u≠v Xmcn-^p -\n-c-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv AwK-cm-Py߃
Cd-°p-aXn Nc-°p-I-fpsS ta¬ Xmcn-^p-Iƒ Npa-Øp-∂-Xv. Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Im¿jnI
Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS ta¬ Xmcn-^p-Iƒ Npa-Øp-I-hgn {]tXyI ]cn-c£ sNøp-tºmƒ B Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°p-
Iƒ Bt]-£n-I-ambn hymh-km-bnI Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS Xmcn-^p-I-tf-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-
X¬ Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v DXv]-∂-߃ Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-tam, hymh-kmbnI
Dev]∂tam, hymhkmbnI Dev]-∂-tam, hymh-km-bnI Akw-kvIrX hkvXpthm F∂v hn`-Pn-
°p-∂Xv hfsc {]k-‡-amb Imcy-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, B Xcw-Xn-cn-°-ens\ B[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv A\p-h-Z-
\o-b-amb Xmcn-^p-\n¿Æ-b-sa∂p k{º-Zmbw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp cmPysØ B`y-¥c hn]-Wnsb
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw Xt±-i-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z-Isc ]cn-c-£n-t°-≠-Xpw.
72

2. temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\ (U-ªyq.-Sn.-H.)\ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw d_-dns‚ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ s]mcp-Ø-an-√mbva D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I -d-_-dn-s\(-F≥.-B¿.)-Hcp kwkvI-cn® Dev]-
∂-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-®p-sIm≠v AXns\ Hcp hymh-km-bnI Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ambn ]cn-K-Wn- -°p-∂-
Xn-\m¬ d∫-dns‚ ta¬ Npa-Øm-hp∂ ]c-am-h[n A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b(-_u≠v td‰v)-Xm-cn^v \nc°v 40
iX-am\w BWv. GXm-bm-epw, Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ a‰p Im¿jn-I-hn-`-hß-fp-sS
(-Hcp ]t£ Ah-bn¬ GXm\pw DXv]-∂-߃, ]cp-Øn-bpw, Icnºpw DZm: hymh-km-bnI
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-nepw) ]c-am-h[n Npa-Øm-hp∂ Xmcn^v \nc°v
C¥y-bn¬ 100 iX-am\w BWv. F∂m¬ apºv hym]m-c-sØbpw Xmcn-^n-s\bpw kw_-‘n®v Icmdn¬(-Km-´n¬˛General
Agreement on Tariff and Trade) C¥ym Kh. kΩXw aqfnb ImesØ Im¿jnI
hym-km-bnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hn`-P\Øn\v C∂v {]k‡nX \jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ c≠m-a-sXmcp
hn`-P\w hnti-jn-®pw, Im¿jn-I-hym-]mcw temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\(-U-ªyq.-Sn.-H.)-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬
h∂n-cn-°p∂ amdnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp ]p\¿hn-`-P\w AXy-¥m-t]-£nX-am-Wv. Ib-dn-s‚-bpw, NW-
Øn-s‚bpw Imcyw CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬(-Km-´n-s‚) d∫-dn-s‚bpw Ibdn-s‚-bpw,
NW-Øn-s‚bpw Cd-°p-a-Xnbv°v t{]m’m-l\w In´n.(-Im-cWw B`y-¥-c-hn-ebpw A¥m-cmjv{S-hn-ebpw
XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Hcp \n¿±njvS ]cn-[n-bn¬ Ihn-n-cp-∂p)- C-Øcw Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ
aqe-ap-≠mb ISpØ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn°p∂ \qdm-bn-c-°-W-
°n\v P\-ß-fp-sS (-A-h-cn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Zmcn-{Z-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg (_n.-]n.-F¬.)Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv).
Ib-dp-ev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-cpsS D]-Po-h\w kpc-£-am-°p∂ GI-am¿§hpw AS-®ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
am\-hn-Ihpw, kº-Øn-I-hp-ambn C{X henb am\-ap≈ {]iv\-߃°v {lkz-Im-e-tØs°-nepw
Hcp ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn d∫-dn-s\-bpw, Ib-dn-t\bpw Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fmbn ]p\¿hn-`-Pnt°≠Xm-sW∂v
IΩn-j≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.
3. apºp-]-d s]mcp-Ø-t°Sv Xncp-Øp-hm≥ C¥ybv°v Hc-h-kcw h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. tZmlm
a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f\w Cu hI {]iv\-߃ N¿® sNbvXv A\p-c-RvP\-Øn\v Imem-h[n Hcp h¿j-tØ-
°p-IqSn \o´nbn´p-≠v. Irjnkw_-‘n® Icm-dn-s‚ (F.-H.-F.) (aq-∂mw-L´w/2002 am¿®v apX¬ 2003
am¿®v hsc)-ta-ep≈ A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cn-I-bmWv. ASp-Ø-k-tΩ-f\w saIvkn-t°m-bnse
Im≥Iq-Wn¬ h®p-tN-cp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ d_¿, NWw, Ib¿ F∂n-h-t]m-ep≈hsb
hymh-km-bnI Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°p-tfbpw ]cp-Øn-sb-t∏mse Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ambn ]p\¿ hn`-
P\w \S-Øn-°n-´p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb F√m \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Im≥Iq¨ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p-apºv Xs∂ ssIs°m-
≈p-hm≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\bpw tI{µ k¿°m-cn-t\bpw IΩn-j≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. hensbmcp
P\-hn-`mKw sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpw, \ma-am{X Irjn-°mcpw Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\v Cu Dev]-∂ß-sf-bmWv
B{i-bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn`-P\w AhcpsS
D]-Po-h\ kpc-£sb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂p F∂ \·-bm-Ym¿∞yw ]p\¿hn-`-P-\-Øn\v
i‡-amb Hcp \ymbw IqSn-bm-Wv.
{lkz-Ime, a≤y-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1.4.7 B`y-¥c klmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
I¿j-I¿°pw, hnin-jym, sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°pw, \ma-am{X Irjn-°m¿°pw hcp-am-\-h¿≤-\hv
hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂, hym]m-c-Ønepw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-\-k-lmb taJ-e-I-fnepw Hcp Iq´w Bizm-k-
\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. AØcw [\-k-lmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Xmßp-hn-e-bnepw, hne-kpÿn-cXm
\S-]-Sn-Ifpw am{Xw HXp-ßn-\n-∂m¬ t]mc, adn®v Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-IqSn ]n¥pW
\¬Ip∂ klmb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw hn`m-h\w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. AØ-c-samcp ]mt°-Pn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-S-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
\nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb G‰hpw Ipd- -Xm-ßp-hn-e(-Fw.-F-kv.-]n.)-tI-c-f-Ønse Ic-Irjn hnf-Iƒ°pw
IqSn hym]n-∏n-°pI. Fw.-F-kv.-]n.bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y≥ ^pUvtIm¿∏-td-j≥(-F-^v.-kn.-sF.)-
`-£y-[m-\y-߃ kw`-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw XpS-c-W-sa∂v s{]m: A`n-PnØv sk≥ A≤y-£-\m-bncp∂˛""C¥ybv°v
Hcp Zo¿L-Ime `£y-[m-\y-\-b-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ D∂-X-Xe kanXn'' ip]m¿i
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. B ip]m¿ibv°v kam-¥-chpw A\p-]q-c-I-hp-am-bn, sNdp-InS I¿j-cp-sSbpw \ma-am-{X-
73

Ir-jn-°m-cp-sSbpw Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-߃°v \jvS-hn-e-bp≈ hn]-Wn-bpsS ImeØv Ah-cpsS D]-Poh-\-kp-c-£-bv°mbn
th≠ Bizmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\
(Uªyq.-Sn.-H.) bv°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
temI-hym-]m-csØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw, Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-\n-c-°p-Iƒ am‰n \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈
Ah-k-c-ßfpw hyh-ÿ-Ifpw D≠v. A¥m-cmjv{S hne-bn¬ hºn® Nm©m-´hpw, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS IpXn-
®p-I-b-‰hpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ Irjn-°msc kwc-£n-°p-hm≥,
`£y-[m\yßfpsS Imcy-Øn¬, A`n-PnXv sk≥ IΩn‰n Nne ip]m¿i-Iƒ sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m-t_m-Ivkn-s‚(Livelihood Security Box)-]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Cd-°p-a-Xnbn¬
Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃(Iyq.-B¿.-F-kv.)]p\xc\p-im-kn-°p-hm≥ Irjnsb kw_-‘n®
Icm-dn(-F.-H.-F.)-s‚ -A\pcRvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬ C¥ybv°v Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hn-t\bpw tXmXn-t\bpw kw_-‘n® \nb-{¥-W-߃
(-Iyq.-B¿.-Fkv.), `£y kpc-£-bp-sS-bpw, {KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-b-¥n-c-c-£-bv°m-bn, hnIkz-c-cm-Py-߃
]n¥p-Scm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw F.-H.-F.bpsS C∂p \n-ehnen-cn-°p∂ N´-°q-´n-\p-≈n¬
\n∂psIm-≠p-Xs∂ ÿm]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, I¿j-I\v kpÿn-c-amb hcp-am\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw If-sam-cp-°p-
∂, hnf C≥jp-d≥kp-t]m-ep≈ {KmaoW hmbv]m klm-b-߃ e`y-am-°p∂ `mh-\m-]q¿Æ-amb ]cn-
]m-Sn-I-fpw, hn`-h-kw-`-c-W-hpw, DXv]-∂-kw-kvI-c-W-hpw, hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-Xbpw kpI-c-am-°p∂ \qX\
]cn-]mSnIfpw, hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v t{]m’m-l\w, aqey-h¿≤-\bv°v klmbw,
hn]-W-k-l-I-cW kwL-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww-˛-Xp-S-ßnb Hcp-Iq´w \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
hnZ-Kv≤hpw _lp-in-£W \b-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Kth-jWw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ taJ-e-bn¬ Bhnjv°-cn-°p-I.
F) tIc-f-Øns‚ Irjn°pw Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn-\w(-Im¿jn-I-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿbv°v BsI-bpw)-\n-c-
¥chpw kpÿn-c-hp-amb Du¿÷-kz-eX \¬Ip-hm-\m-h-iy-amb hnhn[ cq]-Øn-ep≈ B`y-¥c
klmb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøpI.
_n) CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw Ahbv°p
A\p-]q-c-Ihpw Bb coXn-bn¬ kwhn-[m\w sNøp-I.
kn) L´w-L-´-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp∂ Uªyq.-Sn.-H. bpsS IqSnbmtem-N-\-I-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS i‡-amb \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ {]_-e-am-°p-hm-\p≈ A\p-c-RvP\-X-{¥-߃ sa\-s-Sp-°p-I.
1.4.7.1 DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff {]Xy-£-k-lm-bhpw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ khn-tij
kml-N-cy-ßfpw
1. Cu cmPysØ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ B`y-¥c klm-b-Øns‚ Gdn-b-`m-
Khpw Hcp ]nSn k_vkn-Un-I-fm-Wv-˛-A-h-bn¬ apJyw DXv]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-Ø (-D-Xv]-∂-Øns‚ Imem-
Im-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]tXyI hn[n hnln-X߃ IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂-X-√m-Ø)-Nne {]tXyI klm-b-߃
(Inputs) BWv. {]tXy-In®pw hf-߃, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hnZyp-O-‡n, Pe-tk-N\w F∂nh k_vkn-
Un-bmbn \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-amb klm-b-ß-fm-Wv-˛-G-‰hpw Ipd Xmßp-hn-e(-Fw.-
F-kv.-]n.)bpw k¿°m-cns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn-ep≈ DXv]∂ kw`-c-Whpw XpS-ßnb klm-b-߃ F√mw
hym]m-csØ Ak-¥p-e-am-°p-∂-h-bpw, Bw_¿ t_mIvkn¬s]-Sp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, Ahcpam-bn-´p≈
klm-b-Øn-s‚-bpw, Fw.-F-kv.-]n. \nc-°n-ep≈ Dev]∂ kw`-cWØns‚bpw Nne-hp-I-fpsS
IqSp-X¬ `mchpw hln-°p-∂Xv tI{µk¿°m-cm-sW-n¬, sshZyp-Xn, Irjn-°p≈ Pte-k-N-\w, F∂nh-bpsS
Nnehv hln-°p-∂Xv AXmXv kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fp-am-Wv.
2. Irjnbv°v \¬Ip∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-ß-fm-b-˛-hf k_vkn-Unbpw kw`-c-W-hn-ebpw
hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ kzX-kn-≤-amb _e-lo-\-X-I-fp-≠v. c≠pw kwÿm-\-߃°pw {]tZ-i-߃°pan-S-bn-ep≈
A¥-c-ßsf aq¿On-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. hf k_vknUn Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-a-s√-nepw, Cu
klmb-Øn¬\n∂pw t\´-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-csØ Pe-tk-N-\w, hnf-I-fpsS sXc-s-Sp-∏v(-
74

DZm. apJy-[m-\y-hn-f-Itfm \mWy-hn-f-I-tfm)- F∂o a‰p LS-I-߃ i‡n-bmbn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
agsb B{i-bn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-߃°v, `£y-[m-\y-ß-f-√m-Ø-tXm, \mWy-hn-f-I-f-√m-ØtXm Bb hnf-
Iƒ Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-߃°v, CØcw klm-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-∂n-√.
3. kw`-c-W-hne Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-am-I-bm¬ Cu klmbw kz¥w Bhiyw Ign--Xn-\p-tijw
hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-°m≥ [mcmfw an®w hnf D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-߃°mWv sN√p-∂-Xv. Chn-sSbpw,
]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\, DØ-c-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ]Sn-m-dp-`m-K-߃, B{‘-{]-tZ-ins‚ Xoc-Pn-√-Iƒ
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fmWv IqSp-Xepw t\´-߃ sImøp-∂-Xv. Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw kwÿm-\-ß-fn-epw -Xs∂
kw`-c-W-hn-e-bpsS t\´-߃ [mcmfw hnf an®w Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-h¿°p-am{XamWv. F∂m¬ Ahn-S-ßfnse
D]-Po-h-\-Øn\p Irjn-sb-am{Xw B{i-bn-°p∂ sNdp-In-S-°m¿t°m, \ma-am{X I¿j-I¿t°m
bmsXm-cp-hn[ {]tbm-P-\hpw Fw.-F-kv.-]n. bn¬-\n∂pw e`n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Dev]m-Z-\-®n-ehv Im¿jn-
I-k-aq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-Øn\pw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw C≥]p´v(hfw apX-em-b-h-bn-epsS-bp-≈)-k-_vkn-Un-Iƒ
Bt]-£n-I-ambn Ipd-®p-IqSn Xpey-X-tbmsS e`y-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚
`q{]-Ir-Xn-h-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ AXns‚ AXy¥w \nt∑m-∂X kz`m-hw-sIm≠p {]Ir-Xym-Xs∂ `£y-
[m-\y-hnf Irjnbv°v [mcmfw sshj-ay-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw D≠v. `£y-[m-\y-Irjn samØw
Im¿jnI£a-X-bp≈ `qan-bpsS 1 / 5
`mK-tØ°v Hcpßn \n¬°p-∂p. AXpw {]mtbW \nc-∏m-b(-k-a-Xe)-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
am{Xw. Cu {]tZ-iØv tami-s∏´ Pe-hn-\n-tbmK \nb-{¥-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn hf-
Øns‚ BKn-cWw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ {]tbm-K-Øns‚ Imcy-£-a-Xbpw Xptemw XmWXpw Aßns\
hf-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw hfsc Ipd-hpam-Wv. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn\v Xmßp-hn-e-bn-eq-sSbpw, hfw k_vkn-
Un-bm-bp-ap≈ klmbw aqehpw kzX-kn-≤-amb ]cn-a-Xn-I-fm¬ {]tbm-P\w In´p-∂n-√. `£y-[m-\y-ßfpsS
Imcy-Øn¬, hnti-jn®pw Acn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ bmsXmcp an®-hp-ans-√∂p≈Xn-\m¬ [m\y-߃°pff
Fw.-F-kv.]n.bn¬\n-∂pw {]tbm-P-\ta C√. ]ns∂ {]tbm-P\w In´p∂ GI DXv]∂w \mfn-tI-cam-Wv.
sIm{]-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ Fw.-F-kv.-]n. bpsS Iogn¬ kw`-cWw \S-°p-tºmƒ am{X-am-Wv AXv.
F.-H.-F. s‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v CXv A\ptbmPy-a-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ samØw Irjn-`q-anbpsS
4/5 `mKsØ hnf-I-fmb d_¿, \mfn-tI-cw, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Iip-h-≠n, Gew, Im∏n, tXbne F∂o
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ apJy-hn-f-Iƒs°ms° Xs∂ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-
Øn¬\n∂pw ]d-b-Ø° {]tbm-P-\-sam∂pw e`n-°p-∂n-√.
4. Irjn°v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw XpS¿∂p e`n-°p-sa-n-epw, klm-b-]-≤-Xn-
Iƒ C¥y-bnse F√m {]tZ-i-߃°pw kwÿm-\-߃°pw CS-bn¬ Xpey-X-tbmsS hnX-cWw sNøs∏-Sp∂p
F∂p-d-∏m-°p-∂- hn-[-Øn¬ ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. AXv Im¿jnI kaq-l-Ønse
hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃°n-S-bn¬ Xpey-ambn FØn-t®-cm≥ C∂sØ hnX-c-W-coXn klm-b-I-c-a-√. tIc-f-
Ønse Irjn-bv°v(-tI-c-f-Øns‚ am{X-a-√, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bn-˛-{]Ir-Xn-ZØ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS {]tXy-
I-X-aq-ew, Zp¿§-a-ß-fmb ]¿∆-X-ß-fpw, ae-I-fpw, Ip∂p-I-fpw, K¿Ø-ßfpw \nd A¿≤-ln-am-eb
{]tZ-i-߃t]m-ep-≈-h-bv°pw, sshj-ay-߃ \nd kam-\-{]-tZ-i-߃°pw cmPysØ G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬, agsb B{i-bn®v Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ AXn-hn-im-e-amb `qan-bp≈ kwÿm-\-߃°pw) kzm`m-hn-
I-ambn C∂sØ cq]-Øn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬,
hnti-jn®pw tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ DXv]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿ-bv°pw, amXr-Ibv°pw tbmPn-®-hn-
[-Øn¬ tI{µ Im¿jn-I- k-lmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-t°≠Xmh-iy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚
ÿnXnbv°v kam-\-amb kzX-kn-≤-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≈ C¥y-bnse CXc {]tZ-i-߃°pw KpW-Ic-am-I-W-sa-n¬
klmb ]≤-Xnbv°v ]p\x-kw-L-S-\-bm-hiyw Xs∂-bm-Wv.
5. tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-{]iv\w Zo¿L-Im-e-hr-£-hn-f-I-fpsS Hcp apJy-`m-K-Øns‚ ]p\¿\-Soepw
(do-πm‚n-Kpw) -]p-\x-c-[n-hm-k-hp-am-I-bm¬, AXn∂v hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ klm-b-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Bh-iyap-≈-Xv.
ImcWw, Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Iƒ°v kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn, Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ apX¬\nt£]w
thW-sa-∂-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa, h≥tXm-Xn¬ doπm‚nw-Kpw, ]p\x-c-[n-hm-khpw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ ]cn-]m-
Sn-I-fn¬ ]p-sIm-≈p∂ I¿j-I¿°v 5 \pw 10 \pw h¿j-߃°v CS-bv°p≈ A¥-cm-f-L-´-sØ(-sPtÃ-j≥
]ocn-b-Uv)- ]-´n-Wn-Iq-SmsX XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v (tI-{µ)- k-lmbw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv.
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd-Xpw {]mbw-sN-∂-h-tbm, tcmK-_m-[n-Xtam Bb hr£-ß-fm-sW-nepw Ipd
hcp-am\w \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmb hr£-ßsf apdn-®p-am-‰p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Irjn-°m¿°p-≠mhp∂
Dev]m-Z-\-\-jvS-Øn\p ]cn-lm-c-ambn tI{µ-k-lmbw e`y-am-°-Ww. CØcw B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-
75

߃°v tIcfw XnI®pw A¿l-am-sW∂p i‡-ambn hmZn-°p-hm≥ {ia-߃ \S-Ø-Ww. Cu cmPysØ
Irjn-°m-h-iy-amb tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm\ klm-b-߃°v amdn hcp∂ ho£-W-ß-fn¬ t\m°nbm¬ tIcf-Øns‚
bYm¿∞ hkvXp-\njvTm kml-N-cy-߃ \nanØw tIc-f-Øn-s‚ {]tXyIÿnXn-bn¬ klmb-Øns‚
Bhiyw D∂-bn-°p-hm≥ i‡-amb t{]cW sNep-Øp-hm≥ aXn-bmb Imc-W-ap-≠v.
6. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬, Irjnbv°p \¬In-h-∂ncp∂ klm-bw, hnI-k-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-IfpsS
N´-°q-Sn-sem-Xp-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ s]mXp-P-e-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ t]m-ep≈
ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv, kzIm-cy-X-e-Ønepw s]mXp-X-e-Ønepw `qK¿`-Pew
Ipg¬In-W-dn-eqsS NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn°qSn B klmb ]cn-]mSn hnI-kn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v kzImcy-`q-an-I-fn-se
agsb B{i-bn®p Irjn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse aÆp kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw IqSn hym]n-
∏n-®p. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv k¿°m¿ klmbw ]e-hn[ `qhn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°m-bn-˛-D-Zm. tZiob
\o¿adn amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]≤-Xn-bv°pw, Xcn-ip-`q-an-bpsS hnI-k-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw kzIm-cy- `q-hn-I-k-\-
Øn-\pw, aÆp-kw-c-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw-IqSn hym]n-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. CØcw
]≤-Xn-Ifn¬ A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p≈ {][m-\- XXzw `qan-bp-sS(-a-Æpw)-P-ehpw a‰pw Dƒs∏sSbp≈ {]Ir-Xn-
ZØ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-am-b (-Im¿jn-I)-hn-I-k-\-Øn-eqsS cmPy-Øns‚ kp{]-[m\ kmº-
ØnI am¿§-amb Irjnbv°p klmbw hym]-I-am-°pI F∂ I¿Øhyw \nd-th-‰pI F∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-
\m¬ Zo¿L-Im-e-hr-£-hn-f-I-fpsS `qhn-I-k-\-hpw-˛-Ah Irjn-sN-øp∂ P\-ß-fpsS D] Poh-\-kp-c£
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw, ta¬∏-d ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-∂-t]m-se, as‰mcp hn[-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-am-Wn-t∏mƒ
\mw A`y¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-Xs∂ Xß-fpsS ]cn-an-X-amb(Xp-≠p)-`q-an-bnse hr£-ß-fpsS˛Zo¿L-
Ime hnf-I-fpsS Irjn-bn¬\n∂pw e`y-am-Ip∂ hcp-am-\-sØ-am{Xw B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂hcpsS D]-
Po-h-\-kp-c-£bv°v th≠n-bp≈ klm-b-am-W-`y¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv.
1.4.8 KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-ج
1.4.8.1 hne-bnepw KpW-ta-∑-bnepw am’-cy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
1. hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-Xsb kw_-‘n® Im¿jn-I-I-cm-dn-s‚(-F.-H.-F)-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D∂-bn-°p∂ sh√p-hnfn-Isf
AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-\pw, cmPy-tØ-°p-h-cp∂ hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn-epw, hym]m-c-Ønepw \tΩmSp
a’-cn-°p∂ hntZi cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnepw Htc kabw ^e-{]-Z-ambn a’-cn-°p-hm\pw
A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb GI-X-{¥w, tIcfw Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw Nc-°p-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bnepw
KpW-ta-∑-bnepw am’-cy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. hne-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ am’-cy-£-aX ssIhcn-°m≥
Hcp am¿§w Dev]m-Z-\-®n-ehv KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. AtX-k-abw em`-I-c-amb ]pXnb
DXv]m-Z\ k{º-Zm-b-߃ Ah-ew-_n-®p-sIm≠v(G-Xp-hn-[-Ønepw DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Db¿ØpI F∂-X-
√)-hn-]-Wn-bnse am’-cy-£-aX Db¿Øm≥ ]‰nb C≥]p-´p-Iƒ(-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ)-`u-XnI kz`m-h-Ønep≈
C≥]p-´p-I-fmb am\-h-ti-jn, a\p-jym-[zm-\-hpw, amt\-Pvsa‚pw Nne-hp-Ip-d Im¿jnI km[-
\-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw (C≥sh‚-do-kv)-{i-≤m-]q¿∆hpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ssIIm-cy-I¿Ør-
Xzhpw(am-t\-Pvsa‚ v)- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v thWw am’-cy-£-aX Imcy-£-a-am-t°-≠-Xv.
2. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Irjn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v KWy-amb ]m-Wp-≈-
Xv. am’-cy-£-aXm h¿≤-\-hn\pw Irjn-s®-ehp Ipd-bv°¬ Hcp LSIw Xs∂. Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v
am’-cy-£X ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ {]k-‡hpw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-hp-amb kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ, kt-X߃
hnti-jn-®p, C≥]p-´p-Iƒ(-h-f-˛-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, b{¥-km-a-{Kn-I¬ apX-em-b-h)-{]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XneqsS
Ign-bq. Cu cwKØv hfsc A[nIw \nt£]w Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\ kt-X߃
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-Øp∂ \nt£]w KWy-amb tXmXn¬ Db¿tØ-≠-Xmbn hcpw.
kmt-Xn-Ihpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, Kth-j-Whpw (D-Xv]m-Z-\-s®-ehp Ipd-bv°epw
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Db¿Øepw e£y-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ)-Xo¿®-bmbpw hnth-N-\m-]q¿∆w ]p\xkw-L-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xmbn
hcpw.
3. km£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v (sF.-F-kv.-H. 9002, sF.-F-kv.-H. 14002 apX-em-b)- ku-I-cy-߃ hnIn-kn-∏n-
°Ww. DXv]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-I-fn¬ ipNn-Xzw-]m-en-°p-I, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Xncn-®-dn-b-en¬ Du∂n-b (-aq-eym-
[n-jvTn-X)-hne \n¿Æ-b-coXn IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p≈ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb hn]-W-\-X-{¥-ßsf klm-
76

n-°p-I-bpw, Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ DXv]m-Z\-Øn\v {]Xn-^ew \¬Ip-Ibpw, sIm{]m-{U-b-dp-Iƒ
t]mep≈ ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k\ k{º-Zm-b-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv Bhiy-am-sW-∂p≈
Imcy-Øn¬ (-Im¿jn-I) -hn-I-k\ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-I.
4. Db¿∂ Sn.-F-kv.-B¿. \ne-hmcw D≈ d_-dn\v \nt£-]-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂Xnepw, Ipcp-ap-f-Inse
ssPh-am-en-\y-ßfpw tXßm-]n-Æm-°nse A^vtfm-tSm-Ivkn¬ \o°p-∂-Xn\pw, Ib-‰p-aXn km≤y-Xbp≈
DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fnepw hnti-jn®pw P¥p-
P\y DXv]-∂-߃-˛-am-´n-d-®n, kap-t{Zm-Xv]-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bnepw kam\ X{¥-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. KpW-
\n-ehmc km£y-]{Xw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb tbmKy-X-bpw, kuI-cy-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse amwtkm-Xv]∂ Ib-‰p-aXn hnI-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n (-Fw.-]n.-C.-Un.-F.) -bpsS A\p-`hw,
AXm-b-Xv, D∂-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-hpw, km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn am\-Z-WvU-߃ I¿i-\-ambn
]men-®p-sIm≠v B hyh-km-b-Øn\v bi p t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp amXr-Ibm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.8.2.KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ß-fpsS am\-Z-WvUv߃ Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-SpI
B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sSbpw Xmev]-cy-߃ e£y-am-°n-s°m≠v KpW-\n-e-hmcw
sas®-s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xp≠v F∂v IΩn-j\v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. AtX-k-abw Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ßfp-sS-bpw.
kapt{ZmXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-an-√msX am\-Z-WvU-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-s\-Xnsc i‡-ambn \mw {]Xn-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS apX-emb \ne-hmc \n¿Æb
]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn ]s-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \mw {]Xn-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. am\-Z-WvU-߃ \n›-bn-
°p-hm≥ IqSp∂ _lp I£n-tbm-K-ßfn¬ `mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ kmt-XnI hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ ]s-Sp-°p-
∂p-≠v F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-ØpIbpw ]s-Sp-°p∂ hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv
kXzc {i≤-]-Xn-tb≠ Imcy-am-Wv. \ΩpsS kky-ßsf kq£vamjvWp _m[-bn-√msX kq£n-°phm≥
Izmd‚-bn≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kvYm]-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-£-a-X-bv°mbn
Ahn-SpsØ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw, imkv{X kt-X-߃ I¿°-i-am-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-I. Hmtcm D¬∏-∂-Øn-s‚bpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c- am\-ZWvU߃ ka-{Khpw Imcy-£-a-hp-am-°p-I.
kwÿm-\-ß-fnse \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ KpW-\n-e-hmc \n¿Æb coXn, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ t{KUnwKv
G¿s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ \n∂pw Db¿Øn A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Øn¬ kzoIm-cy-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-\pw, B kwÿm\ ]co-£-W-im-e-Iƒ°v A¥¿t±iob AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ßfpsS
ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ D¬∏-∂-ßsf km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ \ho-\-hpw, kºq¿Æhpw XnI-hp-≈-
Xp-amb em_p-I-fpsS Imcy-£-aX ssIh-cp-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ DZm-c-amb klm-b-߃ \evtI-≠-
Xp≠v.
1.4.8.3 KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-l-\hpw apX¬ap-S-°pw
""KpW\n-e-hmcw'' F∂v a{¥w P]n-®n´p Imcy-an-√. Ign--Im-esØ bXv\-߃ (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-
\v, Ipcp-ap-f-In-s‚bpw ]n∂oSv d_-dn-s‚bpw KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬) KWy-amb bmsXmcp
am‰hpw hcp-Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \mw hnP-bn-®n-√. I¿jI¿ hn‰-gn® DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-
Øn¬ AXv {]-Xn-^-en-®n-√. CXn-s\mcp Imc-Ww, G‰hpw anI-® KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ DXv∏-∂-߃°v
hn]-Wn-bn¬ {]tXyI hne-tbm, ]cn-K-W-\tbm ({]o-an-bw) \evIm-Ø-Xm-Wv. Nn√d I®-hS hn]-Wnbn¬
{]tXy-In-®pw, I¿j-I¿ Xß-fpsS D¬∏-∂-߃ BZy-hn-ev]\ \S-Øp-∂Xv icm-icn hne-bv°m-
Wv. CXn-s\mcp A]-hmZw (sh-dpw) ]mem-Wv. A-£-cm-`ym-k-an-√mØ I¿j-I¿t]mepw KpW-\n-e-hm-csØ-∏‰n
t_m≤yap-≈-h-cmWv (]m-ense sImgp-∏ns‚ D≈-S-°sØ kw_‘n-®p-t]m-epw) Im¿jnI
Icm-dns‚ (AOA) KpW-\n-e-hmc am\-Z-WvU-߃ Bfl-\njvThpw hnhm-Z-]-c-hp-am-Wv. (DZm: d_-dns‚
\nd-hpw, Ipcp-ap-f-In-tebpw C©nbp-sSbpw Cu¿∏hpw, \mfn-tI-c-Ønse FÆbpsS Awihpw ˛ ]mense
sImgp-∏pt]mse CX-f-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√). AØcw am\-Z-WvU-߃ an°-t∏mgpw hnI-kz-c-cm-Pyß-fnse
I¿j-I¿°v A¿l-X-s∏´ hnesb CSn®p XmgvØp-hm-\p≈, X¿°-ap-≠m-°p-∂-h-X-s∂-bmWv.
F√m I£n-Iƒ°pw (cm-Py-߃°pw) s]mXpsh kΩ-X-amb KpW-\n¿Æb hyhÿ AXns‚ bYmÿm-\Øv
{]XnjvSnt® aXn-bm-hq. Aßs\ h∂m¬ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°v
{]Xn-^-ehpw D¬∏∂ hnebv°v A\p-]q-c-I-amb KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hpw, Af-hn¬ IWn-i-Xbpw hn]-W-\-
Øn\v Nm\ep-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-In-´p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnZym`ymkw sIms≠m∂pw
77

A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb KpW-\n-e-hmcw D≠m-hp-I-bn-√, k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw B[n-Im-cnI k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-
ß-fp-sSbpw (ItΩmUn‰n t_m¿Uv apX-em-b) GP≥kn-Iƒ sa®-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn‰-gn-°¬
kpJ-I-c-am-°m-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ klmbw sNøWw. {]mY-an-I-
L-´-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z\ k_vknUn DZm-c-am-°p-I, DXv]m-Z-I¿°p t\-cn-´p≈ tNX-߃°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
\¬Ip-I, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Ht´sd Cf-hp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, \qX\ hn]-W\
kuI-cy-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃°v klm-b-hpw, DXv]-∂-ßfpsS
KpW-\ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ DXv]m-Z-I¿°v {]Xn-^-e-hpw, KpW-\n-e-hmc \n¿Æ-b-Øn-e-[njvTnXamb
D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS aqey (hn-e) \n¿Æb k{º-Zmbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-h¿°v {]Xn-^ehpw hmKvZm\w
sNøp-hm\p≈ DZm-c-amb- klm-b-߃ tI{µ k¿°m¿ sNtø-≠XmWv.
1.4.8.4 aqey h¿≤\
kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ C¥y-bpsS ]v Af-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 55% BWv. F∂m¬
hym]m-c-aq-ey-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-em-h-s´, CXv shdpw 10% BWv. Kzm´n-am-e-t]m-ep≈ cmPy-߃ sNøp-
∂Xv t\tc adn-®m-Wv. ImcWw Ah¿ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS 99% Ipd hne-bv°mWv hnev°p-∂Xv. AXn-
\m¬ Af-hnepw hne-bnepw Htc kabw \mw Du∂¬ sImSp-°-Ww. hne-h¿≤\ D≠m-Ip∂Xv aqeyh¿≤nX
D¬∏-∂-߃ D≠m-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn¬ Hcp
IpXn®p Ib-‰-ap-≠m-Ipw. ]gb Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂p-X-s∂-bmWv aqeyh¿≤\ sIm≠v h¿≤n® hcpam\w
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Aßns\ t\m°n-bm¬ I¿j-I¿°v hn]-Wn-bn¬ am’-cy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-
\p≈ Imcy-£-a-amb GI-am¿§w aqey-h¿≤-\-bm-sW∂p ImW-mw.
1.4.8.5 Im¿jn-I-˛-I-b-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ
bqtdm-]y≥ IΩn-js‚ klm-b-tØmsS hf-sctbsd sa®-s∏´ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ D≈
Bdp Im¿jn-tIm-Xv∏∂ samØ-°-®-h- -S hn-]-Wn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-hm\pw hn-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw tIc-f-
Øn\v CXn-\Iw km[n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu taJ-e-Iƒ (tkm-Wp-Iƒ) hnP-bn-°-W-sa-n¬ AXv ]nt∂m°tcbpw
(DXv]m-Z-I-tc-bpw) apt∂m°tcbpw (D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tf-bpw) AhcpsS icn-bmb ÿm\Øv ImWp-∂-
Xn\pw, Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw. Cu Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ
AXn-thKw hnI-kn-°-W-sa-n¬ hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw (Z¿i-\-hpw), Znim-t_m-[-hpw, Imcy-£-a-
Xbpw ssI-Imcyhn\n-abhpw Nnehp Ipd-bv°m≥ tijn-bpw ka-{K-amb ta¬t\m´w hln-°m≥ Ignbp∂Xpamb
Hcp GP≥-knsb ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ÿm]n-°Ww. AtXmsSm∏w A\p-tbm-Py-amb \b-
X{¥_‘-߃ s]mXp-Im-cy-˛-kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-I-fnse GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv Cu Im¿jnI
Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ°v kmº-ØnI hnPbw Dd-∏m-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,
Hcp Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJe hnI-kn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hcp-∂-Xn\v tZiob £oc-hn-I-k\ t_m¿Uns\
(NDDB) Hcp ]m-fn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ klm-bn-bm°m-hp-∂-XmWv. AXp-t]mse lnµp-ÿm≥ seh-dnt\mSpw,
tZiob ]®-°dn hnI-k\ t_m¿Unt\mSpwv kwÿm\ k¿°m-¿ kl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v c≠p-
Im¿jn-tIm-¬∏∂ Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Isf t{]m’m-ln∏n-°p-hm\mhpw. Ch-bpsS samØw ta¬t\m´®pa-X-e,
]p\:cp÷o-hn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xpw ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xpw ]pXnb kma-{Kn-Iƒ D≈-Xp-amb kwÿm\
sNdp-InS I¿jIcpsS _nkn-\ v I¨tkm¿jy(SFAC)sØ, th≠n-h-∂m¬ Gev]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
B{Kn-¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, Im¿jnI _nkn-\ v tI{µ-߃ F∂nh cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ Irjn°pw {Kmao-Whn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-ap≈
_mn (\-_m¿Uv)-s‚bpw, tI{µ SFAC bpsSbpw "amt\-Ppsa‚n-s‚bpw (\m-j-
W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ FIvÃ≥j≥ amt\-Pvsa‚ v) {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf tIc-f-Ønse
Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-ebv°v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v
bphm-°-fmb hyhkmb kwcw-`-Isc BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ta¬]-d ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS kl-IcWw
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Cu hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®sN-øp∂Xn\pw taJ-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘-n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m I£n-I-tfbpw ]s-Sp-∏n-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp GI-Zn\ s{_bn≥tÃm-anwKv tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-
∂p. Cu tbmK-Øn¬ D`b I£n-I-sf-°qSn ]s-Sp-∏n-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v
s\X¿em‚ v k¿°mcns\ ]s-Sp-∏n-°mw.
78

1.4.9 am¿°‰nwKv
1.4.9.1 kssπ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ˛ Im¿jnI hcp-am\w Dd∏m-°p∂ Xmt°m¬
1. hn]-WnbpsS hnhn-[-L-S-I-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v a≤y-h¿Øn-Iƒ (C-S-Ø-´p-Im¿) \ΩpsS
I¿j-Isc ]e-X-c-Ønepw NqjWw sNøp-∂p-s≠-∂-Imcyw IΩn-j\v t_m≤y-am-bn-´p-≠v. Cu NqjWw
I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-a-m\sØ KWy-ambn tNm¿Øn-s°m-≠pt]mIp-∂p-ap-≠v. I¿j-I¿°v A¿l-amb hcpam\w
C{]-Imcw NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂-Xmbn Xncn-®-dn-bptºmgpw, s]mXpth \ne-\n¬°p∂ Nne-[m-c-
W-Iƒ, hnti-jn®pw a≤yh¿ØnIƒ hln-°p∂ ]ns\ icn-bmbn a-\- n-em-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Nne
Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ IqSn thW-sa∂v IΩn-j\v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. Cu CS-Ø-´p-Im¿ DXv∏∂-ß-fpsS Nn√d
hym]m-c-Øn¬ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]mWv hln-°p-∂-Xv. hnti-jn-®pw, \mfn-tI-cw, d_¿, Ipcp-apf-Iv,
Im∏n, tXbn-e, Gew F∂o apJy Im¿jnI hnf-I-f-psS hn]-Wn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬. IqSm-sX Cu
hnf-I-fpsS hym]m-c-hy-hÿ At\-Iw h¿jsØ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-tijw cq]w sIm≠ H∂mWv
Ft∂m¿°-Ww.
BZyambn Cu hym]mc k{º-ZmbØn¬ DXv∏-∂-ß-fn-tem-tcm-∂n-s‚bpw hym]m-c-Øn¬ \o≠
h¿j-ß-fpsS A\p-`-hhpw ]cn-N-bhpw kn≤n® hym]m-cn-I-fmWv hn]-Wn-bn¬ GXm≠v ÿnc-ambn
\ne-bp-d-∏n- -®n-´p-≈-Xv.
c≠m-a-Xmbn, hym]m-cn-I-fpw, kw`-c-W-°mcpw ASßp∂ {]mY-an-IXe-Øn-ep≈ Hcp irwJ-e-bp-
≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw {Kmao-W, ]©m-bØv X-e-Øn¬Xs∂ D≈h bmbn-cn-°pw. ASp-Ø-Xm-bn-
ZznXobXe hym]m-cn-Ifpw IΩn-j≥ GP‚∑m-cpw, Ah-km-\sØ IÆn-bmbn GP‚p-amcpw D≠m-bn-cn-
°pw. Ah-km-\sØ hn]-Wn-bn-ep-≈ GP‚p-am-cpsS FÆw hfsc Ipd-n-cn-°pw. Ch-cmWv \mfn-tIchpw
d_dpw t]mep≈ DXv∏-∂-ßsf \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v samØ-ambn kssπ sNøp-∂-Xpw, Ipcp-ap-f-
Iv, C©n, Im∏n, tXbne F∂o Ib-‰p-aXn D¬∏-∂-߃ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°v hnev°p-∂-Xpw, Cu Nc-°p-
I-fpsS hne \n›-N-bn-°p-∂Xv Cu \n¿Ωm-Xm-°fpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°mcpw BWv. IqSmsX `£y-[m-\y߃
a‰p-\n-tXym-]-tbm-K hkvXp-°ƒ t]mse tÃmdp-sN-øp-∂n-SØv tI{µo-I-cn-®√ Ch hnX-c-W-Øns\-Øp-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ `uXn-I-ambn Cu I£nIƒ Cu DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS ta¬ \nb-{¥Ww \S-Øp-
∂n-s√-nepw hnesb \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ch¿°v Ign-bp-∂p. hnesb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hym]mc
cwKsØ samØ-I-®-h-S-°m¿, Nn√d I®-h-S-°m¿, BXy-¥n-I-ambn Irjn-°m¿ F∂o Xe-ß-fn-te°v
hne-bnse irwJ-e-bn-eqsS {Ia-ambn hnesb hn\y-kn-°p-∂Xv ta¬Ø-´n¬ \n¬°p∂/Ifn-°p∂ sNdnb
Hcp Iq´w hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-Xm-°fpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cp-amWv F∂p ImWmw. Ipcp-apf-Ins‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ \S-Ønb Nne ]T\߃ A\p-k-cn®v hym]m-c-ir-wJ-e-bn¬, hne-bpsS F√m-L-´-ß-fn-ep-ap≈
am‰-߃ A¥na hn]-Wn-bnse hnebv°v kam-¥-c-am-bn-´mWv t]mIp-∂Xv F∂v ImWm≥ Ign-p.
hne irwJ-e-bv°p-≈n¬ \S-°p∂ Nm©m-´-Øn\v A\p-k-cn-®√ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne-am-dp-∂Xv. At∏mƒ
Cu A¥na hn]-Wn-bn-emWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CSs]-S-en-s‚ Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv. hym]mc irwJe Gsd-
°psd hn]p-e-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Bt]-£n-I-ambn G‰hpw thK-Øn-epw _p≤n-ap-´n-√m-sXbpw FØm≥ Ignbp∂
hn[-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv; hnti-jn®pw tIc-f-Øns‚ Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc hn]p-e-amb tdmUv
KXm-KXw kpJI-c-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬. AXn-\m¬ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Afhv Ipd-n-cp-∂mepw AXv
hnev°p-hm≥ henb _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-hp-∂n-√.
aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, HcpXv∏∂-Øns‚ hne-bn¬ am‰-߃ IqSp-X¬ {]I-S-am-°p-∂Xv hn]-Wn-bnse {]mYan-I,
ZznXob L´-߃°n-S-bn¬ \S-°p∂ H∂m-bn´p am{X-a√ ImtW-≠Xv. adn®v AXv hn-hn[ Ime-
Øn-\n-S-bnse am‰-߃ F∂ \ne-bv°mWv. Znhkw/BgvN/amkw F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv hne am‰sØ
kao-]n-°p-∂-Xv.
\mem-a-Xmbn, tIcfØns‚ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw kw`-c-W-Øn¬ \o≠-Imew Ccn-°p-∂h-bm-Wv.
Xosc-Ip-d hnebv°v (distress sale) IjvS/\jvS-°-®-h-S-Øn\v DXv]m-Z-I¿ Iogvs∏-Sm-Xn-cn-
°m-\mWn-ßs\ ]e-t∏mgpw kw`-cn®p hbv°p-∂-Xv.
A©m-a-Xm-bn, hym]m-c-irw-J-e-bnse Nne {]h¿Ø-I¿ (I-£n-Iƒ) CS-bv°p≈ D¬∏-∂-kw-kv°cW
{]{In-b-bn-eq-sS, aqey-h¿≤-\-sb∂ t]cn¬ hn-]-Wn-bn¬ CS-s]´v hn]-Wn-bn¬ {][m-\-am-sbmcp
]p hln-°p-∂p. (\-s√mcp DZm-l-cWamWv ]®-tØ-ßsb sIm{]m-bm-°p-∂Xpw, tIm^n s_dnsb
_o≥km-°p-∂Xpw, tXbne Ce-Isf tXbnes∏mSn-bm-°p-∂Xpw C°q-´-cm-Wv)
79

Bdma-Xmbn, \ΩpsS kwÿm-\sØ Irjn-°m¿ hn]-Wn-bnse hnh-c-߃, am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS hntijn®pw,
A®Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS \∂mbn {Kln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ hn]Wn-sb-°p-dn-®-dn-bm-Ø-Xv,
Hcp NqjW LS-Ihpw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb Hcp Imcy-hp-am-sW∂ s]mXp-[m-c-W-bn¬ Igºn√. hmkvX-h-
Øn¬ {]iv\w ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn sa®-s∏´ hne In´p∂ hn]-Wn-bn-te°p \o°p-hm≥ D¬∏-∂-ßsf,
Hcp hn]-Wn-bn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp hn]-Wn-bn-te°v \o°p-hm≥ D≈ Ign-hn-√m-bva-bm-Wv. CXn-s\mcp
A]-hm-Z-amWv kapt{Zmev]-∂-߃. a’y-_-‘\ t_m´p-I-fpsS DS-a-I-ƒ°v Hcp {]tZ-i-Ø-s√-n¬
as‰mcp {]tZ-isØ Icbv°v t_m´-Sp-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw. IS-en¬ Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv \√
hne e`y-am-°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≈-sX-∂-dnv AhnsS FØp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. ]t£, GsX-nepw Hcp-
I-c-bv°-SpØv t_m´n-d-°n-°-gn-m¬ ]ns∂ Ahcpw I¿j-I-sc-t]mse IpSp-ßn-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.9.2 hºn® D¬∏∂ tiJ-c-ß-fn¬ ]m-fn-I-fm-IpI hgn kssπ amt\Pv sNøpI
hn]-Wn-bnse apºv ]d kz`m-hhnti-j-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C∂p s]mXpth \ne-
\n¬°p∂ Hcp [mcW {]mY-an-I I®-h-S-°m-cpw, kwkvI-cWw \S-Øp-∂-hcpw BWv Cu cwKsØ
Nqj-I-cpw, ssII-S-Ø-ep-Imcpw F∂m-Wv. ChnsS Nne CS-s]-S¬, Xncp-ج \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (IqSp-Xembpw
Hgn-hm-°¬ k{º-Zmbw) Cu cwKØv ssIs°m-≠Xv Imcy-ambn hnP-bn-®n-√. aqey-h¿≤-\-bn¬
CS-Ø-´p-Im¿ \¬Ip-∂-tk-h-\w, Nc°p \o°w, sNdnb Xcw kwkvIcWw F∂nh {i≤n-°-s∏SmsX
t]mbn. IqSmsX ]I-cw \S-Ønb {ia-ß-sf√mw ]cm-P-b-Øn¬, henb \jvS-Øn¬, Iem-in-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. IqSm-sX hn]-W-\-Øn-epw, kwkvIc-W-Ønepw {]mY-an-I-X-e-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´-h-cm-Is´ I¿j-
I-cn¬ \n∂pw (ChnsS sNdp-InS I¿j-I-tcbpw \ma-am{X I¿j-I-tcbpw A√ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv) kmº-
Øn-I-ambn A{X Db¿∂ tijn-bp-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. hne \n›-bn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øp-∂-Xns‚ bYm¿∞ {]iv\w InS-°p-∂-Xv, A¥na hn]-Wn-bn¬ Akw-kvIrX km[-\-ß-fp-tSbpw,
a‰p-Xv∏∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°mcpw I®-h-S-°mcpw AS-ßp∂ Hcp sNdnb kwLw BfpI-fm-Wv.
Nc-°pIfpsS e`y-Xsb (kssπ). AXm-b-Xv, B`y¥c DXv]m-Z-\-tØbpw Cd-°p-aXn-tbbpw B{i-bn-
®mWv Ah-cpsS Xocp-am-\-߃. hne \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ G‰-hpw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb LS-I߃,
e`y-Xbpw (k-ssπ-bpw), Bh-iyhpw (Un-am‚pw), XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-e-\Xbpw, AtXm-sSm∏w hne
\ne-hm-cw Dd-∏n®p \ndp-Øm-\p≈ CSs]-S-ep-I-fp-am-Wv. hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ DXv∏∂ tiJ-c-Whpw
(buffer stocking) (AY-hm) Cd-°p-a-Xn-˛-I-b-‰p-aXn \n_-‘-\-Iƒ hgn-bp≈ kssπ-bpsS amt\-Pvsa‚ v
CXn-e-S-ßp∂ {][m\ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-߃°v H∂pw Imcy-amb bmsXmcp
]pw (AXv Zo¿L-Im-emSnÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-X-√m-Øn-S-tØm-fw) \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Imc-Ww,
kssπ amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ (hn-]-Wn-bn-te-°p≈ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Hgp-°ns\ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬)
Zo¿L-Im-e-kz-`m-h-ap≈ hnf-Iƒ°v, Irjn-sN-øp∂ `qan Iq´n-bmepw {lkz-Imew sIm≠v bmsXmcp
Ne-\hpw D≠m-°m-\m-hn√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ]ns∂ km[n-°p∂ Imcyw, hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ (input s‚)
F∂n-h-bpsS hn\n-tbm-Kw, If-]-dn-°¬, Sm∏nwKv F∂o Irjn-∏-Wn-I-ƒ Ipd-bv°p-Ihgn DXv]m-Z-\-®nehp
Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ AØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \jvS-߃ hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ime-Xm-a-kw
hcp-Øp-Ibpw `mhn-bn¬ \jvS-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°pw. AXn-\m¬ Cßs\-bp≈ khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ \ΩpsS DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw, hn]-Wn-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw \ne-\nev°p∂ kmlN-cy-Øn¬
{]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw {]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-hp-amb Hcp hnX-cW k{º-Zmb (kssπ amt\-Pvsa‚ v) ]≤Xn
Fßs\ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-sa∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv F∂vv IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. i‡-am-sbmcp
kssπ amt\-Pvsa‚ v hgn hn]-Wn-bn-te-°p≈ DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Hgp-°ns\ \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw {Iao-I-cn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ hne-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Nm©m-´sØ Hgn-hm-°mw.
AXn\v DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS hºn® tÃm°v \ne-\n-dp-Ø-Ww. CXv Xo¿®-bmbpw km[yamWv. ImcWw
tIc-fob Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-K-Øn\pw tiJ-c-W-Imew (shelf life) GXm≠v Bdp-am-khpw,
AXn¬Iq-Sp-Xepw D≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ CXn-te-°mbn tiJ-c-W-im-e-I-fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-X-s∂, I¿j-
I-kw-L-S-\m-X-e-Øn-epw, Im¿jn-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fpsS {]mY-anI hn]-W\ Xe-Ønepw, s]mXp
shb¿lu-knwKv Xe-Ønepw \n¿Ωn®v B F√m-X-e-ßfpw GtIm-]n®v {]h¿Øn-®m¬ Hcp \n›nX
Af-hn¬ kssπsb ]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ CsX√mw hnP-bn-°-W-sa-n¬ I¿j-
I-cpw, {]mY-an-I-X-e-Øn-ep≈ I®hS°m-cpw, kwkv°-c-W-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpw, \n¿Ωm-Xm-°fpw,
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°mcpw XΩn¬ \√ ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bp-≠m- -bn-cn-°p-Ibpw k¿°m¿ Hcp CS-\n-e-°m-c-
\m-bn {]h¿Øn°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Aß-s\-bm-sW-n¬ Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
80

F√m-h-cp-tSbpw Xmev]-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ hne \ne-hmcw \nb-{¥Whnt[-
b-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn\v _‘-s∏-´-h-cp-sS-sb√mw Xmev]-cy-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n®v cay-s∏-SptØ≠
Bh-iy-ap-≠v. Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw a‰p Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn-ep≈ KWyamb
]n-t\-bpw, kw`m-h-\-tbbpw ]c-kv]cw Adnpw AwKo-I-cn®pw BZ-cn®pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XneqsS
am{X-ta km≤y-am-hq. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ip´-\m-Spw, ]me-°m´pw D≠mb A\p-`hw Hcp Nq≠p-]-e-Ibmbn
ImWp-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw. Ip´-\mSpw ]me-°m´pw s\√ns‚ hne \ymb-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬
]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-p. CXn¬\n∂pw I¿j-I-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\-Øn-s‚-bpw, AtXm-sSm∏w
Xmßp-hn-e-bpsS {]Jym-]-\-hp-ambn k¿°m¿ IS-∂p-h∂v \n¿Æm-bIambn CS-s]-´-Xn-s‚bpw ^eambn
sImbvØp-I-gnv k¿°m¿ kw`-cn® s\√v Xosc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s∂-n-epw, sImbvØv ImeØv
s\√ns‚ hne bp‡n-k-l-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ]nSn®p \ndp-Øp-hm≥ Ign--Xn¬ \n∂pw CØcw
]c-kv]-c-[m-c-Wbpw GtIm-]-\hpw, kl-I-c-Whpw Xo¿®-bmbpw hnP-bn-°p-sa-∂mWv sXfn-bn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv.
hym]mc CS-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ kpXm-cyX Dd-∏m-°m≥
s]mXphn]-Wn-bn¬ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ
1.4.9.3 {]mY-anI \nco-£-W-Øn¬Xs∂ hy‡-am-Ip∂ Imcyw I¿j-I-cp-tS-Xmb hn]-Wn-bpsS ÿm]\w
hfsc ^e-{]-Z-amsW-∂mWv. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ "Dg-h¿ N¥'sb∂pw, I¿Æm-S-I-bn¬ "sdbvXp hn]Wn'sb∂pw,
B{‘-{]-tZ-in¬ "sdbvXp- _km¿' F∂p-ap≈ t]cp-I-fn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ s]mXp Im¿jnI hn]-Wn-
Iƒ°v a≤y-h¿Øn-Iƒ I¿j-Isc NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xns\ ]q¿Æam-bn hncm-a-an-Sm≥ klm-bn-®p.
I¿j-I¿Xs∂ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]®°-dn-Iƒ, ]g-h¿§-߃ F∂n-hbv°pw CØcw hn]-Wn-Iƒ hfsc
klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]®-°-dn-˛-]-g-h¿§ hn`-h-߃°v hn]-Wn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kuIcy-°p-d-hp-≈-X√
{]iv\w. Cu hn]-Wn-Iƒ Hs°bpw P\-ß-fpsS kz¥-am-Wv. (\n-b-{¥-W-a-√); ]©mb-
Øp-I-fp-tSbpw ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sSbpw hI-bmWo am¿°-‰p-Iƒ. {]iv\w, Cu ÿm]-\-߃s°√mw
\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-߃ Cu am¿°-‰p-IfpsS amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ I¿°-i-ambn \S-∏nem-°m≥
Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.9.4 DXv]∂ (Nc-°p-I)ßfpsS hn]-Wnbpw AhbpsS hn\n-a-bhpw
]gb t^m¿thUv tIm¨{SmIv‰vkv (d-Kp-te-j≥) BIvSv, 1952 t`Z-KXn sNtø-≠Xv Ct∏mƒ Bhiy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
B \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-®Xv `£y-km-[-\-ß-fpsS £maw hf-sc-tbsd Kpcp-
X-c-am-bn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ ÿnXn hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ImcWw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS
hn]-Wn-Iƒ, `uXn-I-X-e-Ønepw Ah-[n-°-®-hS Xe-Ønepw ]p\:]cn-tim-[\ sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. C¥ybnse
I¿j-I-P\ tImSn-Iƒ°v hf-sc-tbsd t\´-ap-≠m-°p∂ H∂mWv Hcp C¥y≥ s]mXp-hn]Wn
(Indian common market) bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww. CsXmcp bmYm¿∞y-am-°p-hm≥ kwÿ-m-\-ß-fpw tI{µhpw
]c-kv]cw kΩ-Xn-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w \ne-hn-ep≈ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS A¥¿-˛-kwÿm\
Nc-°p-\o-°sØ kw_-‘n® XS- -ß-sf√mw \o°pI F∂Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. CXp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-ap-ºmbn kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hni-Z-amb N¿®-I-fpsS Hcp {]{Inb A\n-hm-cy-am-
Wv. ImcWw C¥y-bpsS s^U-d¬ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS dh\yq hcp-am-\-Øn-
\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \S-]-Sn-bmWv A¥¿-˛-kw-ÿm\ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, F∂-Xn-\m¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬
Hcp ka-hmbw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \qdp-tImSn (Hcp _ney≥) bntesd P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ Hcp cmPysØ
P\-߃°v Bh-iy-amb \ntXym]tbmK km[-\-߃ hn]-Wn-bn¬ kpI-c-ambn e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿t±in®
Hcp s]mXp-hn-]Wn \ne-hn¬ htc-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. AXv \ne-hn¬ hcptºmƒ, kzm`m-hn-Iambpw
D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Hcp kw`-cWw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu kw`-c-Wm-h-ÿbv°v Xo¿®bmbpw
hntZi hn]-Wn-bnse {]£p-_v[Xbn¬ \n∂p-≠m-hp∂ hne-bnse hºn® Aÿn-c-X-I-tfbpw
Nm©m-´-ß-tfbpw C¥ybv°v i‡-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
81

1.4.10 hne-Ø-I¿® aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ \jvS-Øn\v ]cn-lm-c-hpw, hne-kp-ÿn-cXm \n[nbpw
apºv \n¿t±-in-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ hn]Wn CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ IqSmsX as‰mcp
^e-{]-Z-amb CS-s]-S¬ ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cn°pw hne kpÿn-cm-\n[n cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xv. As√-n¬
AXn-\p-]-Icw \nevIm≥ as‰mcp kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw aXn-bm-Ipw. tIc-fob Im¿jnI
D¬∏-∂-߃s°√mw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ hne-Ø-I¿®-I-fn¬ \n∂pw I¿j-I¿°p-
≠m-Ip∂ \jvStNX-߃°v ]cn-lmcw \evIm-\p≈ Hcp _Z¬ kwhn-[m\w GXm-bmepw G¿s∏-SptØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb F√m hnh-c-ßfpw IΩn-j\v kam-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-
n-´n-√. F∂m¬ Cu e£y-Øn-te°v tI{µ k¿°m¿ apt∂m-´p-h-®n-´p≈ ]cn-]mSnIƒ A\p-tam-Z-
\m¿l-am-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ tIcf k¿°m¿ Bh-iy-amb {]Nm-c-W-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ hy‡-amb kw`m-h-\-I-ƒ sNøp-Ibpw thWw.
1.4.11 Ib-‰p-aXn t{]m’m-l\w
cmPyØns‚ hym]m-c-cw-KØv temIhym]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO) \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw AXns‚
hyhÿ-Iƒ \ap°v \S-∏n-em-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿX D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ ^e-ambn c≠p-Iq´w
{]iv\-ß-fmWv \ap°v A`n-a-pJo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp Iq´w, Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂-h¿ AXp-am-bn
_‘-s∏-´-h-sc√mw t\cn-tS≠ {]iv\-߃. c≠v, Im¿jnI DXv∏-∂-߃ hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Cd-°paXn
sNøp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-߃. F∂m¬ Ch c≠pw, {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Xs∂ Ahtem-I\w
sNbvXp hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-XmWv.
1.4.11.1 tIc-f-Øns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS IcpØpw _e-lo-\-X-Ifpw
1. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI cwK-Øns‚ apJy Icp-Øp-I-fn¬ H∂v Ib-‰p-aXn cwK-Øp≈ \ΩpsS
Zo¿L-Im-esØ ]mc-ºcyw Xs∂-bmWv. i‡-am-sbmcp ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Hky-Ømbn \ap°v hnhn[
ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw irwJ-e-I-fp-tSbpw km∂n-≤y-hp-ap-≠v. Ib-‰p-aXn DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS kw`-c-Ww, KXm-
K-Xw-˛-If-∏p-c-bn¬ \n∂pw Xpd-apJw hsc \ofp-∂ ˛ \nbp‡ hym]m-cn-Iƒ, {Kma-ß-fnse Nn√d I®-h-
S-°m¿, Xmeq-°v-˛-Pn√m Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ samØ-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ, Xpd-ap-J-Ønse IΩo-j≥, GP‚p-am¿,
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Hcp \nc-X-s∂, \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS {]mb-ap≈ Iogvhg-°-ß-fpsS `mKambn
C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p-≠v. Ib-‰p-aXn D¬∏-∂-߃ Fßns\ hnev°-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS
DXv]m-Z-I¿°p≈ ]cn-N-b-hpw, hn]-Wn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns‚ io{L-{]m-]yX, Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ÿm]n-
X-am-bn-´p≈ hntZ-i, _mly-_-‘-߃ F√mw tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-߃ BWv. Ch-bvs°√mw Ime-
Øns‚ hn[n-hn-ln-X-ß-tfbpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-tfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm\pw Ign-n-´p-≠v.
2. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS Im¿jnI hyhÿ hfsc {]tbm-K-£-ahpw Imcy-£-ahpw Ab-hp-≈Xpw BsW-
nepw, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO) \ne-hn¬h-∂-tXmsS Db¿∂p h∂n-´p≈ ]e sh√p-hn-fn-Itfbpw
t\cn-Sp-hm≥ C∂sØ an° k{º-Zm-b-ß-fpw A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. hnti-jn-®pw, ]pXn-b-Xmbn
a’c cwK-tØ-°p-h-∂n-´p≈ (hn-b‰v\mw Ipcp-ap-f-In-epw, Kzm´n-ame Ge-Øn-epw) cmPy-ß-fp-ambn A¥mcm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬
D≠m-hp∂ a’-c-߃ t\cn-Sm≥ A]-cym-]vX-amWv. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, ]c-º-cm-KX DXv]m-
Z\ k{º-Zm-b-߃, tÃmtd-Pv, kwkvIcWw F∂n-h-bn¬ {ItaW A¥m-cmjv{S KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬
\mw hfsc ]nt∂m°w s]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. aq∂m-asØ Zu¿-_eyw BWv DXv∏-∂-ß-fn¬
Gdnb-Iqdpw aqey-h¿≤\hn√msX Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xv. \mem-a-Xmbn, tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z\ hyhÿ-bpsS
Zu¿_-ey-ambn FSpØp ]d-bm-hp-∂Xv Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA)s‚ hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ°v A\p-tcm-[-ambn Xpd∂p In´p∂ hn]-Wn-bpsS Ah-k-c-߃ apXem-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X-c-Øne-√,
tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z\ hyh-ÿsb Icp-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ F√mw
Xs∂ Iq´mb ZrV-\n-›-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS \ap°v adn-I-S-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. a’c cwK-Øp≈ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn (A-h-bn¬ ]eXpw C¥y-sbt∏mse
hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fm-Wv) a’-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xmb DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-s®e-hns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ t\´-ap≈ ÿnXn-b√ kwÿm-\-Øn-t‚-Xv. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-s®ehp Ipdbp-hm≥
ImcWw Ahn-SpsØ Ipd ]Wn-°q-en-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Aan-X-amb DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehn\p
ImcWw Bt]-£n-I-amb hfsc Db¿∂ Iqen-bmWv. Ipd Iqen-s®e-hp≈ hnb‰v\mwt]mep≈
cmPy-߃ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-tbmsS hn]-Wn-bn¬ a’-cn-°m-s\-Øp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ am’-cy-
82

£-aX \ne-\n-dp-Øm≥ Iqen-s®ehpw DXv]m-Z-\-s®ehpw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw km≤y-a-√. adn-
®v, DXv]m-Z-\-\n-e-hm-chpw hf-sc-tbsd Db¿Øp-I-tb t]mwh-gn-bp-≈q. a’c-cw-K-Øp≈ an° cmPy-
°mcpw DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn-se-Øn-b-h-cm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-s®ehv ]c-am-h[n
Ipd-®p-sIm-≠vv DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\hv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ZrV-{]-Xn-⁄-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]cn-{i-a-߃ Bh-iyam-Wv.
AXn-\mbn Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ ]pXnb DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX IqSp-X-ep≈ ]pXnb C\w
ssXIƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ {iaw (πm‚nw-Kv) DS≥ Bcw-`n-°Ww. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb \So¬ hkvXp-
°ƒ (Ah C∂v hf-sc-tbsd e`y-am-Wv) kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v apºv ]cm-a¿in-®-Xmb hr£-hn-f-I-fpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ imkv{Xo-b-amb Im¿jnI amt\-Pvsa‚ v \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw
thWw.
4. C∂sØ BtKmf kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ apI-fn¬ ]d \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS t\´-߃ XpS¿∂pw \ne-
\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\v tIcfw kz¥w DXv]-∂-߃°v {it≤-b-amb te_-ep-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xnepw, F√m
{_m≠p-Iƒ°pw Xpey-amb KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw, DXv∏∂ sshhn-≤y-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-te°pw
{i≤-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn bi pw AwKo-Im-c-hpw t\Sn-bn-´p-≈ te_-ep-Iƒ D≈-
Xmb ssPh-`-£y-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ \nc-h[n Ah-k-cß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.
tIc-fob DXv]-∂-߃°v hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw \√ {]nbam-Wv.
tIc-fob DXv]∂-߃°v \√ hn]-Wn-bp≈ hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fn¬ hni-Z-amb (Un-am‚n-s‚)
k¿t∆ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B hn]-Wn-Isf tIc-f-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬ AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ km£y-]-{X-߃, te_-
enwKv F∂nh sNøp∂ GP≥kn-Iƒ°v cq]w sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v. Aßs\ hcp-tºm-ƒ ]cn-xÿn-
Xn-an{X-ß-fmb ssPh-Im¿jnI DXv]∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn hf-sc-tbsd A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿´n-
^n-t°-j-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-߃ ]p\:ch-tem-I\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp {]tXyI SmkvIv t^mgvkv
cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. IqSmsX km£ys∏Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-߃ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn \ho-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw thWw.
5. sNdnb tXmXn-em-sW-n¬t]mepw, hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃ F√mw, hnti-jn®pw B{^n-°≥ cmPy߃
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]c-º-cm-KX Ib-‰p-aXn DXv]∂-ß-fn¬ henb Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. CØcw
Ah-k-c-ßsf F√mw GtIm-]n-∏n®v {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
1.4.11.2 Hcn-°¬ Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX km[-\-߃ Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-\p≈ \nb-a-Øns‚ Zp¿hn-\ntbmKw
XS-bpI
C¥y≥ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS {]mY-an-I-X-e-Øn-\pw, B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bnse DXv]∂-ß-fpsS hnebv°pw
AXnhnZq-c-`m-hn-bn¬ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ Hcp `oj-Wn-bmWv, Hcn-°¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-sNbvX AtX DXv]∂߃
Xs∂ aqey-h¿≤-\-bv°p-tijw Ib‰n Ab-bv°p∂ G¿∏m-Sv. CXv Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn(AOA)s‚
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p thdn´p \n¬°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv.
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ XXz-Øn¬ A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-sW-n-epw, Im∏n tXbne F∂n-h-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXh Xs∂ ]n∂oSv aqey-h¿≤-\-bv°p-tijw Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥ A\phmZw
\¬Ip∂ hyh-ÿ-Isf Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøp∂ ÿnXn C-∂p-≠v. CXv C¥y-bnse DXv]m-Z-Icp-sSbpw,
hn]p-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Xmev]-cy-߃°v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ
A\p-k-cn®v hfsc XmW \ne-hm-c-ap≈ DXv]∂-߃ (DZm: tXbn-e), tIc-f-hp-ambn hym]mc-cw-KØv
a’-cn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ipd hnebv°v Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-bvX-tijw \ma-am-{X-amb aqeyh¿≤\
\SØn hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-bn-te°v Ab-bv°p∂p. B`y-¥-c-ambpw Ch hn‰gn-°p-∂p. ]c-º-cm-KX
C¥y≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ hn‰-gn-°p-hm≥ \nb-a-Øn-ep≈ Nne ]gp-Xp-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. \ne-hnep≈
\nb-a-߃ F{X-am{Xw aqey-h¿≤\ th≠-XmWv F∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´n-√. Cu Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]cnl-cn-°p-Ibpw
CØcw Ib-‰p-aXn B`y-¥-c-hn-]Wn Itø-‰hpw XS-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßfpsS
Cd-°p-aXn A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv Ahsb aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øn-b-tijw I-b-‰p-aXn sNbvXv cmPy-
Øns‚ hntZ-i-\m-Wb hn\n-abtijn h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p. aqey-h¿≤\ GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw hfsc
{]m[m\yw D≈ Imcy-am-Wv. Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^n\p Xpey-amb aqey-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-hsc aqey-h¿≤\bp≠mh-Ww.
Ipd \ne-hm-c-ap≈ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw ho≠p-ap≈ aqey-h¿≤-\-IqSm-sX-bp≈
Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw \SØn \nbaw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNø-s∏´ kµ¿`-߃, C¥y≥ D¬∏-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
83

hntZ-i-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Xn-Omb \jvSs∏Sp-Øm-\n-S-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ib-‰paXn
C¥ybv°v hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ ]ns\ sh´n-Np-cp-°p-Ibpw AXv I\Ø kmº-ØnI Xncn-®-Sn-bv°n-
S-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw C¥y≥ DXv]m-Z-I¿ hn‰-gn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´p∂ tXbn-e-bp-tSbpw
Im∏n-bp-tSbpw sI´n-°n-S-°p∂ an®sØ CXv IjvS-Øn-em-°p-∂p. hntZ-i -B-`y-¥c hn]Wn \jvS-am-
Ip-∂-tXmsS B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z\w hfsc Ipd-bvt°≠n hcn-Ibpw AXv sXmgn¬ km≤y-X-Isf KWyambn
Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXn-\m¬, DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Dd-hnSw Ah-bpsS DXv]m-Z\ t{kmX v
F∂n-hsb km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Bcm-bn-cn-
°Ww F∂v hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏-S-Ww. Cu {]iv\w tI{µ hmWnPy a{¥m-ebw Itam-Un‰n
t_m¿Up-I-fp-ambn N¿® sNøp-Ibpw {i≤m-]q¿∆w F√m hihpw ]Tn®v th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°pIbpw thWw. CØcw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-Iƒ \S-°p-tºmƒ, `£y-Øn¬ ambw tN¿°p-∂-Xns\Xncmb
N´-Øn¬ (FABIvSv) A\p-im-kn-°p∂ \nb-a-߃ Fnepw I¿i-\-ambn \njvI¿jn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(A-Xnepw sa®-s∏´ am\-Z-WvU-߃ Ãm‰yq-´n¬, Ib-‰p-aXn N-´-ß-fn¬ C√mØ ]£w).
Cd-°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n® F√m ÿnXn hnh-c-ßfpw
1.4.11.3 hntZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚bpw hmWn-Py-Øn-s‚bpw tI{µ-a-{¥m-e-b-߃ sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ Cd-
°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n® F√m hnh-c-ß-fpw, (Stt) hkvXp-ÿn-Xn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw IrXy-ambn Zn\w{]Xn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ am{Xta I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ IrXy-ambn FSp-°p-hm-\pw,
Unam‚pw (-B-h-iyw) kssπbpw (e-`y-X-bpw) XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-e-\-Xbpw a‰pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bq.
hniz-k-\o-b-amb Imcy hnh-c-ß-fpsS e`y-Xbpw {]m]y-Xbpw hf-sc-°p-d-hpw, "Km´v' du≠v A\p-c-RvP-
\-ß-fpsS hnhn-[-L-´-ß-fpsS hn]p-e-amb N¿®-IfpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃ C√m-Xn-cn-°pbpw sNbvX Hcp
kml-N-cy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ AwK-am-I-m\n-S-bm-bXpw XpS¿∂p
Im¿jnI Icm-dn(AOA)s‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏m-gmWv C¥ybn¬
Kuc-h-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb N¿®-Iƒ°pw sshIm-cn-I-amb s]m´n-sØ-dn-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv.
F∂m¬ tZml a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f\ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw B ÿnXn-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-bn.
CsXmcp ]mT-ambn Icp-tX-≠-XmWv. temI-hym-]mc Imcy-ß-fnepw A\p-_‘ hnj-b-ß-fnepw \√
Adn-hp-≈-h¿ ]s-Sp-°p∂ N¿®-I-fmWv Ft∏mgpw Bh-iyw. CØcw AXy-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap≈
hnj-b-ß-fn¬ _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS hnizmkw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ B¿÷n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. temI-hym-]mc
kwL-S\ (WTO)bn¬ C¥y AwK-am-bXpw AXns‚ km¿∆-{Xn-Ihpw Zqc-hym-]-I-hp-amb kqN-\-I-fpw
]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw F√mw Kuc-h-amb N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.4.12 Im¿jnI hym]m-c-]p-tcm-K-Xnbv°v Hcp Iev]nX k¿∆Iem-ime ÿm]n-°pI
1. hym]m-c-Øns‚ DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ^ew, AXv Im¿jn-I-cw-KØv
BI-am\w B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\hpw hnh-c-ßfpw AXn-i-‡hpw hym]-I-hp-ambn {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmb
Hcp L´w hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Ft∏mgpw hy]m-c-cw-KØv am’cy£aX A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
AXp-sIm≠v I¿j-I¿°pw, tXm´ Irjn-°m¿°pw Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m-h¿°pw Irjn-sb-
°p-dn®pw B`y-¥-c-ambpw BtKm-f-ambpw D≈ hym]m-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ F√m-{]-iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw, Ahbn¬
shfn®w hoip∂ F√m-hn[ B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\hpw, hnh-c-ßfpw, \nc-¥cw FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°phm≥
\mw _m≤y-ÿ-cm-Wv. KpW-\n-e-hm-csØ kw_-‘n-®pw, km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn am\-Z-WvUßfpw,
AXp-t]mse tImUIvkv Fen-sat‚-dn-bkv am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw kw_-‘n®pw Ah¿°v Adnhp
\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. KpW-\n-e-hmcw, Im¿jn-I-hym-]mc \nb-a-߃, t]‰‚ v F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw anI®
km£-cX hym]-I-am-°-Ww. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Adnhpw hnh-c-ßfpw \evIn Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn¬
Im¿jn-I-P-\-Xsb im‡o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw, hnh-c-hn-⁄m-\-hym-]-\-]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Hmtcm Im¿jnI IpSpw-
_-Ønepw FØn-°p-Ibpw thWw. AØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw apºv Ahsc Hgn-hm-°n-bncp∂p
Fn¬ C\n Adn-hn-eqsS I¿j-I-P-\-Xsb im‡o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhnjv°-cn-®p-\-S-∏n-em-t°-≠Xv
AXym-h-iy-amWv.
2. Cu e£yw km≤n-°p-hm≥ 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb Hcp ÿm]-\-sa∂ \nebn¬
Hcp Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime (Virtual University) ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
84

Cu k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ hnhc kmt-XnI hnZy-bp-tS-bpw, hm¿Ømhn-\n-ab
Zriy- {imhy am≤ya cwKsØ hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnπ-h-Øn¬ \n∂pw i‡n B¿÷n-°phm≥
Ign-bWw. Iºyq-´-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS C‚¿s\‰p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn {]h¿Øn-∏n-t°≠
Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v Hcp B[m-c-tI-{µhpw (l∫pw) AXn-\p-Np-‰pw ]¬ N{I-߃t]mse
(kvt]m-°p-Iƒ)-bp≈ D]-tI-{µ-ßfpw krjvSn®v (l∫pw kvt]m°pw k{º-Zm-b-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se) cq]-
I-ev]\ sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv. tIcfm k¿∆-I-em-im-e-t]m-ep≈ Hcp ÿm]-\sØ AXns‚ B[mc
tI{µhpw Hmtcm D]-tI-{µ-ß-fmbn Hmtcm Pn√m Bÿm-\hpw ÿm]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu apJy k¿∆-
I-em-imem tI{µsØ Pn√m D]-tI-{µ-ß-tfmSpw Ahsb sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-fp-ambpw {Kma-ß-fntebpw
]´-W-ß-fn-tebpw tdUn-tbm-I-fp-ambpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-]£w Im¿jnI hn⁄m-
\hpw {]k‡ hnh-c-ßfpw A\p-Zn\w tIc-f-Ønse Hmtcm I¿jI `h-\-Ønepw FØn-°m≥ Ignbpw
F∂-Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Aßns\ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-˛-hym-]m-c-cw-KØv hºn® ]ptcm-K-Xn°v
Cu Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime hgn-sX-fn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
3. Im¿jnI hym]mc cwKØv Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w ^e-{]-Z-am-I-W-sa-n¬,
\evIp∂ hnh-c-߃ Hmtcm-tcm-Im-e-Øn\pw Hmtcm-tcm-{]-tZ-i-Øn\pw Hmtcm-hn-f-Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw
{]k-‡-am-bXpw KpW-]-c-amb Db¿∂-\n-e-hmcw D≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Im¿jnI cwKsØ {]Xn-k-
‘n-aqew _p≤n-ap-´p∂, Irjn-bp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m-h¿°pw FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂
hn⁄m\w ImenI {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw, kPo-h-hpw, sP\-dn°pw (Hmtcm {]tXyI Im¿jn-I-hn-f-bpsS
Imcy-Ønepw Bh-iy-am-b) Bb hn⁄m\ hym]-\-Øn¬ Du∂n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. \n¿±njvS Iev]nX
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp IcSv cq]-tcJ tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-ime Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-
≠v. AXv Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ c≠mw A\p-_-‘-ambn sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb hnhc-߃
tiJ-cn-°p-∂-hcpw, hnh-c-hym-]-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb I.S.R.O., IMD, tIc-f-k¿∆Iem-im-e,
APEDA, N.D.D.B, N.H.D.B., ItΩm-Un-‰n-t_m¿Up-Iƒ, Im¿jnI hIp∏v a{¥m-e-b-߃,
tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ hmWn-Py-˛-hn-tZ-i-hym-]m-c-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ, CSIR, ICAR F∂n-hbpw, hn⁄m-\m¿∞n-
I-fmb I¿jI IpSpw-_-߃, tXm´-Ir-jn-°m¿, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿, h\n-Xm-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, hym]m-cn-Iƒ
F∂n-h-cpw, hn⁄m-\-hn-hc hym]-\sØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ICT hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿, Zriy-˛-{im-hy-am-[y-a-߃,
]{X-am-[y-a-߃, FIvÃ≥j≥ Imcy-\n¿∆m-l-I¿, a‰p-hn-Z-Kv[-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpw, \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-®pa-X-e-h-ln-°p∂
k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn-[-h-Ip∏v sk{I-´-dn-am¿, sshkvsN-b¿am≥, kwÿm-\-B-kq-{XW
IΩn-j≥, UNDP {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, a‰p-{]-_e [\-k-lmb GP≥kn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ ]s-Sp-°p∂ Hcp
"s{_bn≥ tÃmanwKv' inev]-ime hnfn®pIq´p-∂Xv KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. 2002 P\p-hcn 26\v Im¿jn-Ihym-]m-c-Øns‚
]ptcm-K-Xn-bv°m-bp≈ Cu Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS DXvLm-S\w _lp-am-\-s∏´
tIcf apJy-a{¥n \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn°pw. ImcWw F{Xbpw thKw DXv]m-Z-I-tcbpw, hym]mcn-I-tf-bpw,
Ib-‰-p-a-Xn-°m-tc-bpw, D]-t`m-‡m-°-tfbpw \mw hn⁄m-\-hn-h-c-߃ sIm≠v i‡-cm-°m-
\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-thm, A{Xbpw thKw kwÿm-\-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb Hcp
Im¿jnI hym]m-c-kp-c-£m-hy-h-ÿbv°v ASn-Ød CSp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.13 km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn am\-Z-WvU-߃
1.4.13.1 KpW-\n-e-hmc km£-c-Xm-{]-ÿm\w
km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v XnI®pw \ymbhpw \oXn-]q¿∆-hp-amb A¥m-cmjv{S
AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ am\-Z-WvU-߃ \n›-bn®v \ne-hn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kPoh-ambn
]p-sIm-t≈-≠-XmWv. A√m-Ø-]£w ]e KpW-\n-e-hm-c -\n¿Æ-b- hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw \ΩpsS
Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v XS- -ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ GXm\pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬
ASnb-¥n-c-ambn \S-∏nem-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1. hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-߃ i‡-am-°p-I.
2. `£y-[m-\y-߃ kwkv°-cn-°p-I-bpw, £ochpw amwkyhpw \evIp∂ arK-ßsf hf¿Øp∂
]cn-k-c-ß-fpsS ipNnXzw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
3. `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ "tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv' am\-Z-WvU-߃ (kky-߃,
hnf-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ipNn-Xzhpw tcmKm-Wp-hn-ap-‡-\bw Dd-∏m-°p-∂) km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^t‰m km\n-´dn
85

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, Izmd‚-bn¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßfpsS
tijnbpw Imcy-£-a-Xbpw h¿≤-n∏n-°p-I.
4. KpW-\n-e-hmc km£-c-X-bv°mbn Hcp {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°p-I-bpw, KpW-\n-e-hmcw \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Hmtcm {Kma-]-©m-b-Øn¬ Ipd-Xv 2 ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw 2 kv{XoIƒ°pw
]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.
1.4.13.2 tImU≥kv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
`£y-kp-c-£-bv°mbn temI `£y-˛-Im¿jnI kwL-S\ (FAO) \n›-bn-®n-´p≈ hyh-ÿ-I-fnse
Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ΩpsS hn]Wn {]m]y-Xsb KWy-ambn XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ahsb t\cn´v
adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw Bh-iy-amb kmt-Xn-I-Xz-tØbpw km\n-´dn
ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw \mw i‡-am-°n-bm¬ am{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn
\S-]-Sn-I-fp-tSbpw, tImU≥kv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv \ne-hm-c-ß-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-L-S\
ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn i‡-am-t°-≠-XmWv.
1.4.13.3. \ma-dn-bmsX IS-∂p-h-cp∂ IoS-ß-tfbpw tcmK-ß-tfbpw B{I-a-Im-cn-I-fmb A\y-{]mWn
h¿§-ß-tfbpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI
AkwJyw kq£va-{]m-Wn-I-ƒ, IoS-߃, If-Iƒ F∂nh cmPy-tØ°v Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂
[m\y-߃, ]b-dp-h¿§-߃, FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ, tImgn, Xmdmhv F∂n-hbptSbpw Ah-bpsS Xo‰-bptSbpw
IqsS IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v. U¬ln-bnse tI{µ- Im¿jnI Kth-j-WtI-{µ-Øns‚ (ICAR) Imgn-ep≈
kky-P-\nX t{kmX- p-I-fpsS tZiob _yqtdm (NBPGR) \evIp∂ Hcp A]-IS kqN-\-bn¬ ]d-bp-
∂Xv, Nne A\y-kq£va {]mWn-h¿§-ß-fpsS B{I-aWw \ΩpsS Irjn-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\v hf-sctbsd
A]-I-S-I-c-amWv F∂m-Wv. tImgn-˛-Xm-dmhv F∂n-h-bpsS hf¿Ø¬ cwKw B{I-a-W-Im-cn-Ifmb
Nne A\y-kq-£va-{]m-Wn-I-fpsS `oj-Wn-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXn\p ImcWw Cd-°p-aXn sNøs∏-Sp-∂
tImgn-Øo-‰-Ifpw a‰p-am-Wv. B{‘-{]-tZ-inse sNΩo≥ hyh-km-bsØ kq£vamWp Pohn-Iƒ
XI¿sØ-dn-Xv \s√mcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. \ΩpsS Im¿jnI taJ-e-bv°v, Kuc-h-X-c-amb CØcw
`oj-Wn-Isf At_m-[-]q¿∆w IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc \mw i‡-amb {]Xn-tcm[ \S-]-Sn-I-ƒ kzoIcn-°p-Ibpw
ASn-b-¥nc Pm{K-X ]men-t°-≠-XpamWv.
1.4.13.4. ssehvtÃm-°ns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v tcmK hnap‡ taJ-e-Iƒ
ssehv tÃm°v DXv∏-∂-߃°v tcmK-hn-ap-‡-ta-J-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn
ssehvtÃm°v DXv∏-∂-߃°v hºn® hn]Wn h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. \-ΩpsS arK-kw-c-£W hIp∏v
aptºm-´p-h-®n-´p≈ ]cn-]mSn F√m-hn[ t{]m’m-l-\hpw A¿ln-°p-∂p. BSp-am-Sp-Isf sIm√p∂ CSßfpw
(t…m-´¿lu-kp-I-fpw) Ah-injvS kwkv°-cW ÿe-ßfpw (A_mt‰m-bdp-Ifpw) B[p-\n-I-h-
Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ D≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v klmbw \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv.
_u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-ihpw (IPR)ssPh sshhn-[yhpw (BD)
1.4.14.1 ]c-º-cm-KX Adn-hp-I-fpw (\m-´-dn-hp-I-fpw) hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® _u≤nI
kzØ-h-Im-ihpw (TRIPS) ssPh sshhn-[yhpw
temI hym]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ temI-hym-]mc Icmdp (WTA)IfpsS \n_-‘-\-I-fmb
Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-I-fn-eqsS B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw AXn-\p-]p-d-ta, km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰mkm-\n-´dn
\S-]-Sn-I-fpw, hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw (TRIPS)
Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv, \ΩpsS DXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j-\n¬ \n∂pw
kº-∂-amb ssPh sshhn-[y-Øn¬ \n∂pw km≤y-am-hp-∂{X t\´-߃ D≠m-°p-hm\pw kmº-ØnI
]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m\pw \mw {]k-‡-amb B`y-¥c \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-cambnssIs°m-≈-W-sa-∂m-Wv.
\S-∂p-sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® kzØ-h-Imi Iu¨knense
A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn¬, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-ßsf ssPh sshhn≤y tIm¨^-d≥kns‚
(CBD) ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-ß-fp-ambn Iq´n-bn-W-°p-sa∂v \ap°v {]Xym-in-°mw. ssPh-ssh-hn[y {]am-
86

W-߃ A\p-k-cn-®v, ssPh sshhn-[y-Øn-t‚bpw, temIsØ {]mNo\ P\-ß-fpsS \m´-dn-hns‚bpw,
KpW-^-e-߃ F√m cmPy-°m¿°pw ]n-Sp-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw krjvSn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-
≈-Xv. Cu kµ¿`-Ønse {it≤-b-amb hkvXp-X, C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-߃, P.P.VF.R. BIvSpw,
ssPh sshhn≤y _n√pw ta¬∏-d KpW-^-e-߃ \oXn-]q¿∆w ]n-Sp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ th≠-Xmb
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ sNbvXn-´p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv. tKm{X-P-\-X-I-fpsS Xncn-®-dn-hpw, hn⁄m\ k{º-Zm-bhpw CXpambn
_‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-ß-fpw, AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bv°¿lcm-b-h¿°v
{]Xn-^ew \¬In BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS {i≤ ]Xn-tb-≠-Xm-bn-
´p≠v.
kky-ssh-hn-[y-hpw, I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw
kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn≤y \nbaw
1.4.14.2.1. tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-´p≈ ssPh sshhn[y t_m¿Uv P\n-XI km£-c-Xm-]-cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-hm-\p≈ AXns‚ Npa-Xe F{Xbpw thKw Gs‰-Sp-°Ww. F∂m¬ am{X-ta,
Cu cwK-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h¿°v BcmWv bYm¿∞ {]mY-anI kwc-£-I¿ F∂pw, kky-ß-fpsS
sshhn-[yhpw kwc-£-Whpw I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kw_-‘n® BIvSv A\p-k-cn®v Fs¥√mw
Ah-Im-i-߃ BWv Ah¿°p-≈-sX-∂pw, Ah AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hIp-
∏p-Iƒ Fs¥∂pw Adn-bp-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. AXp-t]mse temIvk-`-bpw, cmPy-k-`bpw ]m m-°nb
ssPh- ssh-hn[y _n√n¬ hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≈, {]mY-anI kwc-£-Isc ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-°p∂ hyhÿbpw
kw_-‘n®v Imcy-߃ P\-ß-°dnhp-≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Kncn-h¿§-˛-tKm-{X-˛-{Km-aoW IpSpw-_-
߃°v, hnti-jn-®pw, Im¿jn-I-˛-ssPh sshhn-[y-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-epw, kwh¿≤-\-Ønepw G¿s∏-
´n-cn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-߃°v CS-bn¬ P\nXI km£-cX {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Im¬\-S-bmbn sNs∂-
Øp∂ \nb-a-˛-D-]-tZ-jvSm-°-fpsS Hcp hn`m-K-sØ, tKm{X-˛-{Km-aoW P\-X-Iƒ°n-Sbn-te°v Ab-bv°p-
∂Xv hfsc {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. CXp-h-gn, ssPh sshhn-[y-s°m≈ XS-bp-hm\pw, cmPy-߃
XΩnepw hyXykvX kaq-l-߃ XΩnepw ssPh]c-amb ]m-fnØw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
2. AXn-k-º-∂-amb ssPh sshhn-[y-hpw, AXp-t]mse kº-∂hpw kar-≤-hp-amb Huj[ kkyt{km-X-
p-I-fpw-sIm≠v hfsc A\p-Kr-lo-X-amWv tIc-fw. Bbn-c-am-bncw h¿j-ß-fpsS ]g-°-ap≈
Bbp¿thZ sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn-ep≈ Adnhpw, Huj[kky- NnIn’m]mc-º-cy-hp-ap≈ P\-ß-fmWv
kwÿm-\Øv D≈-Xv. ]pXnb _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-a-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS, CØcw
kº-∂-amb ssPh sshhn-[y-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\´-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb DXv]-
∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]‰‚ v e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, [mcmfw Ah-k-c-߃ tIc-f-Øn\v D≠m-Ip-∂-
Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ CtXm-sSm∏w Nne `oj-Wn-Ifpw \ap°v t\cn-tS-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øns‚
\m\m- -ap-J-amb hkvXp-X-Isf kw_-‘n®v {Inbm-flI XXz-ßfpw {]am-W-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Kthj-W-ßfpw
Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb sXfn-hp-Ifpw tcJ-I-fpw hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-hm\pw,
amXr-I-Ifpw kv]ojn-kp-Ifpw kw`-cn-°p-hm\pw {ia-߃ \S-Ø-Ww. Ch-bmWv ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn
sNtø≠ Imcy-߃. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ imkv{Xo-b- t{km-X- p-Isf Du¿÷-kz-e-am-°p-I-bpw AXns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v DZm-c-amb [\-k-lmbw \evIp-I-bpw t]‰‚nwKv km£-c-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂
{ia-ßsf Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂ ASn-b-¥-c-t_m-[-amWv k¿°m-cns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw
D≠m-tI-≠-Xv. PPVFR \nb-a-Øns‚ IpS-°o-gn¬ cq]w \evIm≥ t]mIp∂ Po≥^-≠ns‚ KpW-^-e߃
kz¥-am-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\´-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Ifpw
Bcw-`n-°-Ww. tKm{X-˛-Kn-cn-˛-B-Zn-hmkn P\-ß-fp-tSbpw {Kmao-W-cp-tSbpw ]mc-ºcy \m´-dn-hp-I-tfbpw
A]q¿∆-kky-hn-⁄m-\-hpw Ah-cpsS _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi tbmKy-Xbpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw
PmK-cq-I-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
1.4.14.2.P\n-XI t{kmX- p-Iƒ, kky-ssh-hn-[y-߃, _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Im-i-߃ apX-em-bh ssIImcyw
sNøp∂ A¥m-cmjv{S DS-º-Sn-bn¬ C¥y H∏p-h-®n-´p≠v. B DS-º-Sn-bpsS kqN-\-Ifpw AXns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
Im¿jn-I-\-b-ß-fpw Im¿jn-IcwKØv Ah-bv°p≈ kzm[o-\-ßfpw Fs¥m-s°-bmWv
F∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Adn-n-cn-°-W-sa-∂Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. ImcWw Irjn-bpsS ssZ\w-
Zn\ `c-W-\n¿∆-lWw kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬s∏Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hkvXp-Xbpw e£yhpw ap∂n¬
87

I≠p-sIm≠v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn N¿® sNøp-hm\pw \nc-¥cw ]c-kv]cw Bi-b-hn-
\n-abw ]pe¿Øp-hm\pw {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-hm\pw D≈ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \evtI-≠-
Xm-bn-´p-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w kwÿm\ Irjn-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v A¥m-cmjv{S DS-º-Sn-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ \nba-]-c-hpw kmt-Xn-I-hp-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ Adn-hpw Ah-bp-ambn ASpØ ]cn-N-bhpw
D≠m°p-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]≤-Xn-Isf bYm-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. C¥y≥
Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ dntk¿®v (ICAR) Cu DS-ºSn hyh-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v kwÿm-\-
k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°pw Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Iƒ°pw Imen-I-amb Ah-t_m[w \nc-¥cw \¬Ip-Ibpw
thWw. Cu hI-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Isf bYm-k-abw D]-tZ-in-°p-hm-\p≈ k¿∆-I-emim-e-I-fpsS
tijnsb Db¿Øp-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww.
1.4.14.3. Pntbm{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv
(Hcp Im¿jnI hnfbvt°m DXv]-∂-Ønt\m GsX-nepw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tZ-i-Øns‚ t]cnep≈
{]i-kvXnbpw AXn\v kz¥-am-bp≈ Hcp Iq´w X\n-a-bp≈ khn-ti-j-Kp-Whpw s]mXpth AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Iogvh-g-°sØ s]mXpth Pntbm{K^n°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv)
Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ \nc-h[n Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-߃ D≠v. Ahbv°v
{]tXyI KpW-ßfpw X∑qew JymXnbpw a‰p khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-ßfpw D≈-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Ah-bv°p≈ AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\p≈ A¿l-Xbpw t\tS-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS khn-tij hy‡nXzw
hcn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv apJy-ambpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb aq∂v D]m-[n-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv. AXmbXv
˛ Dev]-∂-Øns‚ {]tXyI `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]cn:ÿn-Xn, Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb DƒLS-I-߃,
Dev]m-Z-\-Ønse DƒLS-I-߃ F∂nh apJy ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬s∏Sp-∂p. Cu KpW-߃ F√mw hy‡-
ambpw \n¿∆-Nn-°m-hp-∂-hbpw hnh-cn-°m-hp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, sIm®n
C©n, Be-∏pg (hnc¬) aƒ, Xe-t»cn FIv{km -{Ko≥t_mƒUv, F∂n-hbv°v hn]-Wn-bn-emsI
JymXnbpw Unam‚pw Ds≠-∂-Imcyw s]mXpth \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Cu DXv]-∂-ß-sfm-tcm∂n\pw
bi pw {]nbhpw e`n-°m≥ ImcWw GXm\pw {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-fm-Wv.
{]Xy-£-Kp-W-߃ hni-Z-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ASn-ÿm\ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-߃ (data base)
t^mt´m-Iƒ apX-em-b-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-thWw \n¿∆-N\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv. BIrXn, hen-∏w, \ndw,
ImgvN, sSÃv `mcw, D≈S°w, cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS LS\ F∂o kzX-kn-≤-Kp-W-ß-fmWv hn]-Wn-bn¬
Hcp DXv]-∂sØ/hnfsb aqey-h-Ømbn AYhm hnebp≈-Xm-°nØo¿°p-∂Xv. hym]m-csØ kw_-
‘n® _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi \nb-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-
≠p≈ B`y-¥-c-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ß-fpsSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ΩpsS CØcw JymXn-bp≈ Dev]-∂߃°mh-iy-amb
kwc-£Ww \evIm≥ \ap°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. At\Iw \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn CØcw
hne-tb-dnb Dev]-∂-߃°v `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb kw⁄-Ifpw hnti-j-W-ßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≈Xpw AhbpsS
Bhn¿`m-hhpw DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw \ap-°m-sW∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kXy-hpam-Wv. AXn-\m¬ _u≤n-
I-kz-Ø-h-Imi \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kwc-£Ww In´p-hm≥ \ΩpsS {]i-kvXhpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn
kz¥-am-b-Xp-amb GsX√mw Dev]-∂-߃ Dt≠m Ah-bpsS F√mw Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°j≥kv
Xncn-®-dnv \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoIcn-°Ww.
Ipcp-ap-f-Ipw Gehpw IqSmsX Pntbm{K-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-js‚ B\p-Iq-ey-߃°v A¿l-Xbp≈
\nc-h[n Dev]-∂-߃ IqSn tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Pntbm{K-^n-°¬ C‚nt°-j≥kv Hm^v
KpUvkv (c-Pn-kvt{S-j\pw kwc-£-W-hpw) BIvSv 1999 {]Imcw B Dev]-∂-߃-°p≈ A¿lX t\Sp-
∂Xv \ΩpsS Im¿jn-I-hym-]m-c-Øn\v ap≥ssI \evIp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.15. {]mtZ-in-Ihpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb X{¥-߃
1.4.15.1. C¥ybpw Gjy≥ hnIkzc cmPy-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ [mc-W-bpsS Bhiyw
tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-hÿ B{i-bn-°p∂ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS hn]-W\ Imcy-ß-fn¬, sX°≥
Gjy-bn-tebpw sX°p Ing-°≥ Gjy-bn-tebpw cmPy-ßfpw GXm\pw B{^n-°≥ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßfpw
C¥y-bp-ambn hym]m-c-cw-KØv a’cw D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C¥ybpsS d_-dn\v _Zembn
Xmbve-≠v, Ct¥m-t\-jym, atejym F∂n-h-cpsS d_-dpw \mfo-tI-c-Øn\v ^nen-∏o≥kpw, {ioe-
bpambpw tXbn-e-bpsS ImcyØn¬ {ioe-bpw, Ge-Øn\v Kzm´n-amebpw, Ipcp-ap-f-In\v hnb-‰v\mapw
88

Bbn a’-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Xß-fpsS hnlnXw t\Sm-\mbn hnI-kzc-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
\ΩpsS Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn-´mWv \mw a’-cn-t°-≠-Xv. F∂m-en-Xns‚ ^eambn
KpWw In´p-∂Xv hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃°m-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu cmPy-ß-fp-ambn F√m-h¿°pw {]tbm-
P-\-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ ]c-kv]c [mcW hf¿Øp-Ibpw hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-
≠Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv.
1.4.15.2. kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn N¿®
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v Irjn Hcp kwÿm\ hnj-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tI{µ-k¿°m¿
Irjnsb kw_-‘n®v ssIs°m-≈p∂ Xocp-am-\-ß-fpsS F√m kqN-\-I-fp-tSbpw ]cn-WX ^e-ß-fptSbpw
apgp-h≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw (DZm : D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£, hcp-am-\-Ø-I¿®) kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Ifpw
P\-ß-fp-amWv t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. tI{µ-Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpsS ^e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ cmjv{Sob Aÿn-cX am{X-a-√,
kmº-ØnI \jvS-ßfpw t{kmX- p-I-fpsS \jvS-hpw IS-_m-[y-X-bpw-IqSn kwÿm\w t\cn-tS-≠-Xmbn
hcp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ (WTO) tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-I, Irjnsb kw_‘n®
Icm-dn¬ H∏p-h-bv°pI XpS-ßnb kp{]-[m\ Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw th≠ ap≥Iq¿ N¿®-Iƒ
XpS¿N¿®-Iƒ F∂nh tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-ambn Xocp-am-\-߃ ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\pap-ºmbn
\S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX AØcw N¿®-Iƒ tI{µ-k¿°m-cn\v hfsc KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.
ImcWw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°mWv {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-hp-amb hkvXp-X-I-sf-
°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Ah-t_m-[hpw Adnhpw D≈-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-ºØv hym]m-csØ B{ibn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
ImcWw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fn¬ Gdn-b-Iqdpw kwÿm-\-Øn-\p-
≈n¬ Xs∂ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-hbpw kwÿm-\-Øn-\IØpw cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw hntZ-iØpw D≈ hym]mcsØ
e£yw hbv°p-∂-hbpw BWv. AXn-\m¬ Hcp tZiob \bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ, tIc-f-Øns‚
BtKmf hym]m-c-cw-KsØ A\p-`-h-߃ {]tXy-In®pw {]k-‡-am-Wv.
1.4.15.3. D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£-bpsS ]cn-c-£bv°v th≠ \jvS]cn-lmcw
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-k-ºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´√v tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ DXvv]-∂-ßfmWv
F∂p hcn-In-epw, tZiob Xe-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ Ahbv°v henb {]m[m\yw
Iev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-tSbpw DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-
Xn-bpw, Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw kw_-‘n®v Xocp-am-\-߃ (tI-{µ-k¿°m¿) FSp-°p-tºmƒ, D`-b-I-£n-I-tfmSpw
_lp-I-£n-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ hmKvZm-\-߃ \nth-‰p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Xmev]-cy-ßfpw Ah¿
t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw th≠{X (tI-{µ-k¿°m¿) {i≤n-°msX t]mhm-dp-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Øns‚ am{X-a-√, a‰p Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fp-tSbpw Xmev]-cy-ßfpw hnkvar-X-am-hp-∂p. (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v
]›n-a-_w-Km-fns‚ NW-hpw a≤y-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ tkmbm-_o\pw {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX t]mhp-∂p-≠v). tZiob-Xm-ev]-cy-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssIs°m-≈p∂ CØcw Xocp-am-\-߃ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS kº-
ZvL-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. hnti-jn®pw Im¿jn-IhrØn Pohn-tXm]mb-am-°n-b-h-cpsS
D]-Po-h\ kpc£ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p. CØcw Xocp-am-\-߃°v DZm-lc-W-amWv
km¿°v Icm-dns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {ioe-≥ sIm{]m C¥y-bn-te-°n-d-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-
Xpw Ct¥ym-t\-jy-bn¬ \n∂pw ]mw Hmbn¬ Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xpw. CØcw DS-º-Sn-I-fn¬ H∏p-hbv°p-∂-Xns‚
^e-ambn I¿j-I¿°v D≠m-Ip∂ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v ImcWw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-ambn
N¿® sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-a-√, tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ `mKØv Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-tam, th≠{X Xømsd-Sp-°tem
C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn¬ I¿j-I¿°v
h∂n-´p≈ IjvS-\-jvS-߃°v (\-jvS) ]cn-lmcw \evIp-hm-\p≈ Hcp ]≤-Xn-°p-IqSn cq]w \evtI-≠-
Xm-Wv. Im¿jnI {]Xn-k-‘n-aqew he-bp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS IjvS-∏m-Sp-Ifpw Zpcn-X-ßfpw C√m-Xm-
°m-\p≈ hne-t]-iepw Bh-iy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Akm-[m-c-W-amb hnf-I-tf-bpw Ah Db¿ØnsIm-≠p-h∂
{]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-tfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v, tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øn\v th≠
kwc-£Ww \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv. ({]-tXy-In®pw WTA bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xns‚ ^eam-bp-≠mb
{]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬) WTA Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq£-ambn _m[n® P\-
e-£-ßfpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øns‚ kpc£ \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øn\v
{]tXyI ]cn-c-£m-k-lm-b-߃ sNø-Ww. tZiob-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ tIc-f-hpw Xan-gv\m-Spw I¿Æm-S-I-hpw
89

\mfn-tIcw, tXbne, Im∏n F∂n-h-bn-epw tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpw d∫-dnepw a‰pw ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®p-hcp-∂p.
]e Xmev]-cy-߃°pw s]mXp-kz-`m-h-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v sXßp-Isf _m[n® aWvUcn-bpsS
\nb-{¥-Ww, sIm{]m-kw-`-cWw F∂nh s]mXp-{]-iv\-߃ BWv. s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-߃ kwc-
£n-°p-hm≥ s]mXp-k-ao-]\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. AØcw N¿®-Iƒ°v G‰hpw amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp thZnbmWv
Z£n-W-ta-Jem Iu¨kn¬ ao‰nw-Kp-Iƒ.
1.4.15.5. C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS ({]-Xn-k-‘n-_m-[n-X-cp-sS) Xmev]-cy-ßsf
GtIm-]n-∏n®p apt∂-dpI
I¿j-I-cptSbpw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw k¿°m-cn-t‚bpw ka-hmbw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-h-iyam-Wv.
C∂sØ {]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw IjvS-\-jvS-߃ A\p-`-hn-®-h¿°pw Hmtc kabw {]iv\-
]-cn-lm-c-Øn¬ ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-˛-t\Sn apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Ign-b-Ww. CXn\v I¿j-I-cpw \n¿Ωm-Xm-
°fpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°mcpw Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øp-≈-h¿ F√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cm-{in-X-Xz-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h-cm-sW-∂p≈
hkvXpX F√m-h¿°pw t_m≤y-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Im¿jnI hyh-km-b-Øn\v kpÿn-cX
D≠m-Ip-hm≥ I¿j-I¿ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-Ww. \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ Dev]-∂-߃
hmßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw DXv]-∂-߃°v ÿncw Unam‚pw D≠m-I-Ww. kpÿn-c-amb hn]Wn I¿j-
I¿°v hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°pw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°pw hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw
I¿j-I-cpsS DXv]m-Z\w Akw-kvIr-X-km-[-\-ß-fpsS ÿnchpw Dd-∏p-≈-Xp-amb Hcp t{kmX- mbn
Icp-Xm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Hcp-ev]-∂-Øns‚ hne Hcn-°epw Hcp ]cn-[n-°-∏pdw XmWp-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°-Ww.
hneXm-cp-∂- ]£w I¿j-I¿ B DXv]-∂-߃°v ]Icw \nev°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-
Xn-te°v kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Xncn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßns\ Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS kssπ-bn¬
A\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cn-Ibpw hyh-km-b-\n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bmsI XI¿®-bn-em-hpIbpw sNøp-
∂p. hne Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Db-cp-∂-]£w hn]-Wn-bn¬ Unam‚ v \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v
hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-{]-h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmØ kml-Ncyw D≠mhpIbpw sNøp-∂p. t^mw
am‰v{S v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ I¿j-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn]-Wn \jvS-am-bn. Imc-Ww, am‰v-{S v hyh-kmbw
t]mfn-s{]m-s]-en¬ t^man-te°v Xncn-bp-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. tkm∏v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ shfn-s®-
Æbv°v hn]Wn \jvS-amb X°-Øn¬ a‰p kky-F-Æ-I-fpsS hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Hgp°v D≠m-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ \n∂pw ]mTw Dƒs°m-t≈-≠-Xm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w Hm¿t°≠ Imcy-amWv ˛
Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hntZi Cd-°p-aXn Iq-SpI F∂m¬ A¿∞w, AtXm-sSm∏w \m´n¬
sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂p F∂m-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w cmjv{SØns‚ hcp-am-\-Ønepw
kam-¥-c-ambn hen-b-\-jvShpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-Iƒ, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-
S\ F∂n-h-bp-ambn A¥¿tZiobXe A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v apt∂m-Sn-bmbn hnhn[
Xmev]-cy-߃ D≈ hn`m-K-߃ ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-W-Iƒ sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂Xv cmjv{SØns‚ Xmev]-cy-߃
kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v hfsc Bh-iy-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv.
1.4.16. Kth-j-Whpw ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icy hnI-k-\hpw ˛ ap≥K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw Db¿∂ hnI-k\ hf¿®bv°v km≤y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cp-∂Xmb, Irjnbp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ta-J-e, khn-tij {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse
{it≤-b-amWv Huj[ kky-Nn-In-’-bpw, Bbp¿th-Z-hpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-chpw.
i_-cn-a-e, Kpcp-hm-bq¿, -a-e-bm-‰q¿, sImSp-ß-√q¿, tNc-am≥ s]cp-am≥]≈n XpS-ßnb Bflob
tI{µ-ßfn-te°pw D≈ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cw. IqSmsX "Hgn-hp-Imew ]mSØv', "lcn-X-k-©mcw' F∂o
Bi-b-߃ h®p-sIm-≠v, Ip´-\m-S≥ ]mS-ti-J-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cw. {]IrXn AXns‚
at\m-lc Zriy-ß-fpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-hp-ambn k©m-cn-Itfbpw kµ¿i-I-tcbpw hc-th¬°p∂ kµ¿`w
krjvSn-°p∂ ]cn:-ÿnXn hnt\m-Z-k-©mc ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hn`m-h\w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. \K-cßfnse
bph-P-\-߃ {KmaoW Im¿jn-I-{]-hr-Øn-I-fpw Im¿jn-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ip≤-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-Ifpw
ImWp-hm\pw t\cn-´-\p-`h-th-Zy-am-Ip-hm\pw CØcw hnt\mZ bm{Xm-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ If-sam-cp-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv.
90

1.4.17. Huj[ kky-Nn-In-’bpw Bbp¿th-Zhpw
1.4.17.1. P\n-XI t{kmX- p-I-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw kpÿn-c-amb hn\n-tbm-Khpw
Huj[s®Sn-I-fpsS B`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-amb ]cn-]m-e-\hpw/kwc-£-Whpw i‡-am-t°-≠Xv
ap≥K-W-\-tbmsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-t≈≠ Imcy-am-Wv. Cu kky-ß-fpsS koUv_m-p-Iƒ ÿm]nt°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hmWnPy]c-ambn Unam‚p-≈-h-bmWv Huj-[n-Iƒ. Chsb hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
t\cn´p kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v t_m´m-Wn-°¬ k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥y-bpsS "sdUv tU‰m' _p°p-I-fn¬
Ch ÿm\w ]nSn®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. AXn-s‚-b¿∞w Ah hwi-\mi `oj-Wnsb t\cn-Sp-∂-h-bmsW-∂m-Wv.
Bbp¿thZ NnIn-’m-hn-[n-I-f-\p-k-cn-®p≈ acp-∂p-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kkyß-fpsS
Irjn BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-tS-bpw {Kmao-W-cp-tSbpw Npa-X-e-bn¬ Icm-d-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂Xv
\∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Bh-iy-amb klmbw Huj-[-\n¿Ωm-W-im-e-°m¿ \evIp-∂-]-£w, kwL-Sn-X-amb
tXmXn¬ Huj[-߃°p≈ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ e`y-am-°p-∂Xv kpJI-c-am-°mw. Cßs\ BZnhmkn
Kncn-P-\-ß-fp-tSbpw {KmaoW IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw D]-Po-h\w kpc-£n-X-am-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-
Xm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w \n›nX KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Akw-kvIrX km[-\-߃ Huj-[-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v
e`y-am-°mw. Huj-[-k-ky-߃°n∂v \√ am¿°m-‰m-Wp-≈-Xv. acp-∂p-Ir-jn-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw acp∂p
\n¿Ωm-W-°m¿ kky-߃ hmßp-sa∂ Dd-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂m¬ BZn-hmkn tKm{X-P-
\XI-fpsS t£a-Øn\v tIc-f-k¿°m¿ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp {][m\ `mK-ambn CXns\
am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.17.2. Bbp¿th-Z-Øns‚ hnip-≤nbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw \ne-\n-dp-ØWw
Bbp¿thZ Huj-[-߃°v km£y-]{Xw sImSp-°p-I-bpw, Ah-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw \nb-{¥n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Imcyw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ Huj-[-
ß-fpsS km[p-Xm ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v Kth-jWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. hn]-Wn-bn-en-d-°p∂ Huj-[-ß-fpsS
te_-ep-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-߃ imkv{Xo-b-amb km[p-X-bp≠v F∂v Xo¿®h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
te_-ep-I-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ KpW-hn-ti-j-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bp-Ibpw t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂-]£w Rh-c-t]ms-e Huj-[-Kp-W-ap≈ Acn hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°v am¿°‰p sNøm-hp-∂-
XmWv. ^e-{]-Z-amb km£y-s∏-Sp-ج GP≥kn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂m¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb "hym]mc \maw'
sImSp-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ""ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \m´ns‚ tcmK-i-a\ Huj-[-߃''
F∂ t]cp-Xs∂ t\m°p-I.
1.4.18.3. acp-∂p-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS Iq´m-bva-Iƒ
Huj[kky-Ir-jn-°m¿°v A[n-Im-c-t{i-Wn-bn¬ ÿm\w \evIp-∂-Xn-\mbn Huj[kky-I¿jI
Iq´m-bva-Iƒ, Hmtcm∂pw GI-tZiw 100 slIvS¿ `qan-bn¬ kzbw-k-lmb amXr-I-bn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Huj-[-k-ky-߃ Irjn-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bpsS hn]-W-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ I¿j-IcpsS
tijn sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn°Ww. A{]-Imcw tijn-bm¿÷n® I¿jI
Iq´m-bva-Iƒ°v Huj-[-\n¿Ωm-W-°-º-\n-I-fp-ambn [mc-Wm-]{X-߃ H∏n-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Huj-
[-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ Is≠-Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpw
kky-\n¿ΩnX Huj-[-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ GI-e-£ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ GXm\pw Huj-[-k-ky-tØm-´-߃ (Herbal estates) ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ kwcw-
`-߃°v k¿°m¿ t{]m’m-l\w \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.4.18.4. Huj-[-kky kwc-£-W-tI-{µ-߃ (Herbal sanctuaries)
Huj-[-k-ky-߃ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kar-≤-ambn hf-cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ H∂mbn tN¿Øv Huj-[-
k-ky-kw-c-£W tI{µ-ß-fmbn hnI-k-\-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v kwÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p-Kr-l-amb AXpey-
Po-h-imkv{Xkº-Øns\ ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb i‡-am°n `mhn-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°mbn ssIamdpIbpw
tNtø≠Xm-Wv.
91

1.4.18.5. Huj-[-kky ssPh-Øm-gv-hc
sske‚ v hmen _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿∆v apX¬ hb-\mSv _tbm hmen hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂
{]tZ-isØ Hcp taJ-e-bm°n hnI-kn-∏n®v Hcp Huj-[-kky ssPh-Øm-gv-h-c-bm°n hn]p-e-am-°p-
∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. CXn-\p≈ Iºyq-´¿ tkm^vSv-sh-b¿ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ knent°m¨
hmen (A-ta-cn-°-bn-se) amXr-I-bm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Huj[kky ssPh-Xm-gv-h-cbv°v
Du¿÷-kz-e-amb Huj[kkyhy-h-km-b-Øn\v Bhiy-amb _tbm-f-Pn-°¬ tkm^v‰v-sh-b¿ hnIkn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥
Ign-bpw. Snjyq-Iƒ®¿ kuI-cy-߃ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnØp-Iƒ At\-I-a-Sßv
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kuI-cy-߃, htc-Wy-h¿§-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb \gvk-dn-Iƒ, km[p-Xm-\n¿Æ-b-]-cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ, km£y-]{Xw \evI¬, F∂n-h-bv°p-]p-d-ta, DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-߃°v ap≥K-W-\-
bp≈ hn]-W-\-k-{º-Zm-b-߃ F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-߃ Huj-[-kky ssPh-Ømgv-h-c-bn¬
D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. IqSmsX Imcy-£-a-amb hntI-{µo-IrX DXv]m-Z-\-߃ kpI-c-am-°m-\p≈
tI{µo-IrX kuI-cy-߃ Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ temIsØ BZysØ Huj-[-kky
ssPh-Øm-gv-h-cbv°v Hcp _nkn-\ v πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v tIc-f-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ hnZ-Kv≤-∑m-cpw,
tI{µ ssPh-Hu-j-[-t_m¿Uv, ssPht{kmX v t_m¿Uv, \_m¿Uv, As]Um F∂n-h-bpsS {]Xn-\n-
[n-Ifpw a‰pw AS-ßnb Hcp t{]mPIvSv Unssk≥ Sow cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ tIc-f-k¿°m-cnt\mSv
\n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. 2010-˛-m-am-t≠m-Sp-IqSn {]Xn-h¿jw 5 _ney≥ bp.F-kv. tUmf¿ hne-h-cp∂ Huj-
[-k-ky-߃ hn]-W\w sNø-W-sa∂v tIcfw e£y-an-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.4.18.6. hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw
hnt\m-Z-k-©mc cwKØv tIcfw ssIh-cn® A\-\y-km-[m-c-Wamb t\´ßƒ {]kn-≤-am-Wv. hfsc
Du¿÷-kz-e-amb B`y-¥-c-˛-B-tKmf hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°m≥ cmPysØ G‰hpw
Ign-hp≈ kwÿm\w tIcfw BWv. Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cw, Bflob tI{µ-ß-fn-te-
°p≈ bm{X, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw (eco tourism) F∂n-h-bn¬ k©m-cn-Iƒ°pw kµ¿i-
I¿°pw Xr]vXn-\-evIm-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ß-fpw km≤y-X-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠v. Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≈ ASnÿm-\kuI-cy-ßfpw
tkh-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw i‡-am-°p-hm\pw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-hm\pw Ign-b-Ww. hnt\m-
Z-k-©m-c-cw-KsØ Cu aq∂p-ta-J-e-I-fnepw hnZ-Kv≤-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw Ahsc hni-Z-amb _nkn-
\ v πm\p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. B`y-¥-c˛BtKm-f-X-eß-fnep≈ hnt\m-
Z-k-©m-c-Øn-eqsS 2010 HmSp-IqSn {]Xn-h¿jw 5 _ney≥ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf¿ hcpam\w D≠m-°p-hm≥
\mw e£y-an-S-Ww.
1.4.20. ssPh-Irjn
tI{µ Irjn-a{¥n ASp-ØnsS ssPh DXv]-∂-߃°v km£y-]{Xw (certification) \evIm≥ B[n-
Im-cn-I-X-bp≈ Hcp tZiob ssPh-Im¿jnI C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ˛ National Institute for Organic Agriculture -
NIOA cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Xocp-am\w {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ssPh DXv]-∂-ßfmb
kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃, hyRvP-\-߃, tXbn-e, ]g-h¿§-ß-fmb ssIX-®-°, hmg-∏-gw, t\{¥-∏-gw,
Huj-[-k-ky-߃ a‰p Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw hn]-W-\-Ønepw C¥ybn¬
\mb-I-ÿm-\Øv \nev°p-∂Xv tIc-f-am-Wv. ssPh-Irjn k{º-Zm-b-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏-Sp∂
d_-dp-sIm-≠v, `oXn-P-\-I-amb F®v.-sF.hn. (FbvUvkv) tcmKm-Wp-°sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥
klm-bn-°p∂ d_¿ Dd-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp ]≤-Xnbpw tIcfw Bhn-jvI-cn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.
AXn-\m¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ tZiob ssPh-Im¿jnI C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw AXns‚
A\p-_-‘-amb k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥ GP≥knbpw ÿm]n-°m≥ G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]tZiw tIcf-Øn¬
Xs∂-bmWv F∂v IΩn-j\v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
GI-tZiw 200 slIvS¿ `qan Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-\mbn G‰hpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn tbmPn® ÿe-am-
Wv. ]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬ Xncp-h-gmw-Ip-∂n¬ tIcfm Im¿jn-I-k¿∆-I-em-ime \n¬°p∂ {]tZ-iØv
CXn-\mbn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Cu C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n\v Bh-iy-amb `qanbpw a‰v ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw
hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v tI{µ-Ir-jn-h-Ip∏pa{¥n APnXv knwKn\v Fgp-Xp-hm≥ _lp. tIcf Irjnh-Ip∏p
a{¥ntbmSpw _lp. tIcfm apJy-a-{¥n-tbmSpw IΩn-j≥ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ ssPh
92

Irjn-{]-ÿm\w i‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v B`y-¥-chpw sshtZ-in-I-hp-amb D]-t`m-K-Øn-\mbn Btcm-Ky-kwh¿≤-I-amb
Blm-c-km-[-\-ß-fpw aqey-h¿≤nX Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ßfpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ F√m-htcbpw
hf-sc-tbsd klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Cu ÿm]-\-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.21. ip≤-amb Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv XpS-ßnb Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ßsf hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw DW°n
kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw C∂v henb _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p≠v. AXns‚ ^e-ambn A¥-co-£-
Ønse Cu¿∏-Øns‚ km∂n-≤yw-aqew hnf-I-fn¬ AXn-kq-£-a-amb hnjmw-i-߃ (Micro toxins) hnIkn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-hp-∂p.
DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\v, hnti-jn®pw tXm´w taJ-e-bnse apJy-{]-
iv\-amb Du¿÷-Øns‚ cq£-amb Ipdhv ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v {]tXy-In®pw A¥m-cm-jv{S-\n-e-hm-c-
Øn-ep≈ KpW-ta∑ ssIh-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb DW-°¬ {]{Inb kpI-c-am-°m≥ Hcp ]≤Xn Du¿÷-
Øns‚ ]p\¿\ho-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn, \msa-{Xbpw thKw Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v [\-klmbw
e`n-°p-hm≥ ss¢a‰v I¨sh≥ ^≠ns\ tIc-f-k¿°m¿ kao-]n-°-Ww. AXn\v Hcp ]≤-Xncq]w
\evI-W-sa-∂pw t•m_¬ F≥h-b¨sa‚ v s^kn-en‰n \S-Øn-h-cp∂, h≥tXm-Xn¬ kutcm¿÷w
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ kt-X-߃sIm≠v tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb tXbn-e, Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv apX-em-bh DW-
°p-hm-\p≈ hn]p-e-amb k{º-Zm-b-߃ kwÿm-\Øv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
ssIs°m≈Wsa∂v IΩn-j≥ k¿°m-cn-t\mSv ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-Xns‚
tI{µ-a-{¥m-ebw kqtcym¿÷w-sIm≠v hnf-Iƒ DW-°p∂ tI{µ-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Du¿÷kz-e-amb
]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ tI{µ-]m-c-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-X- ns‚ a{¥m-ebw ap≥ssI
FSp-°-Ww. hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw ta¬∏-d DXv]-∂-߃ \∂mbn DW-°p-∂-Xn\v sNdnb DXv]m-Z-
Isc AØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hf-sc-tbsd klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4.22. kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn hn]p-eo-I-cWw
kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn
ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xm-Wv.
1. \m´nse D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p≈ a’y-hn-`-h-ßfpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw ao≥]n-Sp-
Ø-°m¿, a’y-hy-h-km-bn-Iƒ, D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ F∂n-h¿°n-S-bn¬ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏‰n
t_m[-h-XvI-cWw \S-Øp-hm≥ Hcp {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°p-I.
2. C∂v a’y-hy-h-kmb cwKØv \ne-hn-ep≈ k_vkn-Un-I-sf-°p-dn®pw C∂sØ {]Xn-k‘n
t\cn-Sp∂ F√m hn`m-K-Øn-t‚bpw {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Hcp _lp-ap-J-]-T\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. F∂m¬ am{Xta S.C.M. Icm-d-\p-k-cn-®p≈ a’y-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS hf¿® kpÿn-c-ambn
]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-hm\pw a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm\pw IgnbpI-bp-≈q.
3. hnth-I-]q¿Æ-amb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-amb G‰hpw \ho-\-amb hkvXp-X-
I-fpsS Hcp ÿnXnhnh-cW ASn-Ød (tU‰m s_bvkv) krjvSn-°p-I.
4. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kz¥w t_m´p-Iƒ D≈-h¿°p-am-{X-ambn a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v A\p-aXn ]cn-an-
X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmb ]cn-c-£W \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ptem-ev]-∂-ta-J-e-bn¬ sIm≠ph-cn-I.
5. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kwc-£-W-Øn\pw kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ta-J-e-bnse amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ Imcy-£-aX
kpÿn-c-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-I.
6. ^nj-dokv hIp-∏nse DtZym-K-ÿm-\p-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-¿ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI a’y-_-‘-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬
hgn-hn´p CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-t\bpw a’y-hy-h-kmb cwKØv _mly-k-Ω¿±sØbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-I.
1.4.23. am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]v
temIhym]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO) tbbpw AXv P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw
kXy-k-‘-ambn dnt∏m¿´p sNøpI F∂Xv am[y-a-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Cu cwKsØ hnh-c-߃
93

F√mw s]mXp-P-\-a-≤y-Øn-se-Øn®p sImSp-t°-≠Xpw am[y-a-߃ Xs∂. ]{X-hm-b-\bpw am[y-a-ßfpsS
D]-t`m-Khpw C{X-am{Xw hn]p-e-am-bn-´p≈ Hcp kwÿm-\-Øv, P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-°m-cy-߃
hf-sc-tbsd {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-X-bp≈ am[y-a-߃ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. km[m-c-W, k¿°m-cn-t\-
tbm, kzImcy ÿm]-\-ß-tftbm {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xm-hm-sa-n-epw, AXn¬
\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Cu IΩn-js‚ {it≤-b-amb Is≠-ج, Hcp hna¿i\ GP≥kn-sb∂ \nebn¬
am[y-a-߃°p≈ AXp-ey-amb ÿm\sØ AwKo-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-
S\ (WTO) \nb-{¥n-°p∂ temI-hym-]m-c-hy-hÿ Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm-\p≈
\b-X-{¥-Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-`m-K-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ \ΩpsS am[y-a-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\-]-camb
]n\v Ign-bp-sa∂v IΩn-j\v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. am[y-a-ß-fp-tS-bpw, k¿°m-cn-t‚bpw ]c-kv]-c-
_‘w krjvSn-]-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥ kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p. C∏-d-bp∂ Imcy߃
AXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.
1. temI-hym-]mc am[y-a -sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXn\v H∂n-e-[nIw {]hr-Øn-Isf GtIm-
]n-°p-hm\pw hnhn[ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØv Ah \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2. a‰p km[m-cW am[y-a-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX, tIc-fhpw
WTO bpambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ß-fpsS Hcp ¢nb-dnwKv lukv Bbn-°qSn Cu WTO am[ya
sk√n\v AXns‚ ]v \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. Iev]n-X-k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°pw _‘-s∏´
k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw a{¥n-Im-cym-e-b-߃°pw IrXy-ambn hnh-c-߃ FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°p-hm≥ Cu WTO am[ya sk√n\p Ign-bpw. AXn-\p-]p-d-ta, CuhI -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ B`n-ap-Jyap≈
a‰p hnhn[ am[y-a-߃°v ÿnc-ambn hnh-c-ß-fpw, eLp-hn-h-c-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw e`y-am-°p-
I-bpw AXv sh_v ssk‰n¬ sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Cu sk√n\v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. s]mXp-am-[y-a-߃°v WTO am[y-a-sk√v hnh-c-W-tc-J-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ XpSsc hn⁄m\ hnh-c-hym-]-\-Øn-\mbn A`n-ap-J-ßfpw a‰p ]cn-]m-Sn-
Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°pbpw AØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpw hnZ-Kv≤-∑m-cpw Bbn A`nap-J-߃
\S-Øp-hm≥ k∂-≤-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ C{X-am{Xw Adn-hp≈ am[y-a-ßfpw Nm\-ep-Ifpw D≈ Hcp kwÿm-
\-Øn¬ WTO am[y-a -sk-√n\v Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-tSbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-tSbpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw
{]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw Hcp Iq´w {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ sshhn-[yap≈
kt-X-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
4. Zo¿L-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ aoUn-bm- sk-√n\v temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®pw A\p-_‘ Im¿jnI
Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ hnZ-Kv[-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Hcp tIm¿{Kq∏v
D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bpw. WTO bpambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-tfbpw Ah-bpsS {]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZiob-hp-amb
am\-ß-fn-ep≈ kzm[o-\-ß-tf-bpw-]‰n Imcy-hn-h-c-ap≈ B[n-Im-cn-I-te-J-\-߃ Fgp-
Xp-hm\pw ]T-\-߃ \S-Øp-hm\pw Fgp-Øp-Imsc hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Cu aoUn-bm- sk-
√n\v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5. WTO sb∏-‰n-bp≈ ]pkvX-I-߃, ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, hmcn-I-Iƒ, ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ a‰p {]kn-
≤o-I-c-W-߃ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ (A-®-Sn) am[y-a-߃ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°pI.
1.5.1. \mfn-tIcw
1.5.1.1. {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS am\-߃
1.5. hnf-Ifpw Dev]-∂-ßfpw
\mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ Irjnbnepw hym]m-c-Ønepw D≠mb {]Xn-k‘n A\p-`-h-s∏-´Xv \mfn-tI-c-hne
IpØs\ CSn-bp-I-bpw aWvU-cn-_m-[-bpsS ^e-ambn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ s]s´-∂p-≠mb ]nt∂m°w t]mIp-
Ibpw sNøp∂ cq]-Øn-emWv {]Xy-£-am-b-Xv. hne-bn-Sn-hn-em-sW-n¬, Hmtcm \qdp tXß-bv°pw GItZiw
500 cq]-bpsS Ipd-hm-Wv, 98-˛99 Ime-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. 2000 s‚ a≤y-Øn¬ AXv 300 cq]-bm-bn. hnebn-Snhv
Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Cu hne-Ø-I¿®-bv°p≈ {]mY-anI Imc-Ww, shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS hne-
94

n-ep-≠mb IpØ-s\-bp≈ XmgvN-bn¬ \n∂m-Wmcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hne
1997-˛99 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Hcp Izn‚-en\v 5387 cq]bpw, 2001 ¬ 5588 cq]bpw Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2001 ¬ 3251
cq]bmbn Xmgp-I-bp-≠m-bn (]-´nI 1 ImWp-I). Dev]m-Z-\-Ønse Ipdhv (A-°-Øn-e-√, Af-hn-em-Wv)
ImcWw 1998 ep≠mb "Fdn-tbm-ss^Uv' (a-WvU-cn)-sb∂ IoS-Øns‚ hym]-I-amb B{I-a-W-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Dev]m-Z-\-Ønse Ipd-sh∂-t]m-se, hne-bpsS XI¿®bpw IqSn krjvSn® {]Xn-k‘n tIcfw
Ct∂mfw I≠n-´n-√mØ A\p-]mX-Øn-emWv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ tIc- k-º-ZvL-S-\sb Xmdp-am-dm-°p-
Ibpw \mfn-tI-c-Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am-°nb I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-XsØ Zmcp-W-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv. Cu
{]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS am\-hnI am\-߃ t\m°n-bm¬ Hcp Zi-e£w I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf (A-Xm-bXv
GI-tZiw kwÿm-\sØ samØw Irjn-ÿ-e-Øns‚ 20% sØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse)
t\cn´pw, \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ Dt]m-ev∏-∂-amb Ib¿ kwkvI-cWw am{Xw D]-Po-h-am-°n-bn-´p≈
as‰mcp 2 e£w IpSpw-_-ßsf ]tcm-£-ambpw kmc-amb \ne-bn¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®p F∂p-Im-
Wmw. tIc-I¿j-I-cn¬ Ct∏mƒ D≠mb Zpcn-X-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-b-h-cn¬ `qcn-]-£-hpw sNdp-In-S-I¿j-
I-cpw \ma-am-{X-I¿j-I-cp-amb H∂c slIvS¿ apX¬ Hcp slIvS¿ hsc-bp≈ sXßp tXm´-°m-cpw
Ib¿ta-J-e-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bn¬ Xmsg \nev°p∂ Ib¿sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1.5.1.2. FÆ-hn-]-Wn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w
kwÿm-\Øv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ 60% hpw Km¿lnI Xe-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw
tijn-®Xv sIm{]-bm°n B´n FÆ-bm-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-Wv. B shfn-s®ÆbpsS Hcp \√
iX-am-\hpw {]mY-anI ]mN-I-F-Æ-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ FÆbpsS
14-˛15% tkm∏n-s‚bpw a‰p-ip-No-I-cW hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xv. F∂m¬ shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS hne-bpsS ta¬ hyh-km-b-amWv ]nSn-ap-dp-°p-∂-sX∂v tXm∂mw. F∂m¬
\mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ ^mw ss{]kv (\m-´p-\-S∏v hne) cmPysØ a‰p-k-ky-F-Æ-I-fpsS kssπ˛Un-am‚ v
(B-h-iyhpw e`y-X-bpw) kml-N-cy-ßtfbpw Ah-bpsS hne-tbbpw B{i-bn-bn-®mWn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
kssπ-˛-Un-am‚ v _‘-Ønse kp{]-[m\ LS-I-߃ ˛ kky-F-Æ-I-fpsS B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z\w, Hmtcm
h¿jhpw Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hntZi FÆ-I-fpsS Afhpw tXmXpw hn]-Wn-bnse hn‰-gn-bepw
BWv. Ign GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn shfn-s®ÆbpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw, AtXk-abw
shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS _Z-ep-Iƒ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn tZiob kky-FÆ hn]Wn Iog-S-°n-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS hnhn[ t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hyXykvX FÆ-I-fpsS Bt]-£n-
I-amb hne-hy-Xymkw Hmtcm Ime-sØbpw hn]-Wn-bnse {]nbsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I-bpw hn]-Wnsb
kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. shfn-s®-Æbv°v _Z-emb FÆ-Iƒ Ipd--hn-ebv°v
\nc-¥-c-ambn e`y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew At\Iw h¿j-ß-fmbn shfn-s®-Æ-am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-
®p-h-∂-hsc hne-Ip-d FÆ-I-fn-te°v Xncn-bv°p-hm-\n-S-bm-°n. CXv hmNym¿∞-Øn¬ Xs∂ shfns®-Æbv°v
hyh-km-b-cw-K-Øp≈ A[o-im-[n-]-Xyhpw A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw C√m-Xm-°n. Hcp ImeØv hyhkm-b-ta-Je
shfn-s®-Æsb B{ibn®v \ne-\n¿°p∂p F∂p Icp-Xn-h-∂p. as‰mcp {][m\ {]iv\w,
]mtam-bn-en-t‚-bpw, tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bp-tSbpw tZiob hn]-Wn-bn-te-°p≈ IS-∂p-I-b-‰-am-Wv.
B`y-¥-c-ambn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kky-F-Æ-Isf hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈
]mtam-bn-en-t‚bpw a‰pw DZ-mc-h-XvIr-X-amb Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS ]pw {][m-\-amb Imc-W-amWv. Cu hn]Wn
a’-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw Zpc-¥-amb ^e-߃ G‰p-hm-ßp-∂-Xv, (F-Æ-bpsS hne-bpw hyh-km-b-Øn\v AXpey-amb
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-Xbpw XΩn¬ _‘-an-√m-Øn-S-tØm-fw) hne-Ip-d
\mS≥ FÆ-I-fm-Wv. Ign 10 h¿j-°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ C¥y-bnse \mfn-tIc Dev]m-Z\w 35% tØmfw
h¿≤\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 60%hpw IqSn. AXm-bXv 2.81 e£w
SÆn¬ \n∂pw 4.49 e£w SÆm-bn. Cu DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤\ tIc-f-Øn¬ \mfn-tI-c-Øn\v 26% Bbn-cp-
∂p. F∂m¬ \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ tZiob DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v 47% \n∂pw 42% Bbn
XmWp. Cu Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-tbm-sSm∏w hne-Ip-d _Z¬ FÆ-I-fpsS e`yX shfn-s®-Æ-bn¬\n∂pw
hyh-km-bn-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw ]dn-®p-am-‰p-hm-\n-S-bm-°n. F∂m¬ CXn\v _Z-embn Hcp Unam‚ v krjvSn-
°p-hm≥ shfn-s®-Æbv°v Ign-bmsX h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬\n∂pw hne-Ø-I¿® Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. C¥y-bnse \mS≥ kky-F-Æ-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ D≈ Ipdhv kam-¥-c-ambn XpS¿∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßn-s\-bmWv hne-Ø-I¿® D≠m-b-Xv.
95

B`y-¥c kky-sb-Æ-bp-ev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tZio-b-am-bn-´p≈ Ipd-hp-Xp-S¿∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ `£y-
F-Æ-Iƒ ]pdØv \n∂pw Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\v \mw kzoI-cn® \b-amWv hne-bn-Sn-hn\v Imc-
W-am-b-Xv. tkmbm-_o≥ FÆbv°v hfsc Ipd Xmcn^v G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \mw _m≤y-ÿ-cm-bn.
F{X-am{Xw hsc Cu \bw hne-Ø-I¿®sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p F∂v Xmsg-Im-Wn-°p-∂, 1995-˛96 \ptij-ap≈
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS {]h-WX hy‡-am-°p-∂p. (1995-˛96 ¬ WTO bpsS {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°p-
∂Xv CXp-ambn BI-kvan-I-ambn kwK-an®p F∂p am{Xw). B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Ønse Ipdhv \nI-Øm-
\mbn kky-F-Æ-I-fpsS A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xnsb \oXoIcn-°m-sa-n¬ IqSn, A\ph-Z-\o-b-amb
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Afhv B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-esb Kuc-h-ambn _m[n-°p-I-bpw
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v I¿j-I-cpsS (]-c-º-cm-K-X-ambn FÆ-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp-∂) D]-Po-h-\sØ
CXv A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. h¿jw-tXmdpw FÆ-°pcp Xcp∂ hnf-Ir-jn-bpsS I¿j-I¿°v
CS-hn-´p≈ hnf-Ir-jn-bn-te°p amdp-hm≥ Ah-kcw In´n-b-t∏mƒ, Zo¿L-Ime FÆ-°p-cp-hn-f-Ir-jn-
°m¿ (DZm : tIc-Ir-jn-°m¿) kmº-Øn-I-s°-Wn-bn-te°v X≈-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1995-˛98 ImeØv `£y-k-ky-F-Æ-bpsS icm-icn hm¿jnI Cd-°p-aXn (A-Xn-te-dnb ]pw ]mw
Hmbn-epw tkmbm-_o≥ Hmbn-epw Hcp sNdnb Afhv kqcy-Im¥n FÆ-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p) 1.2 Zi-e£w
SÆm-bn-cp-∂p. 1998-˛99 ¬ CXv 2.4 Zi-e£w SÆmbn Db¿∂p. 2000-˛2001 ¬ AXv 3.05 Zi-e£w SÆm-bn.
2000-˛2001 Cd-°p-a-Xn-sNbvX `£y-kky FÆ-I-fpsS 72% hpw ]mwHm-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Af-hp-]-c-amb
\nb-{¥W-(QRS)an-√mØ kzX{¥ hym]mc hyh-ÿ-bn≥Io-gn¬ tI{µ-k¿°mcpw hym]m-cn-Ifpw \S-
Ønb Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Cu hym]-\w, AXpw hfsc Ipd Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn^v Npa-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
Cd-°p-aXn {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C¥y-bn-tebpw tIc-f-Øn-tebpw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-
\-hy-h-ÿbv°v (hy-XykvX tXmXp-I-fn-em-sW-n-epw) {]Xn-k-‘nsb sNdp-Øp-\n-ev°m-\p≈ tijnbn√
F∂m-Wv. CXn-\-\p-_-‘-ambn D≠mb as‰mcp AXym-lnXw P\kwJy-bnse hen-sbmcp hn`mKw
FÆ-°pcp hnf Irjnsb B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\ hyh-ÿ-bpsS ASn-sX-‰n-b-
XmWv. temI-hym-]mckwL-S\ (WTO) C\n ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]h¿Ø\\ncX-am-Ip-tºmƒ, B`y¥cIrjnbn-epw
Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Øn-epw {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xp t]mse Ipdthm As√-n¬
Xocph/Xcn^v ]q¿Æ-ambpw C√m-Xm-hp∂ ÿnXn-bp-am-Wv D≠m-hpI.
1.5.1.3 \n¿±njvS X{¥w
ta¬ hnh-cn® kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \mfntI-c-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n®v DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS D]-Poh-\-kp-c£
kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb GI ASn-b-¥nc X{¥w, shfn-s®Æ hn]-Wn-bn¬
bp‡-amb Xc-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-I-bm-Wv. AXn\v Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \nb-{¥Ww F¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xmbn
hcpw. B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-I¿°v {]Xn-^ew \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ hne (Remunerative Price) \ne-\n-dp-tØ-
≠Xpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. CS-Ø-chpw Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw D≈ X{¥w DXv]m-Z-\sØ \b-X-{¥-
]-c-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-bpw DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°m-\m-h-iyamb
X{¥-߃ Bhn-jvIcn®v \S-∏n-em-°p-I-bm-Wv. CØ-c-samcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ Im¿jnI,
hym]mc \b-߃°v hfsc krjvSn-]-c-amb ]p-h-ln-°m≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.5.1.4 ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. {lkz-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ: Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°pI
Cd°paXn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ IqSmsX hym]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v
A\p-tcm-[-am-bn-Xs∂ Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-Whpw {Iao-I-c-Whpw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xo¿®-bmbpw Xmcn^v \nc-°p-IfpsS Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]p\¿\n¿Æbw am{XamWv
C\n-bp≈ t]mwh-gn. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm¿ (AOA) _m≤y-X-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v Xs∂
`£y FÆ-I-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn^v 300% BWv. F¥m-bmepw tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn
Xmcn^v Ct∏mƒ 45%˛¬ Ipd®p IqSp-X¬ am{X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ, ]mtam-bn-ens‚ Xmcn^v 45%
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv _q≤n-]q¿∆-am-bn- -cn-°p-I-bn-√. Ct∏m-gsØ ""`£y-tbm-Ky-amb t{KUv
Akw-kvIrX ]mtambn-en\pw AXns‚ D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp''-tSbpw Xmcn^v shdpw 15% BWv. Cu Xmcn^v
\nc°v H∂p-In¬ 45%tam, As√-n¬ AXn¬°p-d®v Db¿Øntbm \n›-bn-®m¬ Bh¿≤-\- sIm-≠p≈
96

{]tbm-P\w B`y-¥c kky FÆ-Iƒ°mbn-cn°pw e`n-°p-I, A√msX Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂
tkmbm-_o≥ Hmbn-en\v Bbn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Cu Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS ]p\¿{I-ao-I-cWw Hcp ASn-b-¥n-c-amb,
{]Xn-k-‘nsb sXs√m∂p t\cn-Sp-hm≥ am{X-amWv klm-bn-°p-I. \mfn-tIc Irjn-°m-cpsS C∂sØ
Zp:ÿnXnbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm-\nXv D]-I-cn-°p-I-bn-√ F∂v Xo¿®-bm-Wv.
1.5.1.4.2. Zo¿L-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
Zo¿L-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hn`m-h\w sNøp-tºmƒ- Hcp Zznap-J-k-ao-]\w th≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BZyambn
sNtø-≠Xv shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Unam‚ v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn Dev]∂ sshhn-[y-h-
XvI-cWw hgn \mfntI-c-Øns‚ Unam‚ v hnI-kz-c-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. Unam‚ns‚ h¿≤-\hv km≤y-am-°phm≥
shfn-s®Æ Hcp `£y-FÆ F∂ \ne-bn¬ am{X-a√, AXns‚ hn\n-tbmKw tSmbn-e‰v km[-\-
߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ hyhm-km-b-Øn-te°p hym]n-∏n-°p-I-bpw shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb t\´ßƒ
Db¿Øn-°m-Wn®p sIm≠v {]Nm-c-W-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. CtX-Xp-
S¿∂v (dn-t∏m¿´n¬) D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ ]´nI t\m°n-bm¬ \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ D]-tbm-KsØ sshhn-[y-h-
XvI-c-W-Øn\v km[y-X-Iƒ°v \nc-h[n taJ-e-Iƒ Ds≠∂v ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
1.5.1.4.3. `£yFÆsb∂ \ne-bn¬ shfn-s®-Æbv°v t{]m’m-l\w
`£y-kkyFÆ-Iƒ°v tZio-b-am-bp≈ Unam‚ v Db¿∂ \nc-°n¬ h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p,
F∂m¬ B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v Cu Unam‚ v th≠hn[w \nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bmØ kml-N-cy-am-Wp-
≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse samØw FÆ-°pcp DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ shdpw 4% am{X-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ kw`mh\.
Hcp `£y-F-Æ-bmbn tIc-f-Øn¬ am{X-amWv shfn-s®Æ D]-tbm-Kn-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. cpNn-bpsS
Imcy-Ønepw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw shfn-s®-Æbv°v tIc-f-Øn\v ]pdØv {]Nm-c-an-√.
cpNn-bpsS {]iv\w kwkvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn°mw. kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚ D]sNehp Ipd-
n-cn-°-W-sa∂p am{Xw. shfn-s®Æ c‡-Ønse sImf-Ã-tdmƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-sa∂ A‘-hn-izmksØ
B[p-\n-I-K-th-jWw sh√p-hn-fn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX shfn-s®-Æ-bv°p≈ A\p-Iq-e-amb
KpW-߃, AWp-\-io-I-cW i‡n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ KpW߃ Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-
\m¬ Hcp `£y FÆ F∂ \ne-bn¬ shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS D]-tbmKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ hf-sctbsd
km≤y-X-Iƒ D≠v. AXn-\mbn \nc-¥-c-amb t_m[-h-XvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃, hnI-k\ ]≤-
Xn-I-fpsS `mK-sa∂ \ne-bn¬X-s∂, \mfntIc hnI-k-\-t_m¿Upw tIcf k¿°mcpw kwLSn-∏n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. CtXm-sSm∏w a‰p `£y FÆIfp-ambn X´n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv ]c-am-h[n
Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.5.1.4.4. hnhn[ hn\n-tbmK km≤yX-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v DXv]∂-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-h-XvI-cWw
\mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hn]Wn sI´n-∏-Sp-Øn- -´p-≈Xv FÆsb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bm-sW-∂pw FÆ
hym]m-c-Øns‚ hn[n hnln-X-߃ BWv hne-bn-Sn-hn-\pw DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS BZm-b-I-c-amb hcp-am\w
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw apJy-Im-cWw F∂ [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp∂ X{¥amWv
sshhn-[y-h-XvI-cWw. AXn-\m¬ sshhn[yh-XvI-cWw F∂m¬ sIm{]- B´n FÆ-sb-Sp-°pI
am{X-a-√, \mfntI-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h[n D¬∏-∂-߃-˛-]-c-º-cm-K-X-hpw ]mc-º-tcy-X-chpw Bb Ib¿,
I≈v, tXßm-sh-≈w, tXßm-∏m¬, \mfntI-c-{Iow, \mfn-tI-c-tØ≥, \m‰m-˛-Un-˛-sIm-t°m, a[p-c-°≈v
(\o-c), a[p-c-°≈n¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Icp-∏´n (Pm-K-dn), eLp-]m-\o-bw, tXßm-sh-≈-Øns‚ ]qcnX emb-
\n-bmb hn\m-Kn-cn, Nnc-´-°-cn, Nnc-´-bn¬ \n∂p≈ a‰p Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn-[-ßfmb
Dev]-∂-߃ D≠m°n hn]Wn hn]p-e-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-s\√mw Bh-iy-amb kmt-XnI
hnZy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-n-´p-s≠-nepw Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈
\n¿Ωm-W-s®e-hp-Iƒ F{X-bm-sW∂v C\nbpw IW-°m-°-s∏-´n´n√. Cu hn]p-e-amb sshhn-[ytØm-Sp-Iq-Snb
D]-tbmK (hn-\n-tbm-K) km≤y-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v bp‡n-]q¿∆ambpw Ah[mc-
W-tbm-sSbpw (]-Tn-°p-I-bpw) ]cntim[n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ hmWn-Py-]-c-ambn {]tbm-K-£-a-am-b-hsb
Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw Ah-bpsS \n¿ΩmWØn\v th≠ t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. hmWn-Py-]-camb
{]tbm-P-\-£-a-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ LSIw Akw-kvIrX km[-\-Øns‚
hne-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w hn]Wn km≤y-X-bpsS hen-∏hpw hym]vXnbpw \n¿Æm-bI {]m[m\yw A¿ln-
°p-∂p. km≤y-amb F√m klm-b-hpw kwL-S-\m-]-c-hpw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-]-chpw ÿm]-\-]-c-hpw
97

Ah-tbm-sSm∏w kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb klm-b-߃ sshhn-[y-h-XvIrX \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw
kwcw-`-߃°pw F√m ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw {]tXy-In®pw I¿j-I-kw-L-ß-fpsS ]cn-]m-
SnIƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. AØcw sshhn-[y-hXvI-cW kwcw-`-I¿°pw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw Hcp XzcnX
i‡n-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Hcp GI-Pm-eI kwhn-[m\w Bhn-jvIcn°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
1.5.1.4.5 a[p-c-°≈v Hcp BtcmKy-Zmb ]m\o-b am°p∂Xn\pw Icp-∏´n \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw t{]m’m-l\w
Btcm-Ky-Zm-b-I-amb Hcp ]m\obam°n a[p-c-°≈v ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bm¬ AXn\v \√ Unam‚n\p
km≤y-X-bp-≠v. a[p-c-°-≈n¬ \n∂v Icp-∏-´nbpw \n¿Ωn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp tIc-hr-£-Øn\v GItZiw
50 In.{Kmw apX¬ 75 In.{Kmw hsc {]Xn-h¿jw Icp-∏´n DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp-≠s{X! A°-W-
°n¬ t\m°n-bm¬ Hcp slIvS-dn¬ \n∂pw (200 tIc-hr-£-߃) {]Xn-h¿jw 10-˛\pw 15-˛\pw CS-bn¬
S¨ Icp-∏´n DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m-en-Xn\v Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v, Hcp hnZ-Kv[-sØm-gn-emb
I≈v sNØv \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb the-°msc e`n-°m≥ _p≤n-ap´pw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ \nb-a-]-c-amb
\nb-{¥-W-ß-fp-amWm ]cn-an-Xn. I¿Æm-S-I-Øn¬ sNbvX-Xp-t]m-se, tIc-f-Ønepw I¿j-I¿ Xs∂
I≈p sNØp-∂-Xn-\p≈ F√m XS- -ßfpw \o°w sNbvXm¬ a[p-c-°-≈ns‚ sshhn-[y-h-XvI-c-W-
Øn-\pw, Icp-∏´n AS°-ap≈ DXv]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXv t{]m’m-l- -P-\-I-amhpw.
1.5.1.4.6 sh≈n-s®-Æ-˛-`-£y-F-Æ-bmbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]m’m-l\w
Cf-\o-cns‚ kzmZpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw t]mj-I-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤yhpw sIm≠v AXn\v Hcp eLp-
]m-\o-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ CXn-\Iw (]-c-s°) km¿∆-{Xn-I-amb AwKo-Imcw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Unam‚pw A\p-
Zn\w h¿≤n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ apJy-{]-iv\w, ]mt°-Pns‚ am{X-a-√, \K-c-ß-fnse hn]-Wn-I-fn-te-°p≈
Nc-°p-\o-°-Øn-t‚-bpw sXßn¬ \n∂pw FSpØv ]pXpa -hn-SmsX kssπ sNøp-∂-Xn-t‚bpw Imcy-
Øn-em-Wv. Cuhn[ D]-tbm-K-ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ hn]-W\/hn-]Wn km≤y-X-Isf ]n¥p-S¿∂psIm≠v
th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ k¿°m¿ ssIs°m≈-Ww. C°m-cy-Øn¬, eLp-]m-\ob \n¿ΩmW cwKsØ h≥
hyh-kmb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS klmb kl-I-c-W-߃ tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw Ah¿°m-h-s´, AXn-
\p≈ F√m t{kmX- p-Ifpw (A-Sn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈), hn]-Wn-°m-cy-Øn¬ sshZ-
Kv[yhpw Ds≠∂p am{X-a-√, a‰p eLp-]m-\ob \n¿Ωm-X-°-fp-ambn a’-cn-°p-hm≥ (A-hn-ln-X-a-√m-Xp-
≈) th≠ hn]Wn X{¥-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw D≠v. Nc-°p-\o-°-Øns‚ sNehv Ipdbv°p-hm-\pw
KpW-\n-e-hmcw hr£-Øn¬ \n∂pw FSpØ DS-\p≈ ÿnXn-bn¬ Xs∂ kq£n-°p-hm-
\pw Nne \qX-\hpw ]cn-jvIr-X-hp-amb kt-X-߃ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.5.1.4.7 Ccp-kvt{Sm°v C©n-\p-Iƒ°v eq{_n-t°-‰-dmbn shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS hn\n-tbmKw
ASp-Ø-Im-eØv Hmt´m-dn-£-Iƒ s]t{Smfpw shfn-s®-Æbpw Iq´n-I-e¿Øn HmSn-°m-sa∂pw shfns®-
Æsb b{¥-Øn-\-bhp hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp eq{_n-°‚m-hm-sa-∂pw, Ccp kvt{Sm°v C©n-\p-Iƒ°v
\√-Xm-sW∂pw Hc-h-Im-i-hmZw Db¿∂p tI´n-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp ]pXnb apt∂‰w hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv KpW-I-chpw Bim-ky-hp-amtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. shfn-s®-Æ-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ Cu hmZw kmt-Xn-I-ambn hnizm-ky-X-bp-≈-Xm-tWm, F∂pw t\m°-Ww. CXv icn-bm-sW-
n¬, kºZv taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw, tIc-f-Øns‚ AIØpw ]pdØpw D≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw shfn-s®-
Æbv°v IqSp-X¬ Unam‚p-≠m-°m≥ {ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-ebpsS
Im¿jn-I-˛-C-©n-\ob-dnwKv hn`m-K-tam, a‰p tbmKy-Xbpw Imcy-£-a-X-bp-ap≈ Kth-jW kwLtam,
apI-fn¬ ]d hmZ-Øns‚ F√m-hi- -ß-fpw, AXm-bXv, shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Imcy-£-a-X,
b{¥tØbvam-\w, s]mXpth em`-I-c-am-tWm, A√tbm F∂n-h-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-߃ ]cn-tim-
[n-°m≥ hnZ-Kv[sc \ntbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. CXn\p aXn-bm-b, {]tXy-Iambn
th≠, klmbw tIc-f-k¿°m-cns‚ `mKØv \n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww. AX-s√-n¬ \mfn-tIc hnI-k-
\-t_m¿Uns‚ klmbw tIc-f-k¿°m-cns‚ `mKØv \n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww. AX-s√-n¬ \mfn-tIc hnIk\
t_m¿Uns‚ klmbw Cu Kth-j-W-Øn¬ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-ambn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.5.1.4.8 doπm‚nwKpw tIc-Øns‚ ]p\c-[n-hm-khpw (kw-tbm-PnX tIc-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ)
""tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-tij kml-N-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ'' F∂ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ `mKØv
Cu ]p\¿\-So-en-t‚bpw ]p\:c[n-hm-k-Øn-t‚bpw {]iv\-߃ N¿®m hnt[-b-am-°n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-
98

Ønse sXßn≥ tXm´-ß-fpsS D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX Xan-gv\m-´nse tItcm¬]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS ]Ip-Xnbn¬
Xmsg-bm-sW∂v am{X-a√ AXv tZiob icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n∂p Ipd-hp-am-Wv. \√ ag hogvNbpw a‰-\p-
Iqe kml-N-cy-ßfpw kpe-`-am-bn´p IqSnbpw Cu Zp:ÿnXn XpS-cp∂p F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. hf-sctbsd
DZm-ko-\-Xbpw ta¬t\m-´-°p-dhpw sXßns\ i‡n-lo-\-am-°p∂ thcp-Nob¬ tcmKhpw ASp-
Ø-Im-esØ aWvUcn _m[bpw IqSm-sX, Irjn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ sXßp-Ir-jnbv°v A\ptbm-Py-a-√mØ
Db¿∂ sNcn-hp-I-fn-te°pw Ip∂n≥]p-d-ß-fn-te°pw Irjn hym]n-∏n-®Xpw BWv D¬]m-
Z-\-£-aX C{Xbpw Ipd-bm-\p≈ apJy-Im-c-W-߃. samØw sXßp-I-fpsS GXm≠v aq∂n¬ Hcp `mKhpw
hfsc {]mbw -sN-∂-h-bm-Wv. {]mbw-sN-∂Xpw \ma-am-{X-amb hnf- Xcp-∂-Xp-amb tIc-߃°p ]Icw
IqSp-X¬ hnf-X-cp∂ \√-bn\w sXßn≥ssXIƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v _rl-Ømb Hcp ]≤Xn Nn´bmbpw
{Ia-ambpw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. ]Øv ]Xn-\©p h¿jw Cu ]cn-]mSn XpS-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Im-cap≈
Hcp _rl-Xv ]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Irjn-bv°p-]-bp-‡-amb apgph≥ `qanbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v
Irjn sNbvXv ]c-am-h[n Irjn-bpsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n¬ \n∂pw BZmbw e`yam-°p-hm≥ e£y-an-S-Ww.
AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb CS-hnf Irjnbpw kΩn{i Irjn-co-Xnbpw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]≤-Xnbn¬,
DXv]m-Z\w kwkv°-c-Ww, hn]Wn F∂n-hbpw I¿j-I¿°v ]c-am-h[n hcp-am\w D≠m-°n-sIm-
Sp-°m-\p≈ D]m-b-ß-fpsS LS-I-ß-fmbn I≠p-sIm≠v Ah-sb F√mw GtIm-]n-∏n®p {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
1.5.1.4.9 \mfn-tI-c-Øn\v G‰hpw Ipd Xmßp-hne (<strong>MS</strong>P) \¬In \ms^-Uns‚ sIm{]m
kw`-cWw XpS-cpI
bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-W-hp-an-√m-sX-bp≈ hntZi FÆ-I-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn XpS-cp-∂n-S-tØm-fw, Xo¿®-bmbpw
shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Itºm-f-hne DXv]m-Z-\-®n-e-hn-t\-°mƒ XmWn-cn-°pw. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd
Xmßvhne (<strong>MS</strong>P) \¬In \ms^-Uns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂pw sIm{] kw`-cn-°p∂ k{ºZmbw
XpS-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. s\√p-kw-`-c-Ww, s\√p-Ip-ج, hn‰-gn-°¬ F∂nßs\ B{‘-{]-tZ-i-°m¿ \S-∏nem°n
hcp∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v kam-\-ambn Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn°v tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w \¬Ip-I-bpw, AØcw
kwcw-`-ß-fn¬, kw`-cW {]{In-b-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-]-m-fn-Øhpw D≠m-th-≠-XmWv F∂v IΩo-j≥
\n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
1.5.1.4.10 hne kpÿncm \n[n
ASp-Ø-°m-eØv tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ°v hne kpÿn-c-Xm-\n[n F∂ Hcp kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-SpØpsa∂v
tI{µ k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. AØ-c-samcp hne-kp-ÿn-cm-\n[n tIc-Ir-jn-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ IqSn \S-∏n-em-°p∂ Imcyw Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F√m tXm´-hn-f-I-fp-tSbpw ta¬t\m-´-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬, Ah-bpsS Im¿jnI ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n s]mXp kz`m-h-߃ ImWmw. (F√mw
Zo¿L-Ime hr£ hnf-I-fm-Wv). Ah-sb√mw B`y-¥-c-˛-hn-tZi hn]-Wn-Iƒ°v thKw Iogvs∏-Sp-∂hbpw
AXns‚ ^e-ambn hne-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ henb Nm©m-´-߃°v Cc-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tXm´-hnfIrjn-I-sf√mw henb henb tXm´-ß-fn-emWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv icn-b-√. hf-sc-b-
[nIw sNdp-InS Irjn-°mcpw \ma-am{X I¿j-Icpw Cu hnf-Iƒ Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p-≠v. kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wnh km[m-c-W-bmbn Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `mcXk¿°m-cns‚ `cW
\n¿∆-lW kuI-cy-Øn-\m-bn, \mfn-tIcw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ tXm´-hn-f-Isf hyXykvX a{¥m-e-b-ß-fpsS
Iogn-embn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn \mfn-tI-c-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hn`m-K-Øns‚ `c-W-
Ønepw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw \nc-h[n sshI-ey߃ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp DZm-c-h-XvIrX B tKmf
hyh-ÿ-bn¬ t\cn-´-Xmb F√m tcmK-߃°pw {]Xn-hn[n ImtW≠Xn√, B`y-¥camb Irjn, AXv
GXp D]-t`m-K-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-bmepw icn, AXn\v ZpcnXw t\cn-ScpsX∂pw, I¿j-Is‚ D]-Po-h-\-
Øn\v `oj-Wn-bm-h-cp-sX-∂p-ap≈ ho£Ww ssIhn-S-cpXv F∂mWv IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Cßns\-bp≈
Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw hne-kp-ÿn-cXm-\n-[n-t]m-ep≈ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ,
bmsXm-cp hnthN-\hpw BtcmSpw ImWn-°mØ coXn-bn¬, hfsc NSp-ehpw XnI®pw A\p-tbm-Py-hpam-b,
F∂m¬ hyXn-cn-‡-hp-am-sbmcp ]pXnb Bi-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, F{Xbpw thKw {]tbm-K-Øn¬
hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
99

1.5.2.0 tIc-f-Øns‚ Ipcp-ap-fIv
1.5.2 Ipcp-ap-fIv
Ipcp-ap-fIv tIcfØn\v A`n-am-\-I-c-amb t\´w D≠m-°n-Ø-cp∂ Hcp hnf-bm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn
AsXmcp Ib-‰p-aXn hnf-bm-Wv. cmPysØ samØw Ipcp-ap-fIv DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 98%˛Dw tIc-f-Øns‚
kw`m-h-\-bmWv. Ipcp-ap-fIv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ as‰mcp kwÿm-\-amWv I¿Æm-S-Iw. 2000-˛2001-˛¬ Ipcpap-fIv
GI-tZiw 2,00,000 slIvS¿ ÿeØv Irjn sNøp-Ibpw GXm≠v 47,500 S¨ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipcp-ap-fIv tIc-f-Øn¬ H´msI apJy-ambpw sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS Hcp hnf-bm-Wv.
]›naL-´-Øns‚ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn-epw, tIc-f-Ønse sh´p-I-√ns‚ "s_¬´v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CS-tZi-Øp-amWv
IqSp-Xepw Irjn -sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CSp°n Pn√-bpsS aq∂n¬ Hcp `mKhpw Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjnbm-Wv,
hb-\m-´n¬ \men-semcp `mK-hpw, IÆq-cn¬ ]Øn-semcp `mKhpw Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Pn√-
I-fmWv G‰hpw henb D¬]m-Z-I¿. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn ImWp∂
Pn√-Iƒ CSp-°nbpw hb-\mSpw B-Wv. AhnsS slIvS-dn\v 400 Intem{Kmw Ipcp-ap-f-ImWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
CXv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ icm-icn DXv]m-Z-\-amb 240 In {Kmw/slIvS-dn¬ \n∂pw aq∂n¬ c≠p IqSp-Xem-Wv.
Cu c≠p Pn√-I-fn-ep-ap≈ Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbv°p Imc-Ww, henb Irjnÿeap-≈-Xpw,
Ipcp-ap-fIp Xs∂ apJy hnf-bm-bn-´p≈ Irjn kº-{Z-b-hp-am-Wv.
temIsØ G‰hpw henb Ipcp-ap-fIv DXv]m-Z-I¿ C¥y-bn-em-Wv D≈-Xv. samØw Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚
GXm≠v "aq∂n-sem∂v' 34%˛¬ IqSp-Xepw C¥y-bmWv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, Ct¥m-t\jy C¥y-tbmSv
sXm´-SpØv \n¬°p-∂p˛ 28% DXv]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-ambn (1989-˛98 ImesØ IW-°-\p-k-cn-®v). a‰p apJy
DXv]m-Z-I-cmWv {_ko-epw, ate-jy-bpw, hnb-‰v\m-apw. F∂m¬ C¥y-bpsS {]Xn- sl-IvS¿ D¬]m-Z-\-
tijn Cu am’cy cmPy-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Xmsg-bm-Wv, AXm-bXv 322 Intem/slIvS¿.
AtX-k-abw ate-jy-bp-tSXv CXns‚ 7 aS-ßm-Wv-˛2124 In.{Kmw/slIvS¿. hnb-‰v\m-an-t‚Xv 3 Cc-´nbpw
(1085 In.{Km/slIvS¿)
C¥y kz¥w 32000 S¨ icm-icn hm¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn tijn-bp-ambn (19000 S¨ apX¬ 47000 S¨
hsc), Ign Hcp Zim_vZw Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ Hcp kp{]-[m\ i‡n-bmbn XpS-cp-∂p. Ign
Hcp Zim_vZw, 1991-˛2000 hsc, C¥y-bpsS Ib-‰p-aXn 47000 S¨ Ign-n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1993-˛epw 1999-
˛epw Ipcp-ap-fIv Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ then-bn-d-°-ap-≠m-bn. 1991-˛epw 1992-˛epw Ib-‰p-aXn shdpw 19000 SÆmbn
Ipd-p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse F‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ°v a‰p apJy- Ip-cp-ap-fIv Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cmb,
Ct¥m-t\-jy-bpw, ate-jybpw hnt[-b-am-bn. AXp-t]mse {_ko-en-t‚bpw Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw {ItaW
Ipd-p. 1991-˛¬ 50000 S¨ Ib-‰n- Ab® {_kn-eo\v shdpw 20000 S¨ am{Xta 1999-˛¬ Ib-‰p-aXn
sNøm≥ Ign-p-≈q. F∂m¬ hnb-‰v\m-ans‚ Ib-‰p-aXn Db¿∂p sIm≠n-cp-∂p. 1993-˛¬ shdpw 13000
SÆm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2000-˛¬ 36000 SÆm-bn.
1.5.2.1 hne-Ø-I¿®
hne-Ø-I¿® G‰hpw cq£-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv, A\p-]m-X-Ønepw hym]vXn-bn-epw, Ipcp-ap-f-In-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1990-˛-I-fpsS c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ F√m Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-߃°pw
CXp-t]mse ITn-\-amb hneØI¿®-bp-≠m-bn. 1991-˛\pw 1993-˛\pw CS-bv°p≈ Imew Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚
hne Intembv°v 50 cq]bv°p Np‰p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw hne {ItaW Db¿∂p-b¿∂v 1995-˛¬ 105
cq]-bm-bn. 1997 BIp-tºm-tg°pw AXv 191 cq]/In-tembv°v Bbn. CXv ho≠pw Db¿∂v, k¿∆-Ime
dnt°m¿Upw t`Zn®v 1999-˛¬ Hcp Intembv°v hne 251 hsc-bm-bn. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-tijw s]mSp-∂s\
D≠mb hne-Ø-I¿®-bn¬ 2001˛¬ CXv 80 cq]-bm-bn. 2001 BZy-am-k-ß-fn¬ CXv 70 cq]bv°v Np‰pw
\n∂p. XpS¿∂v 80 cq]m Intembv°v F∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-seØn. XpS¿∂p Nm©m-´-Øn-emWv Ipcp-ap-f-
Ins‚ hne. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne-Ø-I¿®-bpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ hfsc hym]-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXm≠v
\mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ sXm´p-]n-∂n-emWv Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ ÿnXn. Ipcp-ap-fIv tIc-f-Øns‚ F√m-bn-SØpw
IqSnbpw Ipdpw hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Gsd-°psd a‰p-hn-f-I-fp-ambn GtIm-]n-®p-sIm-
≠v Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ hnf-sb∂ {]tXyIXbpw CXn-\p-≠v.
100

Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb hf-sc-tbsd B{i-bn-®p-I-gn-bp∂ Hcp hnf F∂ \ne-bn¬, Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ B`y-
¥c hn]-Wn-bnse G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ A¥m-cmjv{S hne-Isf B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ GXm≠v aq∂n¬ c≠pap-X¬ \men¬ aq∂p `mKw hsc Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibm-Wv.
F∂m-en-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ A\p-]m-X-Øn-emWv ate-jy-bpw, hnb-‰v\m-apw, {_koepw Ah-cpsS
Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ 95%hpw, Ct¥m-t\-jy- AXns‚ 70% hpw Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-∂Xv. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ temI-hn-
]-Wn-bnse hne 1996-˛\pw 1997-˛-\p-an-S-bn¬ Cc-´n-bm-bn. ]u≠n\v 1.14 bp.-F-kv.-tUm-f-dn¬ \n∂pw 2.02
tUmf-dmbn Db¿∂p. CXv ]n∂oSv {ItaW Db¿∂v Hcp ]u≠n\v (1 Intem{Kmw = 2.47 ]u≠v) 2.53 bp.-
F-kv. tUmf-dm-bn. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv {ItaW hne XmWn-d-ßm≥ XpS-ßn. 2.32 bp.-F-kv. tUmf-dn¬
\n∂pw XmWp h∂p. Aßns\ hne A¥m-cmjv{S e`y-Xsb (k-ssπ) B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv, {_koen-epw,
Ct¥m-t\-jy-bnepw D≠mb Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ DXv]m-Z-\-°p-dhv Bbn-cp-∂p 1997-˛\pw 1999-˛\pw CSbn¬
hne Db-cm≥ Imc-Ww.
1.5.2.2 Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn- (AOA)s‚ kzm[o-\-߃
a‰p kpK‘{Zhy-ß-sf-t∏m-se-X-s∂, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Ipw,
temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. 2001 G{]n¬ 1
apX¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) FSp-Øp-Ifp.
Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 108% BWv. 2002 am¿®v H∂p-ap-X¬ AssπUv \nc°v
70% Bbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-´p. B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ 3% hsc Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\v A\p-hmZw
\¬Ip∂ hIp-∏p-Iƒ (AOA)bnep-≈-Xn-\m¬, Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ hntZi Cd-°p-aXn Hgnhm-°m-\m-hn-√.
CX-√msX Xs∂, Hcp Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-sh∂ \ne-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-fIv Cd-°p-aXn
sNbvXv aqey-h¿≤-\bv°p tijw Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp hcp-∂p-≠v. (Ip-cp-ap-f-In¬ \n∂pw Hmen-tbm-sdkn¬
F∂ ]Zm¿∞w \n¿Ωn®p hcp-∂p-≠v). temI-hym-]mc hn]-Wn-bn¬ C¥y-bp-ambn a’-cn-°m≥
Ign-bp∂ Hcp cmPy-ambn hnI-kn-®p-h-cn-I-bmWv hnb-‰v\mw. 1990-˛-I-fpsS BZyw apX¬ Ah-bpsS DXv]m-
Z-\-£-aX \mS-Io-b-ambn h¿≤n∏n-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. hntZi hn]-Wn-bn¬ C¥y°v `ojWn Db¿Øp-
∂Xp IqSm-sX, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn-ep-≠mb \mS-Io-b-amb h¿≤-\-hp-ambn C¥y-bpsS B`y-¥c hn]-
Wn-bn¬ IqSnbpw hnb-‰v\mw i‡-\mb Hcp {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmbn a’-c-Øn-s\-Øp-∂p.
1.5.2.3 sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ß-fpw, X{¥-ßfpw i‡nbpw Zu¿e-`y-ßfpw
A\p-Iq-e-amb Imem-hÿm kml-N-cy-߃, hnti-jn®pw, \o≠Xpw i‡n-]q¿hp-amb sX°v Ing-
°≥ a¨kq¨ (Xn-cp-hm-Xnc Rm-‰p-the F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂) BWv ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn tIc-f-Øns‚
apJy-i‡n t{kmX- mbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjnsb kpÿn-c-am°n
\ndpØp∂ A\p-Iqe i‡n-bm-Wn-Xv. kwÿm-\Øv \ne-hn-ep≈ Im¿jnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-tS-bpw, hnf-
\-So¬, hnf-sh-Sp∏v F∂nhbpsS coXn-I-fp-tSbpw Ahn-`m-Py-`m-K-am-bn, a‰p-hn-f-I-tfm-sSm∏w kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnhn-[-bn\w hr£-ß-sf, {]mY-an-I-am-bn, Xmßmbpw XW-embpw D]-tbm-
Kn-®p-sIm≠v ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-XmWv Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn. AXn-\m¬ CXv Gsd hn]p-ehpw
hym]-I-hp-am-Wv. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw hºn® tXmXn¬ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-tbm-sS-bmWv hb-\mSv CSp°n
Pn√-I-fn¬ hnti-jn®pw IpSn-tb‰ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn sNbvXp hcp-∂Xv. Cu kwtbm-
PnX ]Zhn tIc-f-Ønse Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn-bpsS Hcp i‡n-bpw, AtX-k-abw Xs∂ Zu¿e-`yhpw
BIp-∂p. Irjn-s®ehv Ipd-hm-sW-∂Xv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp i‡n-bm-sW-n-epw, ta¬ t\m´-Ønepw
{i≤-bnepw {]I-S-amb Ipd-hpw, AYhm Hcp \√-b-fhp hsc Ah-K-W-\-bp-ap≠v F∂Xv Ipcp-ap-f-
Ins‚ Zu¿_-ey-am-Wv.
sNe-hp-Np-cp-°n-sIm≠v DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\hv
hfsc A\p-Iq-e-amb {]IrXn t{kmX- p-Iƒ sIm≠v [\y-am-sW-n¬ IqSnbpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbn¬,
Ipcp-ap-fIv D¬]m-Z-I-cmb (\-tΩm-Sp hym]m-c-Øn¬ a’-cn-°p-∂) cmPy-ß-fn¬ ht®-‰hpw Ipd
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ cm-Py-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv C¥y, hninjym tIcfw. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
F∂-Xp -X-s∂-bmWv apJy-amb sh√p-hn-fn. C∂sØ Im¿jnI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-
°m≥ kmt-Xn-I-ambn kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n ]co-£Ww \S-Ønb ]mt°-Pns‚ hnI-k-\-]-
c-amb A\p-`-h-߃ ÿnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-sNehp Ipd®p sIm≠v Xo¿®-bmbpw C∂sØ DXv]m-Z-\-
101

£-aXm\nc-°mb slIvS-dn\v GI-tZiw 240 Intem F∂Xv Cc-´n-bm-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂m-Wv. Cu kmt-
Xn-Ihpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ]mt°-Pn¬ Bt]-£n-I-ambn henb sNe-hp-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. ImcWw hf-sctbsd
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aXmbp≈Xpw tcmK {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp-≈-Xp-amb C\w apf-Ip-sIm-Sn-Iƒ \Sp-Ibpw
\ΩpsS A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb Im¿jnI Imem-h-ÿ-bv°-\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-IbpamWv
sNøp-∂-Xv. hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-bv°p-I, XnI®pw efn-X-amb imkv{Xob
ta¬ t\m´hpw a‰p {]hr-Øn-Ifpw \S-Øp-I, tcmK-_m-[sb Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-I
ChbmWv Cu ]mt°-Pn¬ D≈-Xv.
]p\cp-÷o-h-\hpw ]pXnbssX\-Sepw
kwÿm-\sØ Ipcp-ap-fIv tXm´-ß-fnse apfIv h≈n-I-fn¬ GXm≠v A©n¬ c≠p-`m-Khpw AhbpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-tijn £bn®p hcp∂ L´-Øn¬ FØn-h-bm-sW∂v ]T\ dnt∏m¿´v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂p. AXn-\m¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Ahsb \o°nb tijw ]pXnb \√-bn\w ssXIƒ \´p ]nSn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw, Zp¿∫-e-cm-b-hsb ]p\¿÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. as‰mcp {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn, ]cs° ]S¿∂ncn-°p∂
"{ZpX-hm´w' (A-Yhm ss^t‰mkv tXmd) F∂ tcmK-Øns‚ hym]-I-amb B{I-a-Ww BWv.
CXm-I-s´, Hcp {][m\ hnf-bmbn Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn-sN-øp∂ hb-\m-Sv, CSp°n Pn√-I-fn-emWv k¿∆{X
hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
B`y-¥c hn]Wn hnI-k\w
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnf-bmWv Ipcp-ap-f-Iv. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins\ B{i-bn-°p-
∂-h-sc√mw Xs∂ A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bpsS hn[n-hn-ln-X-߃ A\p-k-cn®p Ign-bp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ign
GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn Ipcp-ap-f-In\v i‡-\mb B`y-¥c hn]Wn Db¿∂p-h∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
1990-˛-I-fpsS BZyw apX¬ {]I-S-am-b Cu B`y-¥c hn]Wn Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hm¿jnI Unam‚ v 9%
apX¬ 10% Db¿Ønbn-cn-°p-∂p. Ge-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-se∂ t]mse Ipcp-ap-f-In-\pw, B`y-¥c hn]-
Wn-bpsS hnI-k\w A¥m-cmjv{S hne-bn-ep≈ Nm©m-´-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjn°pw hym]mc-Øn\pw
D≠mb Xncn-®-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bizmkw \¬Ip∂ H∂mbn Cu h¿≤n®p hcp∂ Unam‚ns\
IW-°m-°mw.
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿ØpI
BXy-¥n-I-ambn t\cn´p Ign-°p∂ Hcp `£ym-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw
Dd-∏m-°p∂ Imcyw, hnI-kz-c-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p∂ Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-bn¬ C¥y≥ Ipcp-ap-fIv A`n-ap-
Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy `oj-Wn-bmWv KpW-\n-e-hm-c-°p-d-hv. AXn-\m¬ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v hnI-kzchpw
h¿≤n-®-Xp-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠mIWw, F∂m¬ am{Xta ss^t‰m km\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂, {]tXy-In®pw Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Imcy-Øn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ \o°w
sNøp-∂Xv hfsc I¿°-i-ambn Xs∂ ]men-°-s∏-S-Ww. C¥y≥ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ apJy D]-t`m-‡m-
°ƒ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ (21%), knwK-∏q¿ (16%), P¿Ω\n (8%), s\X¿e‚ v (5%), {^m≥kv
(5%), P∏m≥ (3%) F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Cu cmPy-°m¿ `£ym-lm-c-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Pm{KX
]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
1.5.2.4 X{¥-߃
Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne-bnse Aÿn-cX-bpw, B`y-¥c hntZi hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-Ip∂ `oj-
Wn-Ifpw (hn-]-Wn-I-fnse am’-cyw, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ H∏n-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-≠mb Imcy-am-
Wv). Ch F√mw Xs∂, Ipcp-ap-fIv DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p≈ A\p-Iqe kmlN-cy-ß-tfbpw
t\´-ß-tf-bpw, Ipcp-ap-fIv Xß-fpsS Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bp-tSbpw Pohn-X-Øn-t‚bpw Hcp Ahn`m-Py-L-S-
I-am-°nb I¿j-I-cpsS D]-Po-h\w kpc-£-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v
hnLm-X-ambn \n¬°p∂ kwK-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Irjn-bn¬ apX¬ap-S-°p-∂-Xn-
\pw, Ipcp-ap-fIv sImSn-Isf ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, {]mbw sN∂v DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h‰n-b-h-bpsS
ÿm\Øv ta¬Ø-c-Øn-ep≈ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ apf-∏p-Iƒ, t¢m\p-Iƒ (C-h-sbm-s°-bmWv Ipcpap-f-Ins‚
am’-cy-ti-jnbv°v A\p-t]-£-Wob LS-I-߃) h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-hm\pw D≈ {ia-ßfn¬\n∂pw
I¿j-Isc ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]mY-anI ImcWw apf-Ins‚ hne-bn-ep≈ Aÿn-c-Xbm-Wv.
102

hne-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb Nm©m-´-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ipcp-ap-fIv I¿j-Isc ]cn-c-£n-
°p-hm≥ {lkz-Ime \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v km[n®p F∂p hcn-I-bn-√. _mly-hn-]-Wn-Isf henb tXmXn¬
B{i-bn-°p∂ Hcp Nc-s°∂ \ne-bn¬ (G-sXmcp Ib-‰p-aXn Nc-°ns‚ Imcy-Øn-epsa∂t]mse)
Ipcp-ap-fIv hn]Wn hfsc tI{µo-Ir-X-am-Wv. ]c-kv]c CS-]m-Sp-I-fn-epw, Hcp ]cn[n hsc Nc-°ns‚
`uXn-I-amb ssIhiw hbv°¬ F∂p-am-{X-a-√, ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw hn]-Wnsb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv
hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb GXm\pw I£n-I-fmWv. IqSm-sX, Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ Hcp Ib-‰p-aXn hnf-bm-
I-bm¬ hn]-Wn-hy-hvkY GXm≠v kpÿm-]n-X-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ AXn-t‚-
Xmb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v. k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ X{¥-]-c-amb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS CS-s]-Sm-
\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w e`n-®-h-b-√, hnti-jn®pw A¥na hn]-Wn-bn¬ (Terminal Market).
F∂n-cp-∂mepw, B`y-¥c hn]-Wnbv°v Cd-°p-a-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ B{I-a-W-Øn\v kwc-£Ww
\¬Im≥, hntZi hn]-Wn-bn¬ am’-cy-£a-X-bv°mbn sNe-hn-Sp∂ am¿§-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw sNeh-[n-I-ap-≠m-ImØ
kt-X-߃ kzoI-cn-°pIhgn DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n®pw, am’cy cwKsØ
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn Hcp Zzn˛-apJ X{¥-amWv (I-Ωn-j-\v)
\n¿t±-in-°p-hm-\p-≈-Xv. BZy-am-bn, Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ t\´-ßsf \ne-hn-ep≈ Im¿jnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS
`mK-ambn IW-°m-°n-s°m≠v Ct∏m-gp≈ sImSn-I-sf-Øs∂ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn∏n®v DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-I. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Fhn-sSsb√mw Ipcp-ap-fIv apJy hnf-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p-thm, Ahn-sS D≈ F√m tXm´ß-tfbpw
]p\xc[n-h-kn-∏n-°pI an°-hmdpw F√m ]g-b-tXm-´-ß-fn-tebpw sImSn-Iƒ, {ZpX-hm-´-Øns‚
sISp-Xn-bn¬ \miw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsb \o°n, ]pXnb \√-bn\w ssXIƒh®v ]nSn-∏n®p t]mjn-
∏n-°p-I.
Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ hne-bn¬ ÿncX D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-
\p≈ Hcp-]mbw Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ B`y-¥c D]-t`mKw Db¿Øn B`y-¥c hn]Wn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ge-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ hne ÿncX t\Sn-bXv Cßn-s\-bm-Wv. C¥y≥ kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS hnImk-Øn-t‚bpw
AXns‚ ^e-amb hcp-am\ h¿≤-\-hn-t‚bpw shfn-®-Øn¬ cmPy-Øn-\p-≈nse Ipcp-ap-f-
Ins‚ D]-t`mKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
temI-sa-ºm-Spw, Akw-kvIrX kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-tfbpw hy⁄-\-ß-tfbpw ]n¥≈n B ÿm-\-
߃, ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øv, kwkvI-cn-s®-SpØ kØp-Iƒ, Hmentbm sdkn≥kv, ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp -sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. Ipcp-ap-f-In¬ \n∂pw Hmen-tbm sdkn≥ hm‰n FSpØ cmPysØ BZysØ kwÿm-\-
amWv tIc-fw. CØcw aqey-h¿≤\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Xo¿®-bmbpw Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ B`y-¥c D]-t`m-
K-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w At\Iw aSßv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
KpW-\n-e-hmcw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw, ss^t‰m km\n-´dn \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ]men-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ ]£w AXv C¥y≥ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI am{X-a-√, A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wnbn¬
XpS¿∂pw i‡-ambn \ne-\nev°m≥ IqSnbpw klm-bn-°pw.
A[nIw Irjn-s®-e-hn-√mØ DXv]m-Z-\-tam, kwkvIc-W-Øn¬IqSn aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øn-b-Xp-sImt≠m
GXm\pw t]¿ am{Xw \bn-°p∂/\nb-{¥n-°p∂ (Monopsonic) {]h-W-X-bp≈ C∂sØ Ipcp-apfIv
hn]Wnhyh-ÿ-bn¬ I¿j-I¿°p KpW-I-c-amb ^e-߃ D≠m-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. ImcWw
hyXy-kvX-amb Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ c≠p Iq´-cpsS e£yw Hscm‰ _nµp-hn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-I-bn-√. AXn-
\m¬ B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bn¬ I¿jI kwL-S-\-Isf ]s-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp \n¿Æm-bI LS-I-ambn
B`y-¥c hn]Wn X{¥-ß-fn¬ Ah-scmcp ]p-h-ln-°p-∂-Xns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.5.2.5 ip]m¿i-I-ƒ
1. Ipcp-ap-fIv sSIvt\m-fPnhnjs‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ kwÿm-\sØ Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjnbpw hym]mchpw
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ka-{K-amb Hcp ]T\w/\nco-£Ww \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ k¿°m- -cn-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ ap≥ssI-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ASn-b-¥n-cambn
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
2. ho´p-]-d-ºn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ {]mbw sN∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd apf-Ip-sIm-Sn-Isf ]p\xc-[nh-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw,
Xosc hnf-bn-√mØhbv°v ]Icw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \√ hnf-\¬Ip-∂-Xpw,
kln-jvWp-X-tbmsS tcmKsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂Xpamb ]pXnb Ipcp-ap-fIp ssXIƒ h®p
103

]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw (replanting \S-Ønbpw) Xmßpw XWepw \¬Ip-∂Xpw ]d-ºnse hr£-ßsfbpw
a‰p ]mgvacXmßp-I-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw, ho´p-h-f-∏nse XW-ens\
{Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw, D≈ ac-ß-fpsS klmbw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw, Chbv°v Irjn-imkv{X-]-c-amb
ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-I-bpw, ssPh-hfw {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw tcmK-ß-fpsS ssPh
\nb-{¥Ww \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnfpw \S-]-Sn-I-fp-a-S-ßnb Hcp ]mt°Pv ]≤-
Xnbv°v Nn´bpw {Ia-ap≈ \n¿±njvS e£y-t_m-[-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp {]Nm-cW {]ÿm-\-Øn\v
cq]w \¬Ip-I. CØ-c-samcp ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xnbv°v kmº-ØnI \nt£-]-Øn¬
IqSp-X-emb klm-bhpw, Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ \So¬ hkvXp-°-fpsS {]m]y-Xbpw e`y-
Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ Du¿÷-kz-e-amb Hcp hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-bpsS klm-bhpw D≠m-th-≠-XmWv.
{]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬ ASp-Ø-Im-eØv Im¿jnI
hnIk\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v (k¿°m¿) e`y-am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ klmbt{kmX- p-Iƒ Cu
]≤-Xn-bv°mbn ^e-{]-Z-ambn kam-l-cn®v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. CXn\p kam-\-ambn \n£nX e£yw h®p-sIm-≠p≈ Nn´-tbmSpw Imcy-£-a-X-tbmSpw IqSnb
Hcp Zo¿L-Im-e \nt£] ]≤-Xn, tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb tXm´-ßsf e£y-am-°n-bpw-˛-Ip-cp-ap-fIv
Irjnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ Irjn k{º-Zmbw \S-∏n-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-se, hnti-jn-®pw,
hb-\m-Sv, CSp°n Pn√-I-fnse Ipcp-ap-fIv sNSn-Isf ]p\x-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ahn-SpsØ
]p\¿ \So-en\pw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v "\_m¿Un'¬ \n∂pw AXp-t]m-ep≈
a‰p Zo¿L-Ime hmbv] \¬Ip∂ [\-Imcyÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw klmbw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
4. CØcw klm-b-߃, hnti-jn®pw [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hmbv]-bpw, a‰p t{]m’ml-\-ßfpw
(I¿j-I) kwL-߃°pw ({]-tXy-In®v h\nXm kwL-߃°pw) hy‡n-Iƒ°pw
\¬Ip-∂-Xv, Snjyq Iƒ®-dn-eqsS {]P-\\w \SØn ssXIƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂, Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-
Øn¬ hniz-kvX-amb \So¬ hkvXp-°ƒ I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°p-∂, \gvk-dn-I-fpsS Hcp irwJe
Xs∂ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-bv°m-bn-cn-°Ww hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv.
At∏mƒ I¿j-I¿°pw, kwL-߃°pw Ipcp-ap-fIv tXm´-ßsf ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw,
AhnsS \´p hf¿Øm-\p≈ \√ ssXIƒ e`y-am-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-Iem-im-e-bp-tSbpw
AXns‚ Iogn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw, C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kvss]kknt‚bpw
`mKØp \n∂pw \gv-k-dn-I-fnse {]P-\-\-Øn\v hfsc Db¿∂ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ amXr
kky-߃ \¬In-bp≈ klm-bhpw e`y-am-t°≠Xm-Wv.
5. \ΩpsS {]IrXn t{kmX vhyh-ÿsb AXns‚ ka-{K-X-bn¬ ho£n-®p-sIm≠v AØcw hyhÿ-bn¬
Ipcp-ap-fIv Irjnsb `{Z-ambn \ne\ndpØp-∂-Xn\pw, hyXykvX Im¿jn-I-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn
taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ipcp-ap-fIv sNSn-I-sfbpw tXm´-ß-sfbpw ]p\-x-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Pyamb
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ]mt°Pv (]-≤-Xn) tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
6. hnesb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-bn¬, hne-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Aÿn-cX-I-fpsS {]mXn-Iqeyw ]cam-h[n
Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ B`y-¥c D]-tbmKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-]m-
Sn-Iƒ at∂m-´p-h-bv°-Ww. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Huj-[-Kp-W-ßsf tI{µo-I-cn®p sIm≠p≈ t{]m’ml\
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ (Ip-cp-ap-f-In-s‚) B`y-¥c hn]Wn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hf-sc-tbsd klmbn-°pw.
7. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ aqey-h¿≤-\-bv°mbn ]cn-{i-an-°p∂ Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-I-fpsS bXv\-ßsf
klm-bn-°p-Ibpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa-n¬ AØcw ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hcpam-\-Øns‚
hen-sbmcp ]v Ah¿°v e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v AXv klm-bn-°pw.
8. KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v th≠ kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb klm-bhpw ]n¥p-Wbpw \¬Iptºmƒ,
hnf-sh-Sp∏v ImesØ hrØnbpw shSn∏pw KpW-ta-∑bpw \ne-\n-dp-Ø-∂-h¿°v {]Xn-
^ew \¬Ip∂ Hcp ]≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hmcw
D≈ Ipcp-ap-fIv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ I¿j-I¿°pw, kwL-߃°pw, t{]m’m-l-\hpw {]Xn-^ehpw
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
104

9. ssPhIpcp-ap-f-Ins‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ km≤y-X-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw At\z-jn-°-Ww. Irjn-
`q-an-bpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thWw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. ]ocptaSv
hnI-k\ skmssk‰n t]mep≈ k¿°m-tc-Xc ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-k-ºØpw ^e-
{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
10. Ipcp-ap-fIv tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xpw AXp-ey-hp-amb DXv∏∂amsW∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
_u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi hyh-ÿ-bn¬, Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-t‰-gvkns‚ \n¿∆-N-\-{]-Imcw,
Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ {]tXy-I-KpW-ßfpw khn-ti-j-kz-`m-hhpw Xncn-®-dnv AXn-\p≈ ]cn-c£
t\Sp-hm-\m-h-iy-amb kXzc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈-Ww.
1.5.3 Iip-h≠n
1.5.3.0 tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZv hyh-ÿbpw Iip-h-≠nbpw
Iip-amhv Irjn-bnepw Iiph≠n kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw C¥y-bnse am¿§-Z¿in-bmWv tIc-fw. Zim-
_vZ-ß-fn-eqsS kwÿm\w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≈ tXm´-ß-fpw, Iip-h≠n kwkvI-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ hntij hn]-Wn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adn-hn-t‚bpw cq]-Øn¬ kwÿm\w B¿÷n-®n-´p≈
sshZ-Kv[yhpw Xo¿®-bmbpw hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ ssIap-X-em-Wv. Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw sXmgn-em-fn-IfpsS
D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v kpc£ \¬Ip∂ Iip-h≠n kwkvI-cW hyh-kmbw apJy-ambpw sX°≥ Pn√-
I-fn-emWv tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (Hcp e-£-Øn¬∏cw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 32000 t]¿ am{Xta Iip-h-
≠n-sØm-gn-emfn t£a-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p-≈q).
kwkvI-cn® Iip- -h-≠n-bn¬ \n∂pw (kw-kvI-cW Dt]mXv]-∂-amb tXm´n≥ Id Dƒs∏-sS) e`n-
°p∂ C¥y-bpsS BsI hntZi \mWb kºmZyw (A-kw-kvIrX Iip-h-≠n-bpsS hntZi Cd-°p-aXn
Cfhp sNbvXm¬) 1996-˛97-˛¬ 600 tImSn cq]-bv°pw, 1999-˛2000-˛¬ 1400 tImSn cq]bv°pw CS-bn-em-Wv.
aqey-h¿≤\ Iip-h-≠n-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ 100% BWv. Iip-h≠n kwkvI-c-W-Øn¬ D≈-Xmb F√m
km≤y-X-I-sfbpw kwÿm-\-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v apJy-X-S- -ambn \n¬°p-∂Xv
Akw-kvIrX Iip-h-≠n-bpsS (tXm-´-≠n-bp-sS) e`yX°pd-hp am{X-am-Wv. KWy-am-sbmcp Afhv tXm´-
≠n-bmWv Iip-h≠n kwkvI-cW hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn h¿jw-tXmdpw Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-
∂-Xv. 1999-˛2000epw \S∂ tXm´-≠n-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn 2.5 e£w SÆm-Wv. GXm≠v 1000 tImSn cq] hnebp≈
tXm´≠n (tI-c-f-Øn¬ am{Xw {]Xn-h¿jw 500 tImSn cq]-bpsS) AXm-b-Xv, 1.5 e£w S¨
tXm´-≠n-bmWv cmPyØv Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse Iip-amhv Irjn {ItaW £bn®p hcn-I-bm-Wv. 1990-˛91˛¬ 1.2 e£w slIvS-dn-em-bncp-∂p-sh-n¬
2000-˛2001-˛¬ AXv 0.9 e£w slIvS-dn-embn. DXv]m-Z-\hpw AtXm-sS∏w Ipd-p-h-cn-Ibm-Wv.
1.03 e£w SÆn¬ \n∂pw DXv]m-Z\w 0.62 e£w SÆmbn Ipd-p. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX slIvSdn\v
800 Intem-bn¬ \n∂pw 720 Intem-{Km-ambn Ipd-p. F∂m¬ C¥y-sbm-´msI FSp-Øm¬ Iipamhv
Irjn-sN-øp∂ `qan-bpsS hnkvXrXn {ItaW h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-I-bm-Wv. 5.32 e£w slIvS-dn¬ \n∂pw
6.86 e£w- slIvS-dmbn Db¿∂p. DXv]m-Z\w 2.95 e£w SÆn¬\n∂pw 5.20 e£w SÆmbn h¿≤n-®p.
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX slIvS-dn\v 554 {Kman¬\n∂pw 758 In.-{Km-am-bn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Iip-h≠n DXv]m-Z-\-
Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ta¬ss° \jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 1998 ˛ 1999\p tijw tIc-f-Ønse
Iip-h-≠n-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X, tZiob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xmsg-bm-sW∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse Iip-amhv Irjn-ÿ-e-sa√mw {]mtbW sNdnb hnkvXr-Xn-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv. Irjn-\-S-°p-
∂Xv apJy-ambpw hS-°≥ Pn√-I-fn-em-Wv. IÆq-cn-emWv G‰-hpw IqSp-X¬. BsI `qan-bpsS 30% Iipamhv
tXm´-ß-fm-Wv. CXv Imk¿tImSv 24%hpw, ae-∏p-dØv 11%BWv. DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw
Pn√-IfpsS ÿnXn CtX {Ia-Øn-em-Wv. IÆq¿ 44%hpw, Imk¿tImSv 19%, ae-∏pdw 8%Dw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂p. IÆq-cmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ Pn√. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ icm-icn D¬∏m-Z-
\-£aX 601-In/slIvS-dm-sW-n¬ IÆq-cn-s‚Xv 883 In.{Kmw/slIvS-dmWv (1997-˛98se IW°v).
105

1.5.3.1 hne-\o°w
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fn¬, Gew Ign-m¬ ]ns∂, hne-bn-Sn-hns‚ sISp-Xn-I-f-dnbmØ
H‰-sbmcp hnf-bmWv Iip-h-≠n. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Iip-h-≠n-bpsS hne {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn h¿≤n®v
Intembv°v (1190-se) 11.55 cq]-bn¬ \n∂pw aq∂n-c´n h¿≤n®v 2000ØnseØp-tºmƒ (In-tem-bv°v)
36.39 cq]-bm-bn. Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ tXm´-≠n-bpsS hne 96-˛97se 26.83 cq]-bn-¬ \n∂pw 1998-˛97
se 40.93 cq]-bm-bn. kwkvIrX Iip-h≠n (tXm-ep-cn-°m-Ø-Xv) bpsS hne A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬
Ipd-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v tXm´-≠n-bpsS hnebpw Ipd-bm-\mWv km≤y-X. IqSmsX B`y-¥-c-]n-]-Wn-bnepw
tXm´-≠n-bpsS hnebpw Ipd-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Iip-h≠n ]cn-∏ns‚ hne 1999-˛2000 ImeØv In.-{Km-an\v
265 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2000-˛2001 h¿jw 230 cq]-bpw2001 G{]n¬-˛-Pq-embv amk-Øn¬ 207 cq]bpw Bbn.
2002 G{]n¬ ˛ Pqem-bn¬ In. {Kman\v hne shdpw 189 cq]-bmbn Xocp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
1.5.3.2 temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w
kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp Akw-kvIrX hkvXp BsW-∂n-cn-°nepw temI-hym-
]mc kwL-\ Iip-h-≠nsb Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bp-≠mbn.
2001 G{]n¬ 1 apX¬ Iip-h-≠n-bpsS hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃
(QRS) D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv \o°w sNbvXp. Iip-h-≠n-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 108% BWv.
2002 am¿®v 1˛mw Xob-Xn-ap-X¬ AsπbvUv Xmcn^v \nc°v 70%B°n. Iip-h≠n hyh-kmb cwKØv Cd-
°p-aXn A\n-∆m-cy-amWv/A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. ImcWw tXm´-≠n-bpsS B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z\w (48000
S¨/h¿jw) tIc-f-Ønse Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS aq∂p-sem-∂n¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv. (CXv C¥y-bnse samØw
tXm´≠n Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS A©n-sem-∂m-Wv). Iip-h-≠n- kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-
Øn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Af-hn¬ tXm´≠n B`y-¥-c-ambn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Cu Ipdhv ]cn-lcn-°m-\mWv
Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xv. Iip-h≠n hyh-kmbw C¥ybv°v [mcfw hntZi \mWbw tXSn-
Ø-cp-∂Xpw henb sXmgn¬ ZmXmhp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tXm´≠n hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw h≥tXm-Xn¬
Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂Xv B`y-¥-c-hn-esb _m[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. ImcWw \m´n-ep-Xv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tXm´-
≠n°v Hcp t\´-ap-≠v. AXn\v \√ hen-∏hpw ZrV-Xbpw D≠v. tZml-h´ N¿®-Iƒ°p tij-ap≈
ImeØv tIc-f-Øn-te-°p≈ tXm´-≠n-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn B`y-¥c (tXm-´-≠n) DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ aq∂p
aS-ßm-bn. F∂n´pw tXm´-≠n-bpsS B`y-¥c hne Db-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. 2001¬ AXv In.-{Km-an\v 36
cq]-bmbn. F∂m-e-Xn\p tijamWv tXm´-≠n-bpsS hne-bn-Snhv IS∂p hcp-∂Xv. hne-bn-Sn-hn\v ImcWw
Iip-h≠n ]cn-∏ns‚ A¥m-cm-jv{S-hne XmWXnem-Wv, A√msX tXm´-≠n-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn h¿≤\-
h√.
1.5.3.3 sh√p-hn-fn-I-fpw, Ah-kcßfpw, X{¥-ßfpw
Iip-h≠n hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Hcp henb IS∂p Ib-‰-Øn\v ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Iipamhv
Irjn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn, kwkvI-cW hyh-km-b-Øn-\m-h-iyamb
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hmb tXm´-≠n-bpsS e`y-X-bm-Wv. tXm´-≠n-bpsS hne {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn
h¿≤n®psIm≠n-cp-∂p-sh-nepw (hne aq∂n-c-´n-bmWv h¿≤n-®-Xv) kwÿ-m\w H´m-sI Iip-amhv Irjnbn-epw,
DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw, ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw \m\m-hn-[-amb ]pd-tIm-´-dn-bm-
Wp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-߃°pw,
C¥y≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v B{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ dntk¿®n\pw ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn t_m≤yw- h-∂n-cn-°p-∂-
X-\p-k-cn®v ˛ kmt-XnI cwKsØ kp{]-[m-\-amb hnIm-k-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v (hyXykvX
Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿnXn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-b) hfsc Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ Iipamhv
ssXIƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, imkv{Xo-b-amb Im¿jn-I-ta¬t\m-´hpw (hn-ti-jn®pw \n_n-Uambn
\Sp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°n) Iip-am-hns‚ {]P\\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm-\m-Ip-sa-∂mWv ImWp-∂Xv.
C{X-am{Xw em`-I-c-amb kmt-XnI hnZy-bpw, BZm-b-I-c-amb hcp-am\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ hne-
\n¿Æb hyh-ÿbpw \ne-hn-en-cnt° Iip-h≠n DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Hcp henb IpXn-∏n-\p≈ ]cnXxÿnXn-
Iƒ ]mI-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]t£ Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ [\-\n-t£-]hpw e£y-t_m-[-ap≈
tI{µo-Ir-X- ]≤-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-ep-amWv Ipd-hp-≈-Xv.
106

1.5.3.3 {]mtZ-inI hnI-k-\-Øn\v X{¥-]-c-amb D]-I-cWw
tIc-f-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬, Iip-h≠n hnI-k\w F∂m¬ Iip-h≠n kwkvIcW
hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂mbn am{Xw ImWp-∂Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-
I-bn-√. adn®v hS-°≥ Pn√-I-fmb Im¿tIm-Sv, IÆq¿, ae-∏pdw F∂o Bt]-£n-I-ambn {]IrXn t{kmXp-I-fn¬
A{X-sbm∂pw A\p-{K-lo-X-a-√mØ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Im¿jnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v shSn-a-cp-∂n-
Sp∂ apJyhnI-k\ X{¥-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ IqSn-bm-Wn-Xns\ ImtW-≠-Xv. Cu Pn√-Iƒ°v Db¿∂ \nc°nep≈
ag e`n-°p∂p-s≠-nepw (G-I-tZiw 4000 an. ao‰¿) AXv 4 amkw am{Xta \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂p-≈p.
Cu {]tZ-isØ `qhn-Xm\w \nt∑m-∂-߃ \nd--Xm-Wv. CS-hn-´p≈ h≥Ip-∂p-I-fpw, CSp-ßnb Xmgvhmcßfpw
BWv Cu Pn√-Ifnep≈-Xv. `qan-bpsS kzm`mhw t\m°n-bm¬, AXn-hn-]p-e-ambn/hnim-e-ambn
]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂ sN-√p≈ {]tZ-i-hpw, sN-√n\p apI-fn¬ I\w Ipd aW¬X-´pw, (sN-dp-N-c-ep-
Iƒ \nd-) D≈-Xn-\m¬ agsh≈-Øns‚ \\hpw Cu¿∏hpw ]nSn®p \ndp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-hp-Ip-d-hm-
Wv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ ]cp-°≥ ]cnXxÿnXn-bn¬ Iip-amhv BWv G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf. AØcw
kº-∂-a-√mØ `qt{km-X- ns\ DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-ambn NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ Iip-am-hns‚ Irjn-bn-eqsS
km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXmWv Iip-amhv Irjn Cu Pn√-I-fn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-®p-Im-Wm≥ Imc-Ww, Cu Pn√-
I-fnse ^e-`q-bn-jvS-amb a‰p ÿe-ß-fn¬ \mfn-tIcw t]mep-≈, IqSp-X¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Im¿jnI-
˛-]-cn-ÿnXn Bh-iy-ap≈ hnf-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu Pn√-I-fpsS Im¿jnI kºZvÿnXnbv°v IqSp-X¬
i‡n-]-I-cp-hm≥ Iip-amhv Irjnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Irjn-hn-I-k-\-Ønt\ km≤y-am-hp-I-bp≈p.
1.5.3.3 KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßfpw
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øm≥ hnti-jn®pw km\n-´-dn-˛-ss^-t‰m-km-\n-´dn (SPS) hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {]m[m\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. Iip-h≠n kwkvI-cW hyh-km-b-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v
Xs∂ Cu ipNnXz hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ImcWw kwkvI-cW-ime-I-fn¬
\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ Iip-h-≠n-∏-cn∏v t\cn´v Ign-°p∂ Hcp Blm-c-am-Wv. A≠n-∏-cn-∏n¬
IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Awiw D≠m-bn-cp-∂m¬ AXv Kuc-h-X-chpw {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-hp-amb {]iv\-am-Ip-∂-
XmWv kwkvIcW-{]-{In-b-bnse A¥n-a-L-´-Øn-se-Ønb DXv]-∂-amb A≠n-]-cn-∏n¬ A]-I-S-Im-cnbmb
GsX-nepw cmk-h-kvXp-thm, amen-\ytam C√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ am{Xw t]mcm, kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v hn\n-tbm-
Kn® {]{In-bbpw ]cn-ÿnXn an{X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. C¥y-bnse Iip-h-≠n-]-cn-∏ns‚ apJy-hn-]-Wn-bmb
hnI-knX cmPy-߃ DXv]m-Z\ {]{In-b-bnse ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hkvXp-X-Isf I¿i-\amb \nco-£-W-
Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hpw, ]mcn-ÿnXnI {]iv\-ßfpw hnhm-Z-apb¿Øm-dp-≠v.
hnhm-Z-ap-b¿Øn HcpXv]∂-Øn-s\-Xntc Xmcn-t^-Xc XS- -߃ Db¿Øp-hm\pw Ah¿°p
Ign-bp-∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ BWv Imk¿tImSv Pn√-bnse Iip-am-hp-I-fn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ
Xfn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n D≠mb dnt∏m¿´p-I-fpw, a‰p hnhm-Z-ßfpw t\m°n-°m-tW-≠-Xv. CsXm-gn-hm-°-s∏tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
CXn-\p≈ am\-hob-amb am\w as‰mcp {][m-\-Im-cy-am-Wv. ta¬∏-d--Xp-t]m-ep≈ hnhm-
Z-߃ Iip-h≠n hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Xs∂ \ne-\n-¬∏ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬, Poh¬ {][m-\-am-b-h-bmWv.
AXn-\m¬ hnhm-Z-߃ Gh¿°pw hnizm-ky-amb coXn-bn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°p-Ibpw A\m-h-iy-ambn Bh¿Øn-
°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb ap≥I-cp-X¬ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw thWw. kwÿm-\sØ Iip-h-≠nbpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-hpw, kwkvI-cWhpw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv XnI®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn- an-{X-amb {]{In-b-I-fn-eq-sSbm-sW∂
hnizm-k-am-÷n-°p-hm≥ {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-X-tbm-Sp≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fm-h-iy-am-Wv. \√ Im¿jnI
{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v km£y-]-{X-߃ \evIn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-XmWv.
]cn-ÿnXn ipNn-Xzhpw kv{XosXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\p≈ `oj-Wnbpw
Iip-h-≠n-]-cn-∏ns‚ hntZi Ib-‰p-aXn t\cn-Sp∂ as‰mcp {]iv\w ipNn-Xz-]-cn-]m-e-\-hy-h-ÿ-I-fm-
Wv. Ah ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m F∂ Imcyw ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. ipNn-Xz-an-√mØ tPmen
ÿehpw a‰p ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fpw, hyhkmb-Øn¬ `qcn-]£w hcp∂ kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Btcm-
Ky-Øn\p `oj-Wn-bm-hm≥ ]mSn-√. Iip-h≠n kwkvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-bnse Nne L´-ß-fn-emWv CØcw
_p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. (DZm: hdpØ Iip-h≠n X√n, sXmen \o°n-sb-Sp-°ptºm-ƒ)
]oenwKv \√ Ipi-e-X-th-≠Xpw ]cm-P-b-km≤yXbp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp tPmen-bm-Wv. tami-s∏-´,
hrØn-lo-\-amb tPmen-ÿ-e-hpw, ]cn-k-c-ßfpw XpS¿∂p-≠m-Im-hp∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßfpw Db¿Øn-
107

∏n-Sn-®v, `mhn-bn¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Iip-h-≠n-]-cn∏v Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v XS- -߃ krjvSn-°m≥ ipNn-Xz-
\n-b-a-ßsf hnI-knX cmPy-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Iip-h≠n hyh-kmb taJ-ebn¬
\ne-hn-ep≈ {]iw-k-\o-b-amb sXmgn-emfn t£a {]h¿Ø\ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ]mc-ºcyw XnI®pw
Bim-kyhpw Bim-h-l-hp-am-sW∂pw, Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Iip-h≠n hyh-km-bsØ A¥mcmjv{S
hn]-Wn-bn¬ kpÿn-c-am°n \ndp-Øp-∂-Xns\ e£y-am-°n-bp-≈-Xp-amWv F∂v \mw Xncn-®-dn-b-
Ww. A√m-sX, ipNnXz {]iv\-߃ Iip-h-≠n-kw-kvI-c-W-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p-ta¬ Npa-∂p-I-b-‰p∂ Hcp
AanX `mc-ambn ImWp-∂Xv icn-b-√.
1.5.3.4 X{¥w
kwÿm-\sØ Iip-h≠n DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Hcp Zzn˛-apJ hnI-k-\-X{¥w \n¿t±-in-°mw.
BZy-ambn hr≤ hr£-ßsf ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, Bh-iy-ap-≈n-S-ß-fn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Xo¿Øpw
Ipd--h-sb-ap-dn®p am‰p-I-bpw, IqSnb DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ ]pXn-b-bn\w Iip-amhv ssXIƒ \´p-hf¿Øp-Ibpw
sNtø≠-Xm-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn Iip-am-hv Irjn tI{µo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tI{µo-
IrX Iip-amhv Irjn-{]-tZi hnI-k-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ aptºm-´p-h-bv°-pIbpw Ahn-SpsØ `qt{km-X- ns‚
kº-∂-X-bpsS ka-{K-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. hr≤-am-hp-Iƒ sh´n-
\o°n IqSp-X¬ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ ssXIƒ \Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, AtXm-sSm∏w Iip-amhv Irjn-°-\ptbm-Py-amb
FhnsS `qan-e-`y-amtWm Ahn-S-ß-fn¬IqSn Irjn -hym-]n-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠Xv.
1.5.3.5 ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. {]mbwsN∂ Iip-am-hp-Isf ]p\cp÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ka-b-_-‘nX ]≤-Xn-th-Ww. A\p-Iq-eamb
Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fp≈ taJ-e-bn¬, AXmXp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-Xbv°p A\p-tbm-
Py-amb ]≤-Xn-thWw kwÿm\w H´p°v Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ sX°pw a≤y-`m-K-Øp-ap≈
Pn√-I-fnse Iip-am-hv tXm-´-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ t\csØ ]mI-amb hnf-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xmhpw \√-Xv.
ImcWw, DW-°p-Imew hfsc {lkz-am-sW∂p am{X-a-√, a¨kq-Wn-\p-ap-ºp≈ sNdp-a-g-bn¬ Ipd--
Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Iip-h-≠n-bmWv D≠m-hp-I. Cu ]≤-Xn-bv°m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI t{kmX p
{]mtZ-inI kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-߃, IpSpw-_{io XpSßnb h\nXm Iq´-߃°m-bp≈ hnI-k\
]cn-]m-Sn-I-ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw kw`-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2. Ct∏m-gp≈ Iip-am-hp-I-fpw, Iip-am-hp-tXm-´-ßfpw ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, ]gbh-bpsS
ÿm\Øv \√-bn-\w ssXIƒ \´p-hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, imkv{Xo-bhpw ka-b-_-‘n-X Iip-amhv IrjntØm-´-ßsf
tI{µ-am-°n-bp≈ hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, IÆq¿, Imk¿tIm-Sv, ae-∏pdw Pn√-I-fnse `qan-
°p- A-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-Øn¬ hn`m-h\w sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°Wsa-∂m-Wv ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xv. CØcw
]≤Xn Cu Pn√-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-am-bpw, a‰p-hn-f-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-ß-fp-ambn Iq´n-bn-W-°n-thWw \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xv. A√msX Iip-h≠n DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ t{]m’ml-\-]-≤Xn
am{X-am-bn-´-√. Db¿∂ km{µ-X-bp≈ \Soepw h¿≤n-®-hn-f-\-evIp∂ ssXøn-\-߃, aÆv,
Cu¿∏w \ne-\n-dp-Øm≥ hnf-Im-e-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ CS-hn-f-Ir-jn, ]cn-k-c-an-{X-amb IoSn-\m-in\n
{]tbmKw F∂o {][m\ Imcy-߃ IqSn {i≤n-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw Cu kwtbm-PnX kmt-XnI ]mtPv
\S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥. ]gb amhp-I-fp-sS-ÿm-\Øv ssX\-Sp-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°-≠Xv \´h ]pXn-b-Xmbn
Imbv°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-tºmsg ]g-b-hr-£-߃ apdn®p am‰m-hq- F-∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw apdn-®p-am-‰p-∂hbn¬
\n∂p≈ BZm-b-°p-dhv ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°-Ww. I¿j-I¿°v kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS klmbw
FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww, AXp-t]mse Zo¿L-Im-e- 4hm-bv]-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \So¬ hkvXp-°ƒ
{]m]y-am-°-Ww. \nt£] t{kmX- p-Iƒ ˛ \_m¿Uv, hmWnPy, kl-I-cW _mp-Iƒ, kwÿm-\-˛tI{µ
k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS hnI-k\ ^≠p-I-ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw (tI{µ Iip-h≠n hnI-k\ Iu¨kn¬,
Irjn a{¥m-e-bw) kw`-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]mtZ-inI `qhn-I-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibm-sW-n¬,
Duj-c-`qan hnI-k-\-Øn-t‚bpw, \o¿a-dn-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-t‚bpw t{kmX- p-
Iƒ IqSn kam-l-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂XmWv.
108

3. Ct∏mƒ d∫-dn\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ "sk v', Iip-h-≠n-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\pw B`y-¥-cambn
Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ tXm´-≠n-bpsS taepw G¿s∏-Sp-Ømtam F∂m-cm-bpI. hyh-km-b-Øn\p Hcp
t{]m’m-l-\hpw klm-bhpw Bbn-´mWv Iip-h≠n hnI-k-\sØ ImtW-≠-Xv. hyh-km-b-Øn\v aqeyh¿≤-\-hn-eqsS
t\´w ssIh-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°m¿ _P-‰n-se Ipd hI-sIm-≈n-°¬ Iiph≠n
hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Bhiy߃ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a-√.
4. AXyp-Xv]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp≈ Iip-amhv ssXIƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ \gvk-dn-I-fpsS Hcp irwJ-ebpw,
\So¬ hkvXp-°ƒ I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\p kam-¥-c-ambn ]pXnb \So¬ b{¥-߃ Bcw-
`n-°p-Ibpw thWw. IpSpw-_{io t]mep≈ h\n-Xm-kw-L-ßsf CØcw {]b-Xv\-ß-fn¬ ]m-fn-I-fm-
°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v th≠ ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-≠-Xp-am-Wv. tIc-f-k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS sh≈m-\n-°-cbnse
Iip-h≠n Kth-j-W-Øn\v kuI-cy-ap≈ tI{µ-Øn¬ h®v hni-Zo-I-cn®p sImSp-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xpt]m-se-bp≈
]cn-io-e\w amXr-Im-]-c-am-Wv. Im¿jnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I, hwi-h¿≤-\bv°v KpWta-∑-bp≈
\So¬ hkvXp-°ƒ I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°pI ˛ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ XpS¿k-lm-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-
߃ IqSn k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Iƒ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
5. Iip-h≠n kwkvI-c-W-hy-h-km-b-tØbpw AXns‚ A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-tbbpw kpÿn-c-am-
°p-I-bpw, I¿j-I-tcbpw P\-ß-tfbpw D¬I-WvT-bn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw am{X-a-√, Iip-h≠n
DXv]m-Z-\hpw F√m-Im¿jn-tIm-ev]-∂-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏´ Db¿∂p hcp∂ ]mcn-ÿn-I-{]-iv\-߃
hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ hn[-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂ hkvXpXbpw AwKo-I-cn-°Ww. e≠\nse
tdmb¬ skmssk‰n G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpt]mse, P\nXI cq]m-¥cw h∂ `£y-]-Zm-∞-ßfpsS
]m¿iz-^-e-ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS kwi-b-߃ Zqco-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw klm-b-I-amb Hcp ÿnc k÷o-I-c-W-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ Hcp C≥Ãn-´yq´v ÿm]n-°m≥ kwÿm-
\-k¿°m-cn-t\mSv IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. Aß-s\-sbmcp ÿm]-\-Øn\v {]iv\-߃ DZn-°ptºmƒ
Xs∂ (Ah hf¿∂p tZiob hnhm-Z-amIpw apºv) ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXns‚
{]mcw` -{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ klmbw C¥y≥ Im¿jnI ˛ Kth-jW Iu¨knen (ICAR) t‚sbm
AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a‰p-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-tS-tbm `mKØv \n∂pw tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
6. Iip-amhv Irjn- ]-cn-ÿnXn an{X-am-b-Xpw, IoS-_m-[-\n-b-{¥W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambXpw
B-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw Bkq-{XWw sNøp-hm≥. F∂mte D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v
kpc-£m-]-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-emWv DXv∏m-Z\w \S-°p-∂-sX∂v Ahsc t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbq.
CXn\v {]tXyI klmb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Iip-h≠n hyh-kmb cwKØv \n∂p Xs∂ kam-l-cn-°p-∂-
Xm-bn-cn°pw DNn-Xw.
7. Iip-h≠n hyh-km-b-Ønse kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS CSbn¬ Db¿∂p hcp∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-
iv\-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ kz`m-h-hpw, hym]vXnbpw Adn-bm-\p≈ ]T\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb
]cn-lm-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈Ww. F∂-¬ am{X-ta, Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ hf¿∂v Hcp hymh-km-bntI-Xc
XS- -ambn Xocm-Xn-cn-°p-hm-\pw, C¥y≥ Iip-h-≠n- ]-cn-∏ns‚ kq£va {]Xn-I-c-W-£-aamb
A¥m-cmjv{S hn]Wn Dd-∏m-°m\pw Ign-bq.
1.5.4. tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ
1.5.4.1 tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS kpÿn-c-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v ka-{Khpw hn]p-e-hp-amb ASn-Ø-d-bp≈
\b-cq-]o-I-c-Ww
tIcf `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-aw, 1963, sk£≥ 2 (44)¬ \n¿∆-Nn-®n-´p≈ tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ (tX-bn-e,
Im∏n, d∫¿, Gew, sIms°m, Idp-h-∏-´) Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn, AXp-ey-amb kmaq-lnI, cmjv{So-b, kmº-
ØnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn-epw, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fnepw IqSn ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n®p h∂-h-bm-Wv. BZysØ \mephn-f-I-fp-sSbpw
(tX-bn-e, Im∏n, d∫¿, Gew) hnI-k-\hpw ta¬t\m-´hpw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv tI{µk¿°m-cns‚
\nb-a-ß-fmWv ˛ CXn-\mbn tI{µ-k¿°m¿ "ItΩm-Un-‰n-t_mUv'Iƒ t]mep≈ GP≥kn-
Isf \nb-an-®n-´p-≠v. Ign Hcp \q‰m≠p ImesØ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-\p-ti-jw, hnti-jn-®pw, kzmX-{¥ye-_vZn-°p-
ti-jw, Cu hnf-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn cq]w \evIn-bn-´p≈ e£y-ß-fn¬ At\Iw
hyXykvX CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ A°m-e-a-{Xbpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v, ]co-£n-°-s∏-´n´pw D≠v. At\Iw \nb-a-
109

\n¿ΩmW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛tI-c-f-`q-]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-aw, `qhn\n-tbm-K-\n-b-aw G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ (2000 PqWn¬)
CXn‚ XpS¿®-bmbn ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn Zp¿∫-e-amb `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-ihpw ta¬t\m-´hpw kw_-
‘n® (Vesting and Mnagement of Sciologically Trial Lands) \nb-ahpw D≠mbn. Ch-sb√mw Irjn-°-\ptbm-Py-amb
D]-hn-`m-K-amb `qan-bpsS hnIk-\-Øn-\mbn t\cn-´p-\-S-Ønb \nba \n¿Ωm-W-߃ As√-
n-epw tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Chbv°v i‡-amb kzm[o-\-߃ sNep-Øp-hm≥ Ign-n-´p-
≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \nIpXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bpw, FIvssk-kvUyq-
´n-bpw, kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cns‚ Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn, hnev]\, hm߬ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, `q\n-IpXn apXem-b-h-bp-tS-bpw,
{]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃ Npa-Øp∂ a‰-\-h[n \nIp-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw `mcw
tXm´-hn-f-I-fmWv hln-°p-∂-Xv. hymh-km-b- cw-KØpw a‰pw D≈ \nb-a-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
sXmgn¬ \nb-a-ßfpw tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Nne
hnf-Iƒ (Cu sNdp-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]´- tXm-´-hn-f-Iƒ) tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-¬ hln-°p-sa∂v
{]Xo-£n-°p∂ ]v \n¿∆-ln-®n-´n-√. ImcWw tXm´-hn-f-°r-jn-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ KWy-amb tXmXnep≈
kmº-Øn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-Ihpw P\-kw-Jym-]-c-hp-amb \nc-h[n am‰-߃ kw`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
HSp-hn¬ temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\ (WTO) \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXm-sS, tXm´w taJ-e-bnse P\-ß-fpsS
kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hºn® am‰-߃ D≠m-hp-Ibpw Aßns\ C∂sØ kmº-Øn-Ihpw
kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb {]Xn-k-‘nbn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kº-ZvL-S-\sb Imcy-ambn
_m[n-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tXm´-hn-f-Ir-jn-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v ka-
{K-amb Hcp ho£WtØmSp-Iq-Snb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w \evIp-Ibpw tXm´-hn-f-I-fpsS kpÿn-c-amb
kpc-£bv°pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw Ah {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°-W-sa∂pw IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. tXm´-ta-
J-e-bnse DXv]m-Z-\w, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X, \nt£-]-k-lm-bw, `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, `q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww, ]cn-ÿnXnim-kv{Xw,
]cn-ÿ-n-Xn, hym]m-cw, hn]-Wn, sXmgn-emfnIfnIfpw A≤zm-\-hpw, amt\-Pvsa‚pw, \nb-aÿm-]-\-߃,
\nIp-Xn-Iƒ, tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ, {]mtZ-inI kzbw `c-Wÿm-]-\-ßfpsS
kl-I-c-Whpw _m≤y-X-Ifpw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Imcy-ß-sf√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Cu
cwKsØ AXns‚ ka-{K-X-bn¬ I≠p-sIm-≠p≈, Znim-t_m-[-ap≈ \b-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°p-hm≥ kwÿm-\ -k¿°m¿ ap≥ssI FSp-t°-≠-Xmb ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v IΩn-j≥ Icp-Xp-
∂p. Cßs\bp≈ ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø\w At]-£-Wo-b-am-sW∂v IΩn-j≥ Xncn-®-dn-bp-s∂-nepw
AXn\v F{X ka-{Khpw k¿∆-{Km-lnbpw (hym-]-I-hpw) Bb \b-ß-fmWv cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv, Fßs\
Ah \S-∏n-em-°Ww F∂o-Im-cy߃ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv kwÿm-\ -k¿°m-cm-Wv.
1.5.4.2 ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fpsS A\p-im-k-\-Isf ]p\xch-tem-I\w sNø-Ww.
C¥y≥]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°nb hnhn[ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-߃ A\p-k-cn-®mWv GI-tZiw A©p-
Z-i-I-߃°p apºv tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn-ep-f-f hnhn[ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ \ne-hn¬h-∂-Xv.
]e Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A[nIm-c-ßfpw ItΩm-Un‰n t_mUp-I-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. C∂sØ tZiobhpw
A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb kml-N-cy-߃, tZiob kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS Bh-iy-߃ ˛ DXv]-∂-ßfpsS
tZio-bhpw B`y-¥-c-hp-amb Bh-iyhpw e`y-Xbpw hntZ-i-\m-Wb kºm-Z-\w, XpS-ßnb {][m\
tZiob Bh-iy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-
Im-i-߃ \evIn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ ASpØ ImeØv cmPy-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-K-
Xn-I-fn¬ hºn® am‰-߃ D≠m-bn. DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰-ß-fm-Wp-≠mbXv.
DXv]m-Z-\-cw-KØv kwL-SnX tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fpsS apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]v Xmtgm-´p-t]m-hp-I-bpw, sNdp-
InS tXm´-hn-f-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS DXv]m-Z\w KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. DXv]m-Z\w ]c-º-cm-KX
taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p-amdn ]pXnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°v hnI-kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂
A¥mcmjv{S kmº-ØnI ˛ cmjv{So-b-km-l-N-cy-ß-fnepw AXn-i-‡hpw NSp-e-hp-amb am‰-߃ D≠mbn.
apJy-ambpw temI -tkm-jy-en-Ãv -hy-h-ÿ-bpsS XI¿®bpw AXns\ XpS¿∂v hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS
tZiob kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-hpw, A¥¿tZ-iob -hym-]m-c -cw-KØv temI-hym-]mc-kw-L-S\
(WTO) Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
110

1.5.4.3 ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fpsS A\p-im-k-\-߃ ]p\-xch-tem-I\w \S-Øp-I
Hmtcm hyXy-kvX- t_m¿Un-t‚bpw A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃ Hmtcm-hn-fbv°pw A\p-k-c-W-ambpw Dev]-
∂-߃ A\p-k-cn®v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. d∫¿ t_m¿Uns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Kthj-W-Øn-\p-amWv
apJy-ÿm\w sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. hn]-Wn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ AXv hf-sc-˛-Ip-d-®p-am-{Xta
{i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°m-dp-≈q. F∂m¬ tIm^n- t_m¿Uv BIs´, hn]-Wn-bnepw hne-\n-b-{¥-W-Ønepw Bbncp∂p
{]h¿Ø\w tI{µo-I-cn-®-Xv. tXbn-e-t_m¿Um-I-s´, hn]-Wn-bv°pw, C¥y≥ tXbn-esb hntZ-iß-fn¬
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Du∂¬ \evIn. Kth-j-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw henb {]m[m\yw
\evIn-bn-cp-∂n-√. tXbne cmPysØ G‰hpw henb (H-‰) hntZ-i-\m-Wb kºm-Z-I≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS t{]m’m-l-\-Øn¬ {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p-∂Xv a\- n-em-°mw. F∂m-en-t∏mƒ kml-N-cy߃
amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. shdpw DXv]m-Z\w am{Xw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂-X√ Hcp kpc-£n-Xhpw A]m-b-cln-X-hp-amb
B`y-¥-hn-]-Wn-bv°mbn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn, F√m DXv]-
∂-ß-fp-sS-bpw Nc-°n-t‚bpw aqey-h¿≤-\bpw kwkvI-c-Whpw {]m[m\yw t\Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-
Øn¬ AtXm-sSm∏w B`y-¥-c-am-’-cyhpw sNe-hp-Ip-d DXv]m-Z\ e£yhpw \ne-\n-ev]n\p A\p-t]-
£-Wo-b-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-cw, DXv]m-Z-\-Ip-dhv, a‰p-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-bv°p≈
hnI-k\w F∂o hkvXp-X-I-fn¬ km¿°m-cp-Isf kPoh Xmev]cyw tI{µo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, AtXmsSm∏w
tXm´-hnf Irjn-bn-epw, hnfshSp-∏nepw kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw a‰pw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-tS-bpw,
DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ tXm´-hnf DS-a-ÿ-cp-tSbpw D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£bpw BWv k¿°m-cns‚
{i≤m-tI-{µ-sa∂p ImWmw. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-߃, Kth-j-W-Øn-epw hnI-k-\-Ønepw (R &
D) G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂h KWy-amb tXmXn¬ Icp-Øm¿÷n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IqSm-sX, temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-
\-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ k¿°m-cn-\p-kzo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h∂ ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hnhn[ ]cn-
WX ^e-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw hºn® tXmXn¬ Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Iƒ t{]cn-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AtX-k-abw DXv∏-∂-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS Ipan-p-Iq-
S¬ BsI tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ Xs∂ XpS-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
t\m°p-tºmƒ, hnhn-[- I-tΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fpsS A\p-im-k-\-ßfpw A[n-Im-cm-h-i-ßfpw Npa-X-e-
Ifpw c≠m-a-sXmcp Ah-tem-I-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°m-\p-f-f Ime-ambn F∂mWv IΩn-j\v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
Sm-\p-f-f-Xv. Aßns\ ]p\¿\n¿Æbw sNøp-∂-]-£w, Cu t_m¿Up-Iƒ `mhn-bnse sh√p-hn-fn-Isf
[oc-ambn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-f-f k∂-≤-X-bpw, {]Xn-I-cn-°pI-am{Xw sNøp∂ ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂pw,
{]h¿Ø-t\m-∑p-J-amb Hcp ÿnXn-bn-te°v IS-°p-hm≥ cmjv{Sw k÷-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.
1.5.5.0 kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ d∫-dns‚ ÿm\w
1.5.5 d∫¿
cmPysØ samØ Akw-kvIrX d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z\Øn¬ 92%hpw (G-I-tZiw 5.80-e£w S¨)
tIc-f-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. 2001-˛2002 h¿j-sØ- I-W-°-\p-k-cn®v 4.74 e£w slIvS-dn¬ d∫¿
Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. kwÿm-\sØ samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 1/5 `mKw d∫¿ Ic-kvYam-°n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. BsI GI-tZiw 9.13 e£w d∫¿ I¿j-I-cpsS D]-Po-h-\- kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Hcp hnf-bm-
WnXv. CXn-\p-]p-dta d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ GI-tZiw 2.82 e£w sXmgn-em-fnIƒ G¿s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p.
d∫dns\ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ hyhkmb taJ-e-bnepw BsI shsdmcp 3.17 e£w sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ
]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ JP-\m-hn-te°v {]Xn-h¿jw 250 tImSn-bmWv
d∫¿ kw`m-h-\-sN-øp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX hm߬\n-Ip-Xn, Im¿jn-Im-Zm-b-\n-IpXn (Im¿jo-Im-Zmb \nIpXn
\¬Ip∂ Npcp°w Nne hnf-I-fn-sem-∂mWv d∫¿) F∂o-bn-\-ß-fn-eqsS GI-tZiw 80 tImSn cq]bpw
(2001-˛2002 ¬ 81.10 tImSn cq]) FIvsskkv Xocp-h-bmbn tZiob JP-\m-hn¬ d∫¿ \evIp-∂p-≠v.
Aßns\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, d∫¿hnf-bv°pw, tXm´ta-J-ebv°pw tIcf kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kºZvLS-\-
bn¬ AXn-i-‡-amb kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI kzm[o-\-amWv D≈-sX∂p ImWmw. d∫¿ sNdp-InS
Irjn-°m-cpsS hnf-bm-Wv. d∫¿Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS 98% d∫¿ Irjn-`q-an-bpsS icm-icn
hnkvXrXn 0.5 slIvS-dm-Wv. C{Xbpw hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv samØw DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 88% hpw
d∫¿ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ d∫¿tXm´w taJ-e-bn-em-Is´ (20 slIvS-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnkvXr-
Xn-bp≈ 316 tXm´-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv) F√m tXm´-ßfpw IqSn Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ samØw
`qan-bpsS 2% Øn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \nevIp-∂p. tXm´w taJe 2000-˛01 h¿j-Øn¬ BsI DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®-
Xv, kwÿm-\sØ samØw d∫dpev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 12% am{X-am-Wv.
111

kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚ (NR) taJ-e-bpsS kvXpXy¿l-amb {]I-S\w
sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS B[n-]Xyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw tIc-f-Ønse kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚ (NR) DXv]m-
Z\£aX 2000-˛2001 h¿jw (Id-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ {]tZ-i-sØ) 1612.-In-tem/slIvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p. (I-d-sb-Sp-
°m≥ XnI®pw ]mI-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fnse DXv]m-Z\w IqSn Iq´n-bm¬ CXv slIvS-dn\v 1222 Intem
BWv). temIsØ kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX BWn-Xv.
ImcWw Xmbve≠ns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX slIvS-dn\v 1456 In.-{Km-apw, Ct¥m-t\-jy-bp-tSXv slIv. 679
In.-{Km-apw, ate-jy-bp-tSXv slIv. 881 In.-{Kmapw BWv. C{X -kvXp-Xy¿l-amb {]I-S-\w DXv]m-Z-\-£a-Xbn¬
km≤y-am-b-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ \√ {i≤-tbmSpw ÿntcm-’m-l-tØmSp IqSnbpw Irjn-sN-øp∂
Hcp hn`mKw Irjn-°m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ch¿ kmt-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS {]tbm-K-Ønepw \qX-\-Im¿jn-I-X-
{¥-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw ImWn® Hu’p-Iy-Øns‚ ^e-ambn kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ D]-t`mKw sNøp∂
Du¿÷-kz-e-amb d∫¿ hyh-km-bhpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mbn. Cu hf¿®bv°p ]n∂n¬ ˛ k¿°m-cns‚
`mh-\m-k-º-∂-amb \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°nb d∫¿t_m¿Uns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw _p≤n-]q¿∆amb
Kth-j-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw \evI-s∏´ ]n¥p-W-bpw, Imcy-£-a-amb hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-
ß-fpsS irwJ-e-bpw, F√m-‰n-ep-ap-]cn {][m-\-s∏-´, BZm-b-I-c-hpw, XnI®pw kpÿn-chpw \ymb-hp-amsbmcp
hne-hy-h-ÿbpw ka-tbm-Nn-X-amb d∫¿ kw`-c-W-hpw, Cd-°p-aXn \nb-{¥-Whpw Dƒs∏-sSbp≈
hn]Wn CS-s]-S-en-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cnp h∂ d∫dns‚ Bhiyw (Un-am‚ v) e`y-Xbpw kssπ
XΩn-ep-f-f k¥p-e-\hpw, F√mw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1.5.5.1 hne-ØI¿®
C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ v kzoI-cn® DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-\-b-Øns‚ ^e-ambn hyhm-km-bnI hf¿®bn¬
]pXnb IpXn-∏p-≠m-hp-I-bpw, kzm`m-hnI d∫dn (NR) s‚ B`y-¥-c-hne G°m-e-tØbpw Db¿∂ (dn-
°m¿Uv) hne-bn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Izn‚-en\v 5000 cq]-bn¬ Ihn-bp-Ibpw ]n∂o-SXv 6000 cq]-bn¬
Ihn ÿnXn-bn-epsaØn (R.S.S 4
jo-‰n-s‚ tIm´bw hnebmWv 6000 cq]-bm-bXv: Cu \ne-hm-c-ap≈
d∫-dmWv tamt´m¿ hml-\-ß-fpsS Sb-dns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv) 1995-˛1996 Ime-ØmWv
A`u-a-amb Cu hne-bn-se-Øn-bXv ˛ F∂m¬ 1996 apX¬ d∫¿ hne Xmgp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. 1997-˛98
ImeØv icm-icn hne-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv Izn‚-en\v 3580 cq]-bm-Wv. 1998-˛99¬ AXv 2994 cq]-bmbn CSn-p.
1999-˛2000¬ hne \ma-am-{X-ambn Db¿s∂-nepw 2000-˛2001 ¬ hne- XmWv Izn‚-en\v 3036 cq]-bn¬
FØn-\n¬°p-∂p. hne-Ø-I¿®bn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN\w hfsc kmh-[m-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-\p-ImcWw
km`mhnI d∫-dns‚ hnesb kzm[o-\n® Hcp ]nSn- L-S-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sb√mw Xs∂ B`y-
¥c Imc-W-߃ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A¥¿tZ-iob LSI-ßfpw CXn¬ KWy-am-sbmcp ]p-h-ln-®n-
´p≠v F∂p-Im-Wmw.
kzm`m-hnI d∫dn (NR)s‚ hne-Ø-I¿®bv°p ImcWw hºn® hntZi d∫dns‚ Cd-°p-aXn
aqew Ip∂p-IqSnb B`y-¥-can®w
1997-˛98 apX¬ 2000-˛2001 hsc-bp≈ ImeØv D≠mb d∫-dns‚ Aan-X -e-`yX (Supply) bmWv hne-
Ø-I¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kz`m-hnI d∫dns‚ 2001 am¿®v Ah-km-\sØ tiJcw
1,83,900 SÆm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv 200-˛2001 se BsI DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ (6,30,405 S¨) GXm≠v 1/3 BWv.
cmPysØ D]-t`mK Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn 2 amksØ Icp-X¬ tiJ-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \o°n-h-®n-´p≈
1,05,000 SÆpw IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ 2001 am¿®v Ah-km\amIp-tºm-tg°pw an®w h∂ d∫dns‚
k©n-X-ti-Jcw 7,90,000-S-Æm-Ipw. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Afhpw, hyh-kmb taJ-ebn¬
Bh-iy-amb d∫-dns‚ Afhpw XΩn¬ X´n®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, Bh-iy-Øn\v [mcmfw aXn-bm-Ipsa∂p
hcn-In-epw, `oa-amb hntZ-i-d-∫¿ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bmWv hnhn[ Cd-°p-aXn ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS t]cn¬
1990 IfpsS c≠mw-]-IpXnbn¬ D≠m-b-Xv. 1995-˛96 \pw 2000-˛2001 \p anS-bn¬ 1.5 e£w S¨ d∫-dm-
Wv. (Hcp ]t£, cmPyØv d∫-dns‚ an®w, \ma-am-{X-am-sW-n¬t]m-epw, D≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ) Cd-°paXn
sNbvXXv.
112

kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-e-ØmgvN
B`y-¥-c- hn-]-Wn-bn¬ d∫-dns‚ an®w Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-t‚-bpw, X∑q-e-ap≈ aµ-Xbv°pw ]pd-ta,
A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ hne KWy-ambn XI-cm-\n-S-bm-°n. kzm`m-hnI d∫dn\v
A¥mcmjv{S- hn-]-Wn-bn¬ {]I-S-amb hne Xmtgm-´p-s]m-Ip∂ {]h-W-X-bvs°m∏w CS-bv°nsS
\ma-am-{X-amb Db¿®bpw XmgvNbpw XpS¿∂p -{]-I-S-am-bn. 1955-˛¬ t{KUv d∫-dn\v tImem-e-ºq¿ hn]-
Wn-bnse icm-i-cn- hne Izn‚-en\v 5030 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw hne {Ita-W- Xm-WvXmWv
1999¬ G‰hpw Ipd \ne-hm-c-amb Izn‚n-en\v 2644 cq]-bm-bn. F∂m¬ 2000 ¬ G‰hpw Ipd
\ne-hm-c-amb Izn‚-en\v icm-icn 3007 cq]-bm-bn. 1990 -I-fn-se√mw kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ B`y-¥-chne
A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-e-bp-ambn tXmfp-cp-Ωnb \ne-bn¬ \oßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, A¥m-cmjv{S-hne
B`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn¬ \n∂pw Ft∏mgpw XmWn-cp-∂p. BtKmf-X-e-Ønse kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-
‘n-bpsS {]h- -W-X-Iƒ Ipd-®p-ImewIqSn XpS-cp-sa∂p I≠-t∏mƒ, Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚
hnebn¬ bmsXmcp KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw D≠mhn√ F∂v Xo¿®-bmbn. A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-
Wn-bnse XmW-hne kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v hnLm-X-am-bn. At∏mƒ B`y-¥-c-hne sa®s∏-Sp-Øm≥
AsXmcp Ah-k-c-ambpw Icp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
1.5.5.2 temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS (WTO) kzm[o\w
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn-s\, temI-hym-]m-c-I-cm-dn-s‚, Irjnsb- kw-_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ s]Sp-
Øn-bn-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXn\v AOA bpsS arZp-hmb \n_-‘-\-I-fpsS bmsXmcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw e`n-®n-
√. 2001 G{]n-en¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) \o°p-∂-Xn\p apºv C¥ybn-te-°p-≠mb
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ hntZ-i -C-d-°p-aXn Cu hn[ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS Bbn-cp-∂p.
1. C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-´p≈ ssek≥kv hgnbvt°m, ]c-kyw-sN-bvXXns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬
Hcp k¿°m¿ \n›nX Xmco^v \nc-°ntem \S-Ønb Cd-°p-a-Xn.
2. ap≥Iq¿ ssek≥kv D]-tbm-Kn®v (Cu kuIcyw d∫-dpXv∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°p≈
{]tXy-Im-\p-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p) Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ Ah¿ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX d∫-dns‚ Af-hn\p Xpeyamb
d∫-dp-ev]-∂-߃ \m´n¬ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-W-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \S-Ønb Cd-°paXn
(CXv s^{_p 1999 apX¬ d±m-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn)
3. {]tXyI Cd-°p-aXn ssek≥kv (SIL) Cu kuI-cyhpw ]n∂oSv ]n≥h-en-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn)
4. Ib-‰p-aXn t{]m’m-l\ taJ-e-bn¬ Cd-°p-aXn sNøm-\p≈ A\p-aXn {]Imcw \S-Øn-b-Xpw,
AtXm-sSm∏w ]c-º-cm-KXambn Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-øp∂ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ A\p-aXn {]Im-cw \S-
Ønb Cd-°p-a-Xn-Ifpw.
5. OGL s‚ Iogn¬ "km¿°v' DS-º-Snbv°v A\p-k-c-W-am-bn-´p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ
6. _mtmwKv DS-ºSn {]Imcw Xocp-h-bn¬ 5% Cfhp \evIn-bp≈ [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
\S-Øn-bn-´p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ
Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw \o°n-b-Xn\p-ti-jamIs´, \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v kzm`mhnI
d∫¿ btYjvSw kzX-{¥-ambn Cd-°p-aXn sNømw F∂m-bn. kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ OGL hn`m-K-Øn¬
s]Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BWp≈ DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-ap-≠m-bXv. C{]-Imcw ISn-m-Wn-√m-sX-bp≈ hnhn[
DZm-c-h-XvIrX A\p-a-Xn-Iƒ hgn-bv°p-≠mb `oa-amb Cd-°p-aXn d∫-dns‚ (NR) B`y-¥c hn]-
Wnsb Xo¿®-bmbpw aµo-`-hn-∏n-°p-I-bpw, hne CSn®p XmgvØp-Ibpw tIc-f-Ønse d∫¿ Irjn-
°m-cpsS (A-h-cn¬ `qcn-`mKw sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cm-Wv) D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£sb XInSw adn-°pI Xs∂
sNbvXp.
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\ sNep-Ønb G‰hpw {][m\ kzm[o-\-
ambn {]I-S-am-b-Xm-Wv. d∫-dns‚ hntZ-iØv \n∂p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥W (QRS)
߃ FSp-Øp-I-f--Xpw, Cd-°p-aXn d∫-dn\v B`y-¥-c-hn-]Wn ae¿t° Xpd-∂n-´Xpw. WTO bpsS
kzm[o-\-Øns‚ a‰p am\-߃ H∂pw Xs∂ cmPysØ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\sØ _m[n-®-
Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-ØØ° coXn-bn¬
113

C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw kzm`mhnI d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-n¬ t]mepw 2000-˛2001 ¬ GXm≠v
13,000 SÆn¬ IqSp-Xepw 2001-˛2003 ¬ 7000 SÆpw C¥y Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ kzm`mhnI
d∫-dns‚ B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z\ h¿≤-\hv hntZi d∫¿ Cd-°p-a-Xnsb KWy-ambn \nb-{¥n-
°p-Ibpw cmPy-Øns‚ hntZ-i-\m-Wy-ti-Jcw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂ Hcp ka-bØv hntZ-i-\mWyw t\Sphm≥
klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-bmepw d∫-dp-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn BZm-bw -t\SnØcp-Ibp-≠m-bn.
(2001-˛2002 ¬ 2150 tImSn cq]-bv°p≈ Ib-‰p-aXn \S-∂p). AXv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂p-f-f samØw
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS Hcp sNdnb Awiw am{Xta BIp-∂p-≈p. km\n-´dn ˛ ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
A{X- `qj-W-ambXs√-nepw Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ Unam‚ns\
hn\bm-°p-sa∂ Bi Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. F∂m-enXv C¥y am{Xw A`n-apJnIcn-°p∂ Hcp
{]iv\-a√ (C-sX-∏‰n ]n∂oSv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv)
1.5.5.3 sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw
d∫¿ Irjn- kp-ÿn-c-am-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX
kzm`mhnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ temIsØ aq∂mw ÿm\Øpw D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬
\memw ÿm\Øpw \n¬°p∂ C¥y-bn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw 6,30,000 S¨ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, 6,31,000
S¨ d∫-dns‚ D]-t`mKw \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ ({]-Xn-h¿jw)
79% D]-t`mKw \S-°p-tºmƒ, temIsa-ºmSpw IqSn {]Xn-h¿jw BsI 59%s‚ D]-t`mKw \S-°p-∂p.
tamt´m¿ hml\ hyh-km-b-amWv kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚ G‰hpw henb H‰ D]-t`m-‡mhv (G-I-tZiw
40% ¬ IqSp-X¬) ssk°nƒ Sb¿, Syq_p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hyh-km-b-߃ 13%hpw hnhn-[-Xcw ]mZp-
I-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ taJebn¬ GI-tZiw 13%hpw d∫-dns‚ D]-t`m-K-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Aß-s\, d∫¿
hyh-km-b-Øn-eqsS h¿jw-tXmdpw 15,000 tImSn cq]-bpsS ssIam-‰-amWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw
35,000 sshhn-[y-ap≈ DXv]-∂-߃ sNdnb d∫¿_m‚p apX¬ ]Sp-Iq-‰≥ {S°p-Iƒ, hnam-\-߃ F∂nh-bpsS
h≥ Sb-dp-Iƒhsc \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ 4
e£w Bƒ°m¿°v sXmgn¬ \evIp∂ d∫¿ hyh-kmbw X{¥-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-am-bpw, hfsc
{]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. d∫¿ hyh-kmb ˛ hym]mc taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k\w kpÿn-c-am-°p-∂Xv
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Xo¿®-bp≈ \nc-¥-c-amb e`y-Xsb B{i-bn-®mWncn°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ kzm`mhnI
d∫¿ A{X-am{Xw Poh¬ {][m-\hpw \n¿Æm-b-I-hp-amb Hcp (hym-h-km-bn-I) Akw-kvIrX
km[-\-am-Wv.
Ct∏mƒ {]I-S-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {]h-W-X-Iƒ h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw,
d∫-dns\ B{i-bn-°p∂ hyh-km-b-Øn-epw, B`y¥c t{kmX- n¬ \n∂p≈ d∫-dns‚ e`y-Xbn¬
D≠mb Ipdhpw IqSn {]Xn-h¿jw GI-tZ-iw, 2,29,000 SÆm-Wv F∂v IW-°m°s∏-´n-´p-≠v. (A-
Xm-bXv samØw B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ 1/5\pw 1/4\pw CS-bv°p≈ Ipd-hv). F∂m¬ AtX-k-abw
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z\w 7,81,000 SÆpw, 2010-˛11 Imeam-Ip-tºm-tg°v B`y-¥c D]t`mKØn\v
GI-tZiw 10,10,000 SÆns‚ Bh-iyhpw D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p.
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z\ hf¿®m\nc°v ap≥h¿j-ß-fn-se -t]mse \ne-\n-dp-Øp-hm≥
Ignp F∂p-h-cn-In-√. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn\v BtKm-f-am-bn D≠m-Ip-hm≥ km≤y-X-bp≈ Ipd e`y-
X-sb-∏-‰n Nne {]h-N-\-߃ h∂n-´p-≠v. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ G‰hpw kwL-SnX DXv]m-Z-I-cmb atejy
d∫¿ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂pw AI∂p s]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. 1980¬ Ah-cpsS G‰hpw Db¿∂ DXv]m-
Z\w 1.53 Zi-e£w SÆm-bn-cp-∂p. B D®m-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw ate-jy-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 2000-˛¬ 6,15,000
SÆm-bn -tXm-tgm-´p-t]mbn. (2000-˛¬ C¥y 6,29.000 S¨ kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v atejysb
]n∂n-em-°n) ate-jy-bn¬ ImWp∂ {]h-WX Xs∂ Xmbve-‚nepw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. 1990-IfpsS
c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 1.5 Zi-e£w SÆn-\p-Np-‰p-am-bn-cp∂p. kzm`mhnI
d∫-dns‚ BtKm-f-Xe DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 55% Ccp-cm-Py-ßfpw (Xm-bve‚pw, Ct¥m-t\-jybpw)
IqSnbmWv ]p-h-bv°p-∂-Xv, C¥y-bnepw BtKm-f-X-e-Ønepw kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ e`yX Ipd-bm≥
t]mIp∂p F∂mWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu cmPy-߃ d∫-dn¬ \n∂pw hgp-Xn-am-dp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-
°nb Nne LS-I-߃ D≠v. d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw, D]-t`m-K-Ønepw BtKm-f-ambn {]I-S-am-
Ip∂ {]h-W-X-I-fpsS kqN-\, kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ hne XmWp-t]m-Im-\p≈ km≤yX hfsc Ipd-hm-
114

sW-∂m-Wv. AXn-\m¬ d∫-dns‚ hne hyh-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w Xo¿®-bmbpw hcp-sa-∂pw, d∫¿ I¿j¿°v
Fhn-sSbpw hfsc A\p-Iq-e-amb hne e`n-°p-I-bpw, A\-Xn-hn-Zq-chpw kao-]-hp-amb ImeØv hne
Db-cp-sa-∂p-amWv kqN-\-Iƒ.
1.5.53 tIc-f-Øn¬ d∫¿ Irjn XpS-tc-≠-Xns‚ A\p-t]-£-Wo-bX
Ht´sd Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ tIc-f-Ønse d∫¿Irjn XpS-tc-≠Xv
hfsc A\pt]£Wo-b-am-sW∂v ImWmw. d∫¿ Irjn-bp≈ `qan-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw (`m-Ky-sa∂p ]db-s´,
G‰hpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-am-b-Xn-\m¬, Irjn-im-kv{X- Zr-jvSn-bn¬ d∫¿ Irjn-°v G-‰hpw A\ptbm-Py-amWo`qan
]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn hfsctbsd {]Xn-I-c-W-hn-t[-b-Xz-ap≈ `q{]-tZ-i-hp-am-Ip-∂p. ]›na-L-´-Øns‚
ASn-hm-c-ßfnse Ip∂p-I-fn-emWv d∫¿ Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.
Cu {]tZ-isØ ae-tbmc ˛ Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿnXn taJe (Malayoram Agroecological Zone) F∂p-]-dbp-∂p.
Chn-SpsØ `qan-bpsS kz`mhw `q{]-IrXn imkv{X-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬, Xmgvhc-I-fm¬ Iodnap-dn-bv°-s∏-´,
I\Ø ag-hogvN ({]-Xn-h¿jw 300 sk.-ao) D≈-Xn-\m¬ \nc-¥-c-amb asÆm-en-∏n\v
thKw hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-am-Wv. Hmtcmtcm ka-b-Øpw, AY-hm-h¿jw tXmdpw Inf-bv°epw Dgp-Xpa-dn-°epw
Bh-iy-an-√mØ Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ Chn-S-amsI kpc-£-tbmSpw kpÿn-c-XtbmSpw IrjnsN-ømw.
Dgp-Xp-adn `utam-]cnXew Cf-°p-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ cq£-amb asÆm-en-∏n\v AXp Imc-W-am-Ip-
∂p. \mfn-tI-chpw Ipcp-ap-fIpw c≠p-hn-f-Ifpw d∫-dn-\p-]-Icw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]co-£-Wm¿∞w IrjnsN-bvXp-F-nepw
hnP-bn-®n-√. tcmK-_m[ ˛ tIc-Øn-\v -th-cp-No-bepw Ipcp-ap-f-In\v {ZpX-hm-´hpw Hcp
]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a-√, Chbv°v c≠n\pw hn]Wn e`y-Xbpw {]m]y-Xbpw d∫-dn-t\-°mƒ
ZpjvI-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. IqSm-sX, Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-bpsS Irjn-bn¬ Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ apX¬
apS-°m≥ X° -B-I¿j-WobX D≠m-th-≠Xv BZm-b-am-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-abpw kpÿn-chpw kpc-£n-Xap-hmb
hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Dd-∏n-√mØ kml-Ncy-Øn¬ \nt£]w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. Cu
hn[-am-\-Z-WvU-߃ h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ d∫-dns‚ Cu {]tXyI Im¿jn-I]m-cn-ÿn-XnI taJe d∫¿
Irjn-bv°m-tW-‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-sa-∂p-Im-Wmw. as‰mcp LSIw IqSn- ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn {][m-\-amWv.
AXm-bXv ]pXnb d∫¿ sNSn-Iƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p apt∂m-Snbpw aq∂p-]m-[n-bp-amb hr≤-hr-£ßƒ
sh´n-am-‰p-∂-Xns‚ tXmXv IW-°m-°n-bm¬ Cu {]{In-b-bn-eqsS {]Xn-h¿jw 1 Zi-e£w NXp-c-
{i-ao-‰¿ (d-∫¿) XSn-bmWv tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
CXm-I-s´, tIc-f-Øns‚ ]cnxÿnXnbv°pw cmPy-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbv°pw hen-sbmcp kw`mh-\-bm-bn-cn°pw
sNøpI. \ΩpsS cmPyØv XSn hfsc Ipd-hm-sW∂pw BIp-dhv Gdn-h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂p F∂pw hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb h\-`q-anbpw h\-hr-£-ßfpw am{X-amWv (A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xv) D≈sX∂pw
hni-Z-am-t°-≠-Xn-√. GXm-bmepw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-eØv d∫¿ Irjn-bmWv 9 e-£-Øn-tesd
Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£bv°v GI B{i-bw. F∂meo IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Irjn-
`q-an-bpsS hnkvXrXn hfsc Ipdhpw Ch-cn-te-dnb `mKhpw \ma-am{X d∫¿ Irjn-°mcpw BWv.
CXn-\p-]p-dta D≠v AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn d∫-dns\ B{i-bn-°p∂ as‰mcp 3.7 e£w hcp∂ sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ.
Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp A]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ hntZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚
Hmtcm-e£w SÆv Cd-°p-aXn F∂m-e¿∞w GI-tZiw 11/2 e£w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS sXmgnen-√m-bvabpw
AtXm-sSm∏w Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂m-Wv. d∫-dn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm-\-Øns‚
(tI-{µ-Øn-t‚-bpw) JP-\m-hn-te°v e`n-°p∂ kw`m-h-\sb ]‰n-apºv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. C∏-d--Imcy-ß-sf√mw
Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞yw, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS
\ne-\n-¬∏n\v kwÿm-\sØ d∫¿Irjn XpS¿∂p \S-tØ-≠-Xpw, d∫¿ Im¿jn-I-hy-hÿ kpÿn-cam-t°-≠Xpw
F¥p-sIm≠pw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv/AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv F∂m-Wv.
1.5.53 kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°v hym]mc cwKØv \nc-∏mb Ifn-ÿew (A-h-k-c-
Xp-ey-X) \¬tI-≠Xv ˛ hfsc Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Zo¿L-Ime hnf-bn¬ apX¬apS-°m-\p≈ I¿j-Is‚ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ hfsc \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv,
Gsd Ipsd ÿnc-amb Hcp hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Hgp-°p-≠m-Ip-sa∂ {]Xo-£. DXv∏-∂-Øns‚ Hcp \n›nX
Af-hn\v \√-hne Dd-∏m-°p∂ kpÿn-c-amb hn]WnbmWv I¿j-Is‚ ÿnc-amb hcp-am-\-e-`y-X-bpsS
ASn-ÿm\ LS-Iw. hm¿jn-Ihpw hnhn-[-{l-kz-Ime (ko-k-W¬) hnf-I-fn-se-∂-t]mse hn]Wn kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬ XpSsc XpS-sc-bp-≠m-Ip∂ NSp-e-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-c-W-am-bn, Irjn-`q-an-bpsS hnkvXrXn Iq´n
115

IqSp-X-en-S-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n®p sImt≠m, Im¿jnI coXn-I-fn¬ {lkz-˛-a-≤ya ˛Zo¿L-Im-e-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-s°mt≠m D≈ {Iao-I-c-W-߃ Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
km≤y-a√. d∫¿t]m-ep≈ Zo¿L-Ime {]Ir-Xap≈ hnfbv°v (A-Xm-bXv DXv]m-Z\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-th-≠n-h-cp∂ \o≠ Im-e-Xm-a-k-hpw, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS tijn- ]-c-am-h[n NpjWw sNø-s∏-´-
Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ hnf Xosc Ipd Hcp Zo¿L-Im-ehpw) {lkz˛ a≤ya ˛ Zo¿L-Im-em-e-Sn-ÿm-\-ßfn-ep≈
DXv]m-Z\ coXn-bn-ep-f-f {Iao-I-cWw Ah `mhn-bn¬ Irjn sNehp h¿≤n-∏n°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬
˛ Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-I-fpsS Irjn-bn¬ Akm-≤y-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse d∫¿ Irjn-bpsS kpÿn-cX{]Yhpw
{][m-\-hp-ambn B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv BZm-b-I-chpw Bt]-£nIambn ÿnc-X-bpap≈ (hy-‡ambn
]d-m¬, hn]-Wn-bpsS Nm©-ey-ß-fnepw A\n-›n-X-Xz-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnap-‡-am-b) Hcp Itºmf
hyh-ÿsb BWv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ kpÿn-c-amb hn]-Wn-bmWv cmPysØ d∫¿ Irjnsb kpÿm-]n-
X-am-°p-∂-Xnepw AsXmcp hnP-b-I-Y-bm-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xnepw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xv.
d∫¿Ir-jn-bn¬ (Xmev°m-en-I-am-bn) s]´p-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ em`-I-c-amb t\´-߃ sImøm-sa-∂pw, hntZi-\m-Wb
an®-Øns‚ ^e-ambn h¿≤n® D’m-l-Øn¬\n∂p-b¿∂ Aew-`mhhpw (hn-tZ-i-\m-Wbw
Ipd-n-cp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Htcm-S¨ A[n-tIm-ev]m-Z-\hpw XØp-ey-amb hntZi
\mWbw t\Sn-Ø-cp-sa∂ hnNm-c-hpw) Imc-Ww, kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw Ign A©p-]-Xn-‰m-≠p-sIm≠v
ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øn-eqsS d∫¿ taJe ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb i‡-amb ASn-Ø-dsb IS-]p-g-Insb-dn-bm≥
(\mw) A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. CXn-\Iw Xs∂ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ A]-IS kqN-\-Iƒ ImWm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-
≠v. 1999-˛\p tij-ap-≠mb \jvS-hne (depressed price) ]eI¿jI-tcbpw d∫¿ Irjnsb Ah-K-Wn-
°p∂ ÿnXn-se-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcp hn`mKw d∫-dn-\p-]-Icw `qanbn¬ thsd hnf-I-fpsS
Irjn-bn-te°p Iqdp-am-dp-hm≥ t{]cn-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 1990 Ifnse d∫-dns‚ G‰hpw \√-Im-eØv (d-∫dn¬
hne-]-c-am-h-[n-bn-se-Øn-b ka-bØv) DS-\ofw doπm‚nw-Kv icm-icn 7000 slIvS-dm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2000-
˛2001 ¬ 45000 slIvS-dmbn Ipd-p. ]pXnb d∫¿ ssXIƒ h®v ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ hm¿jnI icmicn
4000 slIvS-dmbn Npcp-ßn.
1.5.5.4 X{¥-߃
Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ IΩn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p∂ X{¥w, kzm`mhnI d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°v Bt]-£n-
I-am-sb-nepw kpÿn-c-amb hcp-am\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, d∫¿ Irjn-bn¬ Xs∂ Ahƒ ]nSn-®p-
\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\pw, d∫-dns‚ A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ a‰p cmPy-ß-fp-ambn a’-cn-°ptºmƒ \m´nse
d∫¿Ir-jn-°m¿°v Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ XpeyX Dd-∏m-°m≥ Hcp \nc-∏mb Ifn-°fw Hcp-°p-hm≥ th≠
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv.
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, tIc-f-Ønse d∫¿ Irjn-°m¿°v (Cu A¥cmfL´-Øn¬) Hs´m∂p izmkw-hn-
Sm≥ kmh-Imiw \¬Ip-I. `mhn-bnse sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm\pw WTO bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-
Iq-e-amb hn[-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Ah¿°v Ign-b-Ww.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bnepw BtKmf hn]-Wn-bnepw InS-a-’-c-Øn-\p≈ tijn-t\-Sphm≥
]cn-{i-an-°pI.
AXn-\m-bn,
DXv]m-Z\ (Ir-jn)-s®-e-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-®p-sIm≠v DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\-hv,
Xß-fpsS DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øn-bpw, aqey-h¿≤-\-hn-eq-tSbpw hcp-am\w h¿≤n-
∏n-°m≥ e£y-an-Sp-I.
(F-∂m¬ am{Xta a’-c-th-Zn-I-fn¬ Imcy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q)
1.5.5.5 IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
{lkz-Ime ˛ CS-°me \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
1. Cd-°p-aXn Xmco-^ns‚ _u≠v \nc-°p-b¿Øp-I. apºv kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn\v B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wnbn¬
t`Z-s∏´ hne-ÿn-c-X-bp-≠m-Im≥ Imc-Ww, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. AtXmsSm∏w
CS-bv°n-Sbv°v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ tÉv t{SUnwKv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ aptJ\ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-h∂ hn]Wn
116

CS-s]-S¬ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw CXn-\p -k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ hym]m-c-hy-ÿ-bn¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS
taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Af-hns\ kw_-‘n® \nb-{¥-W-߃ \o°w sNbvX-Xpw, A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb
ssek≥knwKv hyh-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kw`-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ tÉv t{SUnwKv tIm¿∏t-d-j≥ \S-∏nem-°n-bXv
^e-{^-Z-a-√msX t]mbXpw (kw-`-cWw aqew Ipd-Xv XmevIm-en-I-am-sb-nepw hne-\ne-hmcw
]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂-nepw) ]g-b-tÃm-°ns\ Hgn-hm°n In´m-\mbn sI´n-°n-S-
°p∂ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn-s\ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ am¿°‰nte°p X≈n-hn-´v `mcw \o°p∂ \S-]-Snbpw,
^e-Øn¬ hne IpØs\ CSn-bp-∂-Xn\pw B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-sb- Iq-Sp-X¬ ]oU\ hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]ns∂ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign ]cn-lm-c-am¿§w (a-dp-a-cp-∂v) AOA t‚bpw
WTO t‚bpw hym]m-c-hy-h-ÿ-bnse Cd-°p-a-Xn-sb-kw-_-‘n-°p∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn®v DXv∏-
∂-Øns‚ hne Ib-‰n-sIm≠v d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn A\m-I¿j-I-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂men\nbpw
AXn-Po-hn-t°≠ GXm\pw XS- -߃ IqSn-bp-≠v.
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ kwkvI-cn®v DW-°nb C\-ß-fpsS ]p-I® (smoked ) jo‰p-I-sf∂p
{]tXyIw Xcw-Xn-cn-®p-≈Xpw, kmt-Xn-I-ambn khn-ti-j-X-bp≈ C\-ambn Xncn-®n-´p≈ d∫-dn-s‚)
_u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Iƒ \n-e-hn-ep≈ 25% ¬ \n∂pw 40% Bbn Db¿Øp-hm≥ `mc-X-k¿°m¿
WTO bnse AwK-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn th≠ A\p-c-RvP\ {ia-߃ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. hntZi Cd-°paXn
(kzm-`m-hnI d∫-dn-s‚) bpsS _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Iƒ, 40% Bbn \n›-bn-°m-hp∂ ÿm\Øv
AXv C¥y F¥p-sIm≠v 25% _u≠v \nc°mbn AwKoIcn®p F∂-Xn\v hni-Zo-I-c-W-an-√msX \n¬°p-
∂p. (CXns‚ Assπbv \nc°pw 25% Xs∂-bm-Wv). Xmcn^v \n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ LS-\-bpsS XXz-߃
1990 P\p-hcn 1 apX¬ \ne-\n-ev°p∂X\p-k-cn®v (60%) hyh-kmb DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS _u≠v Xmcn^v
am\-Z-WvU-߃ ]n¥p-S¿∂m-bn-cp-s∂-n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw AXv 40% Xs∂ Bbn-cp-t∂-s\. kzm`m-hnI
d∫-dns‚ _u≠v Xmco^v \nc°v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb At\Iw hniz-k-\o-bhpw \oXn-I-c-
W-hp-ap-f-f hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ A¥mcmjv{SXe A\p-c-RvP-\-I-fn¬ D∂-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. G‰hpw
{][m\amb H∂v, Xmbve≠pw {ioe-bpw ssN\bpw kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Cd°p-aXn "A¨_u≠v'
\nc-°n-emWv Npa-Øp-∂-Xv. AXpt]mse Ct¥m-t\-jybpw {_koepw Db¿∂ _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-
°p-Iƒ Npa-Øp-∂p≠v. \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂, G‰hpw ASp-Ø-Im-esØ AssπbvUv Xmcn^p
\nc°v 70 iX-am\w Ir{Xna (Synthetic) d∫-dn-t‚bpw (Reclaimed) d∫-dn-t‚bpw _u≠vXm-co^v 40%
Bbn-´mWv \n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. AtX-k-abw tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb tXbn-e, Im∏n, Gew F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ hfsc Db¿∂ _u≠v \nc-°p-Iƒ (100 iX-am-\hpw 150 iX-am-\hpw) AssπbvUv \nc-°p-Iƒ
40 iX-am-\hpw 45 iX-am-\hpw BWv Npa-Øn-h-cp-∂Xv. _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv
Xo¿®bmbpw Cd-°p-a-Xn-s®e-hp-Iƒ Iq´p-I-bpw, Aßns\ \ΩpsS d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°pw a‰pw d∫dns‚
temI-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \nc-∏mb Hcp Ifn-ÿ-ew, (am-’cy cwKØv XpeyXbp≈ ]cn-K-W\) Dd-∏m-
°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
2 kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ ]p\¿h-§o-I-cWw
temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn (NR) s\ h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
Hcp Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ambn´√m, Hcp hyh-kmb D¬∏-∂-am-bm-Wv. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Cd-°p-aXn
Xmcn^v \nc-∏p-b¿Øp-hm≥ {iaw \S-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂, BZy-ambn \mw \S-tØ≠ X{¥ ]camb
CS-s]-S¬ kzm`m-hnI d∫dns\, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ ]cn-[nbn¬ sIm≠p-hcp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv.
AXns‚ ^e-ambn kzm`m-hnI d∫¿ (AOA) s‚ arZp-hmb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-hp-
Ibpw, Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-߃°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb kwc-£-W-߃°v AXn\v A¿lX t\Sm-\m-hp-
∂XpamWv. (Cu \n¿t±iw 1.5.5.6 JWvUn-I-bn¬ Zo¿L-ambn N¿® sNøp-Ibpw AXn\p≈ hmZ-ap-J߃
D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v). Cu {]iv\-amWv tIc-f-k¿°m¿ tI{µ-k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Im≥Iq¨
ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ N¿®bv°p hnt[-b-am-°-W-sa∂v A`y-∞n-®n-´p-≈Xv (I-Ωn-js‚ \n¿t±iw Bbncp∂p
AXv). Npcp-°-Øn¬ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv∏m-Z-\w, Irjnimkv{X]-c-ambpw, ta¬t\m-´-]-cambpw
Bb hkvXp-X-Ifpw AXns‚ kmaq-lnI ˛ kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ,
d∫-dns\ Hcp Im¿jnI hn`-h-ambn ]p\¿h¿§o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fpsS
(AOA s‚) Iogn¬ sIm≠p htc-≠-Xp-am-sW∂ hmZ-Øn\v {]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂p. tXm´-hn-f-I-fmb tXbne,
Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv apX-em-bh Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fmbn h¿§o-I-cn-®n-´p≈Xn\m¬ Ahbv°v Bt]-
£n-I-ambn sa®-s∏´ kwc-£Ww e`n-°p-∂p. kzm`m-hnI d∫dpXv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmPy-ß-fp-am-bn, hnti-
117

jn®pw d∫-dn-s‚ apJy DXv]m-Z-I-cmb Xmbve-≠v, Ct¥m-t\-jy, atejy F∂n-ßs\ temIsØ samØw
d∫-dp-ev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 3/5 `mhhpw kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂ cmPy-ß-fp-ambn, C¥y Hcp ka-hm-b-Øn¬
FØn-t®-c-Ww. XpS¿∂v WTO bnse a‰p AwK-ß-fp-ambpw A`n{]mb sFIy-Øn-se-Ø-Ww. IqSm-sX,
s]mXpth, B`y-¥c hyh-km-b-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI Afhv hsc Nne kwc-£-W-߃ e`y-am-Wv. Ahsb√mw
hcp-∂-Xv, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS ""F{Kn-sa‚ v Hm¨ k_vkn-Uokv B‚ v Iu≠¿
shbn-enwKv satjgvkv'' (ASCM)) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°-\-k-c-W-am-bn-´m-Wv. F∂m¬ AXm-
I-s´, B`y-¥c klmbw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿Zm-£n-Wy-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-∂-Xv. kzm`mhnI
d∫¿ Hcp hyh-km-bnI DXv∏-∂-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ a‰p Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn ]cp-°-\mb s]cp-am-‰-߃°v d∫¿ hnt[-b-am-hp-∂p. F∂m¬ Irjnsb kw_-
‘n® Icmdn (AOA) se hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v d∫-dn\v Nne kwc-£-W-߃°v A¿l-X-bp-≠v.
3 WTO hyh-ÿ-Isf hntZi NR Cd-°p-a-Xnbvs°-Xntc kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI
cmPyØns‚ B`y-¥c D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\v kwc-£Ww e`n-°m-\mbn WTObpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm:sk n-\p-]-Icw sIu≠¿ shbn-enwKv Uyq´n Npa-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, B‚n-
Uw-_nwKv Uyq´n Npa-Øp-I, I¿°-i-amb KpW-\n-e-hmc \n¿Æb am\-Z-WvU-߃ Npa-Øp-I, Cd-°pa-Xn-km-[-\-߃
\n›nX Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn-se-Øp∂p F∂-dn-bp-hm≥ AwKo-IrX Xpd-ap-J-ß-fnte Cd-°paXn
sNøm≥ ]mSp≈q F∂v \n¿∫-‘-am-°pI F√mw B`y-¥c NR d∫dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v kwc-
£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ \S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv. Cd-°p-a-Xn-bv°mbn IqSp-X¬ Xpd-ap-J-߃°v AwKo-
Imcw \evIp-hm≥ d∫¿ hyh-km-b-߃ kΩ¿±w sNep-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v klmb-I-c-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬
CXns\ sNdp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
4. ]m-fn-Ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb hºn® d∫¿ tiJ-cW kwcw-`-߃
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºp≈ Ime-L-´-
Øn¬, B`y-¥c DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS kw`-c-Ww, ASn-b-¥nc L´-߃ XcWw sNøm≥ {]tXyIw Icp-Xembn
tÃddv t{SUnwKv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (SRC) \S-Øp∂ kw`-cWw F∂o hn]Wn CS-s]-S¬ \S-]-Sn-
Iƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hfsc KpW-]-c-amb kzm[o\w d∫¿ DXv]m-Z\ cwKØv sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc
AXn¿ Ihn tiJ-c-Whpw X¬°m-e-tØ°v (3 Dw 6 amkw hsc) kq£n®p hbv°p-∂Xpw hn]-Wnbn-ep≈
AanX e`y-Xsb Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw Aßns\ hne-bn-Sn-hn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ Ipd-bv°p-∂-
Xn\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p. d∫-dn\v \o≠ Hcp kw`-cW (Po-hn-Xw) Imew D≠v. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬, D≈
tÃmtdPv kuI-cy-ßfn¬ d∫-dns\ GI-tZ-iw, 6 amkw apX¬ 1 h¿jw hsc tISp-Iq-SmsX kq£n-
°m≥ Ign-bpw, d∫-dp-Xv]m-Z-I-cpsS kwLS\I-ƒ, hn]-W\ kl-I-cW kwL-߃, a‰p Im¿jnI
kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-hsb Du¿÷-kze-am-°p-Ibpw Ahsb F√mw tÉv shb¿ luknwKv tIm¿∏-tdj≥,
ETC \ms^Uv, [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-߃, kl-I-cW _mp-Iƒ F∂o ÿm]-\-ßfp-ambn kl-Icn-®p-sIm≠v
]m-fn-Ø-]-c-amb h≥ tiJ-cW kº-Zmbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bm¬ Xo¿®bmbpw AXv
kmº-Øn-I-ambn hfsc {]h¿Ø\ tbmKyhpw kpÿn-c-hp-amb Hcp X{¥-am-bn-cn°pw (Iq-Sp-X¬ hni-
Zmw-i-߃°v 1.5.9.2 JWvUnI t\m°p-I)
5. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn
\jvSI-c-amb Hcp hne-hy-h-ÿ-bpw, kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw \ma-am-{X-Irjn-°m-cp-tSbpw
D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v {]Xn-Iq-e-amb `hn-j-Øp-I-fpw, d∫-dns‚ (h¿≤n-®) Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS
krjvSn-bmb d∫-dns‚ hn]-Wn-bnse XmevIm-en-I-amb B[n-Iy-am-sW∂v kpZo¿L-ambn hmZn-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
d∫-dns‚ kº-∂-cmb henb D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw (C-h¿ kwJy-bn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv) hntijn®pw
Hcp Uk-\n¬ Xmsg-bpff Sb¿ \n¿Ωm-Xm-°fpw BWv (BsI hyh-km-bn-I-ambn hn\n-tbm-
Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ GXm≠v ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Sb¿ hyh-kmbw BWv)
tI{µo-IrX kw`-c-W-Øn-eqsS Icp-X¬ kw`-c-W-Øns‚ta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xpw, hnX-cW
ÿe-ß-fn-epw, sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ an®-ß-tf-bpw, d∫¿ Irjn-°m¿°p-Int´-≠-Xmb hn-esb A]-I-S-
I-c-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xpw F√mw C°q-´-cmWv. 1997 \p tijw D≠mb hne-Ø-I¿®-bpsS ImeØv
\ne\n∂n-cp∂ Dev]m-Z\ ˛ D]-t`m-K- k¥pe\w CXn-\p-sX-fn-hm-Wv. D]-t`mKw DXv]m-Z-\-tØm-sSm∏w
118

Htc-th-K-Øn¬ t]msb-nepw \ma-am-{X-amb an®-߃ hcp-tºmƒ (10,000 SÆn¬ Xmsg ˛ Dev]m-Z-\-
Øns‚ 2 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-Wn-Xv) 1997 ˛ 98 tijw F√m-h¿jhpw CXm-bn-cp∂p ÿnXn, kzm`mhnI
d∫-dns‚ hne, 1997 \hw-_-dn\v tij-ap-≠mb IpØ-s\-bp≈ hne-bn-Sn-hns‚ Zpc-¥-Øn¬ \n∂pw
tamN\w t\Sn-bn-√. CXn-\p -{]m-Y-anI ImcWw h¿jm-h¿jw \S∂ 20,000 SÆn\pw 30,000 SÆn\pw CSbn-ep≈
d∫-dns‚ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bmW.v d∫¿ I¿j-Is‚ hyh-km-b-hp-ambn apJm-apJw-\n∂v hne-t]-im-
\p≈ Ign-hns\ i‡-am-°p-hm\pw hn]-Wn-bn¬ Ir{Xn-a-ambn ssII-SØepIƒ \S-Øp∂ LS-I߃s°-Xntc
Ah-cpsS \ne kpc-£-am-°m-\pw, Aßns\ \nc-∏mb Hcp Ifn-°fw Hcp-°p-hm\pw
Irjn-°m¿°v d∫¿ ]pd-tØ-°p-I-b‰n Ab-bv°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kpÿn-cX D≠m-°p-hm\pw Ign-tb-
≠-Xp-≠v. CXp km≤y-am-h-W-sa-n¬ 10 iX-am-\-Øn\pw 15 iX-am-\-Øn\pw CS-bv°v, AXm-bXv {]Xnh¿jw
5,00,000 SÆn\pw 7,50,000 SÆn\pw CSbv°v Ib‰n Ab-bv°-Ww. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Hcp ]c-
º-cm-KX Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\√ C¥y. ImcWw ]c-º-cm-KX hn]-Wn-Iƒ-s°ms°bpw d∫-dns‚ apJy
Dev]m-Z-I-cmb Xmbve-≠pw, Ct¥m-t\-jy-bpw, ate-jybpw aptº-Xs∂ Iø-S-°n-bn-cn°p-I-bm-Wt√m.
F∂m¬ Id Af-hn¬ NR s‚ D]-tbmKw \S-Øp∂ cmPy-߃ D≠v, hnti-jn®pw B{^n°-bpw,
em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fpw. C¥y Ah-cp-ambn hn]Wn _‘-ap-≠m-°m≥ {ian-°-Ww. Cu ASp-Ø-
Im-eØv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ ]n¥pWtbmSp-IqSn d∫¿ t_m¿Un-t‚-bpw, d∫¿am-°-‰nwKv s^Utd-j-t‚bpw
(ssh-In-bm-sW-n-epw) {ia-^-e-ambn 2000-˛2001˛¬ 13,000 SÆpw. 2001-˛2002 (sk-]vXw-_¿
hsc) 27,000 SÆpw NR Ib‰n Ab-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
6. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ {]tNmZ\-I-c-amb t{]m’m-l\w XpS-cpI
2001 sk]vXw_¿ 17-\p-tijw tI{µ-k¿°m¿ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°v t{]m’ml-\-ambn
Hcp ]≤Xn Bcw-`n-®p. I¿j-I¿°p-≠m-Ip∂ sNe-hp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-hm-\pw, Zpcn-X-߃°mizmkw
\¬Im-\p-amWo klm-bw. Nc-°p-Iƒ DXv]m-Z\ tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hn]-Wn-I-fn-te-t°m,
Xpd-ap-J-tØt°m \o°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ KXm-K-X-s®e-hn-\pw, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\pw,
km£y-s∏-Sp-ج, ]mt°-PnwKv F∂n-h-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw F∂ \ne-bv°mWv Cu klmb-߃.
Ch-sb-√mw -Xs∂ temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b t{]m’ml-\-ambn
WTO hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Hcp Intem `mc-ap≈ 1 jo‰v d∫dn\v
3.50 cq]bpw em‰-Ivkn\v (I-d) 4.50 cq]bpw {Iw_vd-∫-dn\v Intembv°v 5 cq]bpw t{]m’m-l-\-klm-b-ambn
e`n°p∂p. Cu t{]m’m-l-\-k-lmbw kzImcy ˛k-l-I-W-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ D≈ F√m Ib-
‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°pw e`y-am-Wv. cmPy-Øn\v Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-bn¬ Nph-Sp-d-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu
t{]m’m-l\w XpS¿t∂ aXn-bm-hq, ImcWw B`y-¥c hn]Wn-bnse hneIƒ kpÿn-c-am-°p-∂-Xn¬
CsXmcp DtØm-eIw t]mse {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
7. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dn≥ {]Xy£ klmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\hv D≠m-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ k¿°m-cns‚ {ia-ß-tfmSv tIc-f-Ønse
d∫¿ I¿jI¿ {]iw-km-h-lambn {]Xn-I-cn®p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv∏m-
Z\w Ah¿ aq∂n-c´n h¿≤n-∏n-®p. Irjn-ÿehnkvXrXn Iq´n- am-{X-a√ {]iw-k-\obamb coXn-bn¬
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw, h¿≤n-∏n®p (aq∂p aS-ßv). d∫¿ I¿j¿°v \evIn-s°m≠n-cn-°p∂ t{]m’m-l-
\- -ßfnsem∂v kpÿnc-amb {]Xn-^ew (ko-k-Wp-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃°-\p-k-cn-®v) e`y-am-°p-
Ibpw H∏w DXv∏m-Z-\-s®-e-hn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ h¿≤-\-hn\v \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ambn KWy-amb hn[w klm-bn-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-hm≥ k¿°m¿ \S-Ønb hn]Wn CS-s]SepIƒ hfsc klm-bn-®p. (C-tX-∏‰n apºv
]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≠v) hnI-k-\-]-c-amb A\p-`hw h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ d∫-dns‚ hnPb IY-bn¬ Cs∂mcp
sshcp≤yw ImWmw. AXm-b-Xv, (c≠p Zi-I-߃°p-≈n¬ DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX c≠v aS-ßv) e`y-amb
kmt-XnIhnZy {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcpØn a‰p apJy d∫¿ DXv]m-ZI cmPy-ß-fp-ambn a’-cn-°p-hm-
\p≈ tijn tIc-f-Ønse d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°v t\Sp-hm≥ Ign-n-´n-√. CXn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-Ip∂
kXyw CXmWv. "D¬∏m-Z\w am{Xw h¿≤n-∏n®XpsIms≠mcp Imcy-hp-an-√, adn®v H∏w DXv∏m-Z-\-£aXbpw
ssIh-cn-°m≥ IgnbWw F∂mWv a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Iqen-°q-Sp-X¬ Hcp {]iv\-
am-bn- Iq-sS-IqsS FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°m-dp-s≠-nepw d∫-dp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ a‰p apJy-cm-Py-ß-fnse
sXmgn¬°q-en-bp-ambn a’-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØXn\v Hcn-°epw AsXmcp hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-hp-∂n-√.
119

Xmbve≠v (B-tKmf DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 33 iX-am-\hpw atejy 8 iX-am-\-hpw) Db¿∂ sXmgn¬Iqens®ehv
hcp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Ch¿°v A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb ssPh`u-XnI t{kmX- n\v (hnti-jn®pw ag-bpsS
hnX-c-W-Øn\v ]pdta) C¥y-sbt∏mep-ff Hcp cmPy-hp-ambn a√n-Sp-hm≥ Cu cmPyßsf klm-bn-
°p∂ as‰mcp {]apJ LSIw IqSn-bp-≠v. AXm-bXv AhnsS kzm`m-hnI d∫-dpXvv]m-Z-I¿°v Ah¿
t\cn´p klmbw sNøp-∂p≠v. DZm: Xmbve-≠n¬ Ct∏mgpw ]gb ac-߃ apdn®v \o°n ]Icw ssXIƒ
h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ KWy-amb klmbw \evIp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿ Xmco^v \nc-°p-Iƒ A≥_u-≠mbn Xs∂
XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ct¥m-t\-jy-bm-sW-n¬ _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 40 iX-am\w Db¿∂ \nc-°n-emWv
Npa-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xv. t\sc adn®v C¥ybn¬, imkv{X-km-t-XnI hnZy {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Hcp t{]m’ml-\-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬
d∫-dn\v 1950 IfpsS Ah-km-\-h¿j-ß-fnepw 1960 IfpsS Ah-km-\-h¿j-ß-fnepw
1960 IfpsS BZyhpw \¬In-h∂ klmbw 100 iXam\w Bbn-cp-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ shdpw 16 iX-am-\-am-bn-
°p-dncn°p-∂p. C¥ybnse NR s‚ D¬∏m-Z-I¿°v \nc-∏mb Hcp Ifn-ÿew Aßns\ hne-°-s∏-
´n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ NR s‚ DXv∏m-Z-I¿°v \¬In-h-cp∂ klmbw XpS-c-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ i‡-
ambn k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Blz\w sNøp-∂p. AXp-t]mse doπm‚nw-Kn\v D≠m-bn-cp∂ k_vknUn sh´n-
°p-d-®Xv ]p\xÿm]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap´v Poh¬ {][m-\-amb Cu klm-b-Øn\v XS-
-am-tI-≠-Xn-√. Bh-iy-amb kmº-ØnI klm-bhpw a‰pw d∫¿t_m¿Uv kw`-cn-°p∂ sk n¬
\n∂pw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu sk v IqSp-Xepw DXv∏m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-IbmWv
(C-X-tesdbpw icn-bmbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√). Cu taJe {]Xn-h¿jw 80 tImSn cq]-
bmWv kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-hym]mckw-L-S-\-bn¬ tN¿∂-Xn\ptij-ap≈ ImesØ imkv{Xo-bhn-I-k\
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn Cu XpI Xncn-®p-hn-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. d∫¿ hyh-km-b-Øn¬ \n∂mWv sk v
kw`-cn-°p-∂-sX-nepw AXns‚ `mcw BXy-¥n-I-ambn ]Xn-°p-∂Xv d∫¿ I¿j-I-cpsS Npa-en-em-Wv.
d∫-dns‚ ]p\¿ \So-en\v (do-πm‚nw-Kn-\v) \¬Ip∂ klmbw, hfsc kq£va {]Xn-I-cW tijn-bp≈
{]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ klm-b-ambn IW-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv hym]m-c-kw-
L-S-\-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \oXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Im-cy-amWv. hyh-km-b-Øn-\p≈ aqe-[-\-\n-t£-] -k-lm-bamtbm,
`£y-hn-f-Iƒ°v \evI-s∏-Sp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v ]I-c-amtbm Cu klmbsØ
]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.
8 WTO bpsS klm-b-]-≤-Xn-Isf tam\n-‰¿ sNøpI
hnI-knX cmPy-ß-sf√mw B`y-¥c DXv∏m-Z-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v \√-tXm-Xn¬ k_vkn-Un-Iƒ \¬Ip-
∂p-≠v. hnti-jn®pw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw, hn]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw,
A{]-tbm-KnI ka-b-®-´-Øn-\p-≈n¬ C∂sØ hf¿®-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm-
\pw, A\p-im-kn-°p∂ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bm-Wv Cu Cf-hp-Iƒ
A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. NR s‚ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KØv sNdp-InS I¿jI-cmWv `qcn-`m-Khpw F∂-Xn-\m¬ CØcw
{]Xy-£-k-lmbw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv \oXn-I-c-W-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS hcp-am\ kpc-£sb XI¿Øp-
I-f-bp∂ Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ°v \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-\-S-]-Sn-bm-bn-´mWv CXns\ hnI-knX cmPy-߃ ImWp-∂Xv.
WTO bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Xy£ klm-b-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ I¿°-i-am-°p-Ibpw \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p≠v. GXm-bmepw Hcn-°¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ \o°w sNbvXp
Ign-m¬ ]ns∂ C¥y-bnse d∫¿ taJ-esb AXns‚ hgn-°p-Xs∂ hnSm-sa-∂pw, AXv kzbw ]cnc£
t\Sn-s°m-≈p-sa∂pw CXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°-cp-Xv. hen-sbmcp hn`mKw \ma-am{X d∫¿ Irjn-
°m¿ hne-bpsS Nm©-ey-ß-fnepw Aÿn-c-X-Ifnepw s]´v t¢i-߃°-[o-\-cm-Ip-sa∂ Imcyw Xo¿®bmWv.
Ah¿°p-th≠ kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-hm≥ X°-k-a-bØv hn]Wn CS-s]-S-en-eqsS {]h¿Øn-
°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb X{¥w Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Kuc-h-ambn XpS¿∂-S-]-
Sn-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ImcWw NR Irjn-ta-J-e-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ hn`m-
Kw sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cmWv, F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°mWv klm-b-Øns‚ IqSp-
X¬ Bh-iy-ap≈Xv. WTO bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬Xs∂D≈ GXm\pw hIp-∏p-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v KpW-
\n-em-hcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw klmbw \¬Ip-
∂Xv kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw XnI®pw kzmK-X-am-Wv. kpc-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-
Wp-≈Xv F∂v kq£n®p \nco-£n-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. B`y-¥c d∫¿ hyh-km-bsØ kwc-£n-°p-
∂-Xn\v WTO bpsS Iogn¬ ]e D]m-[n-Ifpw e`y-am-Wv.
120

9 temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ e`y-am-°p∂ kpc£m\S-]-Sn-Iƒ
B`y-¥c D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ 5 iX-am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ d∫¿ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-I-fnse√mw
Xs∂ kpc-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-Xmb
kpc£m\S-]-Sn-Iƒ e`n-°m≥ d∫-dn\v XnI®pw A¿l-X-bp-≠v. WTO bpsS Icp-X¬ \S-]Sn hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]Tn-°p-I-bpw, Im∏nbv°pw tXbn-e-bv°pw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃°pw Ah KpW-{]-
Z-amb coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. Xmcn-^p-Iƒ \ymb-bp-‡-am-°p-∂-Xpw, Cd-°p-a-XnbpsS
Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥Ww \o°p-∂Xpw Xo¿®-bmbpw d∫¿ hyh-km-bsØ KWy-ambn kzm[o-
\n-°pw. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂, B kzm-[o-\-Øns‚ kq£va-X-e-amb ÿnXn A{X-b-[nIw I¿°-i-amb \nebn¬
\ap°v t_m≤y-am-bn-´n-s√-n¬ t]mepw, apºn-ep≈ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf ImWp-hm≥ \ap°v Ign-b-
Ww.
10 tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ kpc-£m-\-S-]-Sn-bn¬ ]p-sIm-≈p∂ Imcyw Dd-∏m-°p-I.
temI-hy-]m-c-kw-L-S\ d∫-dp-Xv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-hm\pw ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp
Xmev]-cyhpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-dn-√, Fnepw WTO bpsS Iogn-ep≈ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚
B¿´n-°nƒ 7 A\p-_‘w 11 se hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v k¿°m-cns‚ kmº-ØnI ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ""hcp-am\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-ج, hcp-am-\-kp-c-£m-he'' F∂o hIp-∏p-I-fn¬s∏-Sp-Øn,
Irjn-°m-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 30 iX-am\w \jvS-am-Ip∂ ]£w A-{Kn-tK‰v an\naw kt∏m¿´ns‚
IW-°p-°q-´-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Cf-hp-\-¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tXm´-hn-f-Iƒ°v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ hyhÿ
sNbvXn-´p≈ ""hcp-am-\-kp-c£m'' ]cn-]mSn IΩn-js‚ {i≤-bn¬s]-´n-´p≈ Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. B ]-
cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ sNdp-InS d∫¿ I¿j-I-tc-bpw, \ma-am-{X-I¿j-I-tcbpw hn]p-e-ambn ]s-Sp-∏n®v Ah¿°p-
IqSn AXns‚ A\p-Iq-ey-߃ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tIc-f- k¿°m¿ ]c-am-h[n {ian®v tI{µ-k¿°mcn¬
kΩ¿±w sNep-tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.
11. hne-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Aÿn-c-X-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ "hne -kp-ÿn-c-Xm-\n[n'
Hcp {]tXyI \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn B`y-¥c hne Db¿Øp-hm≥ {]tZ-inI \S-]-Sn-I-fneqsS
hfsc {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw. hºn® d∫-dn-d-°p-a-Xn-bpsS kml-N-cy-Øn¬ CXv _p≤n-ap-´p≈
Imcy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ]ns∂ km≤y-am-bn-´p-≈Xv H∂p-am-{Xw, Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ cmPysØ ({]-tZi-sØ)
d∫-dns‚ hne-tbmSv kam-¥-c-am-b-tXm, AXn¬ Aev]w IqSn-btXm Bb-hne \n›-bn-°p∂
Hcp kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu {]tXyI kµ¿`-Øn¬ Hcp d∫¿ "hne kpÿn-c-Xm-
\n[n' cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ Imcyw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp A[nI kpc-£m- \-S-]-Sn-sb-∂-\n-e-bn¬ Cu
t£a-\n-[n-bv°p≈ kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-Ød hmWn-Py-˛-hy-h-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kam-lcn-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. d∫¿ t_m¿Uv kw`-cn-°p∂ sk ns‚ Hcp `mKw CXn-∂mbn \o°n-h-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. As√-
n¬ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ {Km‚n¬ \n∂pw Hcp `mKw Cu t£a-\n-[n-°mbn \¬Im-hp-∂-Xpam-Wv.
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ hn¬∏\ \nIp-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mKw am‰nh-bv°mw. As√-n¬ Hcp hn¬∏\
\nIpXn k¿ ®m¿÷mbn CuSm°n, B XpI-sb-SpØv Cu t£a-\n-[n-bp-ambn A\p-_-‘-amb klmb
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn \n¿Æmb-I-amb kmlN-cy-ß-fn¬ \ymb-]q¿∆w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. d∫dns‚
hne Db-cp-tºmƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw CXns‚ t\cn-´p≈ KpW-t`m-‡mhv tIcf k¿°m-cm-bn-cn-°pw.
ImcWw At∏mƒ dh\yp hchv h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xm-W-t√m.
12 _©p-am¿°p hne {]Jym-]\w \ndp-Ø-em-°pI
kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ _©p-am¿°v hne-Iƒ Imem-Imew \n›-bn-°p∂ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bp≠v tI{µk¿°m-cn-\v.
kao-]-Im-esØ (1998 sk]vXw_¿) _©p-am¿°v hne-bmWv NR Izn‚-en\v 3405 cq].
F∂m¬ tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp ssI Bb d∫¿t_m¿Un-t\m, NR s‚ hne Xmtgm-´n-d-ßp-tºmƒ
_©p-am¿°v hne Dd-∏n-°m-\p≈ bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\-tam, k{º-Zm-btam C∂n-√. 2002 G{]n¬ hsc
CXm-bn-cp∂p ÿnXn. F∂m¬ I®-h-S-°m¿ _©vam¿°v hnebn¬ IqSp-X¬ CuSm-°p∂ ]£w, AXns\-Xnsc
\nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ _©p-am¿°v hne \n›nbn°p∂
G¿∏mSp-sIm≠v d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°v bmsXmcp t\´hpw D≠m-bn-´n-√. tI{µ-k¿°m-dns‚ Cu
k{º-Zmbw XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬ GsX-nepw bp‡n-bp-≈-Xmbn Cu IΩn-j\p tXm∂p∂n√. B \S-]Sn
\ndp-Øp∂ Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠Xm-Wv.
121

13 d∫¿ DXv]m-ZIkwL-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t{]m’m-l\w
sNdpInS-bpw, \ma-am-{X-hp-amb d∫¿ I¿j-I-cmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse {]_e i‡n-I-sf-n-epw,
d∫¿ t_m¿Uns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS, G‰hpw ASn-Ø-´n¬ (Xr-W-aq-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬) {]h¿Øn-°p∂
d∫-dpXv]m-Z-I-cpsS skmssk-‰n-Iƒ°v (RPS) CXn\Iw Xs∂ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´h IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬,
Ah-bn¬ C∂v GI-tZiw 30 iX-am-\w d∫¿ Irjn-°m-cpsS {]mXn-\n-[y-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. cPnkvt{S-j≥
Hm^v skmssk-‰okv BIvSn\p Iogn¬ Hcp sNdnb kwLw I¿j-I¿ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p-
≠v. Ah-cn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw kzbw klmb {]m]vXn-bp-≈hcpw C≥]p-´p-Iƒ (hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bpsS hnX-c-Ww) Irjn-°m¿°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-epw, d∫¿ kw`-c-W-Øn-epw, sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈
kwkvI-c-W-Øn\ptijw hn]-W\w \S-Øp-∂-Xnepw kZm G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS {]h¿Ø\
taJe hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn-ep≈ aqey-h¿≤\
{]h¿Ø-\-߃, tÃmtd-Pv, shb¿ luknw-Kv, hn]-W\w F∂nhIqSn `wKn-bmbn \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ignbp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu kwhn-[m\w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øm¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈, GXm\pw i‡-cmb/{]_-e-cmb
Bfp-Iƒ am{Xw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ (oligopolistic) d∫-dns‚ hn]Wn
hyh-ÿbv°p _Z-embn KpW-I-c-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m\w krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. DXv]m-Z-I¿°v A\p-
Iq-e-ambn Unam‚ v kssπ kml-Ncyw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn´pw Hcp ]nSn Bfp-Iƒ hn]-Wn-bpsS hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Cu ÿnXn XpS-cp-∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a-√. d∫¿ I¿j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ sa®-s∏´
t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw XrW-aq-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v I¿jI kwL-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hn]peo-I-c-W-hpw,
sa®-s∏´ ta¬t\m´ ˛ (am-t\-Pvsa‚ v) {]h¿Ø-\hpw D≠m-bm¬, Aßns\ A¥m-cmjv{S
am\-Z-WvU-߃ A\p-k-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\pw, {]iv\-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw, F√m-‰n-\p-ap-
]cn A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ {]th-in°p-∂-Xn\pw Ignbp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. d_¿ t_m¿Uv Ct∏mƒ \evInh-cp∂
klm-b-߃ ˛ am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\w, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-hn-I-k-\w, \ne-hn-ep≈ d_¿
kwkvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠ \nt£-]-k-lm-bw, aqey-h¿≤-\-hv, tÃmtd-Pv, ]m°nw-
Kv, AXp-t]mse {][m-\-amb Im¿jn-I-hn-⁄m-\-hpw, hnh-c-ßfpw e`n-°m≥ kuI-cy-hpw, A¥m-cmjv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬
]nSn-bp-d-∏n-°pI F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ F√mhn[ klm-b-ßfpw k¿°m-cpw,
d∫¿t_m¿Upw d_¿ I¿j-I¿°v sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. (B-I-kvan-I-am-bn) kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿
Ct∏mƒ \evIp-∂-Xmb ˛ kw`-cWw kpI-c-am-°p-hm-\pw, kl-I-c-W-kw-L-߃°v Nc-°p-\o-°-s®-ehp-Iƒ
Cf-hp-sN-øp-hm\pw hym]n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ klmbw IqSp-X¬ {]Xyp-ev]m-Z-\-]-chpw kpÿn-c-hpambn
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. apºv Nq≠n-°m-Wn® taJ-e-I-fn¬ d∫¿ DXv]m-Z-I-kw-L-ßsf (RPS)
Nne-cpsS hn]-Wn IS-∂p-I-b-‰-߃°v FXnsc Hcp kwhn-[m\w krjvSn-°m≥ th≠ tijn-bp-≠m-
°m≥ k¿°mcpw t_m¿Upw klm-bn-°-Ww. Im¿jn-I -hn-I-k-\-Øn\v e`y-amb t{kmX- p-I-sf,
kwÿm-\-sØ, {]mtZ-in-I-kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃ ({Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw, Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpw)
hnti-jn®pw d_¿Ir-jn-ta-J-e-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ (Cu ÿm]-\-߃ hfsc KWy-amb i‡n-tI-{µ-ßfm-I-bm¬)
AhbpsS hn`-h-ßsf d∫¿ hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb {]ÿm-\-߃, ÿm]-\-߃, ]cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n®p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-tS-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-sW∂v IΩn-j≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.
d∫-dp-Xvv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød hen-sbmcp kwJy- h-cp∂ sNdp-InS `qhp-S-a-I-fm-sW∂ hkvXpX ]cn-
K-Wn-®v, kpÿn-c-amb hnI-k\ amXr-I-Iƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn¬ C∂sØ {]Xn-k-
‘nbv°v hnt[-b-cm-b-hcpw a‰p _‘-s∏-´-hcpw kPo-h-amb ]p-h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]m-fnØw, Xocpam\w
FSp-°p-∂-Xnepw \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Ønepw HXpßn \n∂m¬ t]mc, ]ns∂tbm d∫¿ta-J-e-bpsS
ka-{Khpw km¿∆-{Xn-I-hp-amb \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v th≠ hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb \nt£] kwcw-
`-ß-fnepw Ah-cpsS {]I-S-amb kw`m-h\ D≠m-hp-Ibpw thWw.
14. d∫¿ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hntZ-i -C-d-°p-aXn d∫¿ taJ-e-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ {]Xym-LmXw
Akw-kvIrX d_-dns‚ hºn® Cd-°p-a-Xn-tb-°mƒ, d∫¿ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn B`y-
¥-c-hy-h-km-b-Øn\v Kuc-h-X-c-amb BLm-X-ß-fmWv Gev]n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]tcm-£-ambn B`y-
¥c D]-t`m-KsØ Xmtgm-´p-sIm-≠p hcn-I-bpw, DXv]m-Z-\-cw-K-Øns‚ {][m\ Xmev]-cy-ßsf KmVambn
kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ B`y-¥c hyh-km-b-߃ F√mw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc aptºm´p t]mtI-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w am’-cy-£-a-X-bn¬ apt∂-dm-Ø-]£w
A¥m-cm-jv{S-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ \ap°v FØm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIpw. KpW-ta-∑-bn¬ H∂mwInS-bm-hp-Ibpw
122

am’-cy-£-a-X-ti-jnbpw i‡n-bpw B¿÷n-®m¬ hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw XcwXmW d∫dp-Xv]-∂-߃ Cd-
°p-aXn sNøp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂p-am-{X-a√ cmPy-Øn\v A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ kPo-h-]-
m-fnØw D≠m-°m\pw AXv kpÿn-c-am-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
15. X{¥-]-c-amb hn]Wn hnh-c-߃ I¿j-I¿°v \evIp∂hgn-bp≈ klmbw
hn]-Wn-bn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-£-a-amb X{¥-߃ sa\-bp-∂-Xn\pw G‰hpw Imen-I-amb hn]-Wnsb
kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ I¿j-I¿°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D≈ ]T-\-߃ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬
Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnh-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-I, kam-l-cn-°p-I, hn]-Wn-tbbpw A\p-_-‘- taJ-e-Itfbpw
]Tn®pw {]h-W-X-Isf A]-{K-Yn-®pw, hn]-Wnsb kq£va-\n-co-£Ww sNbvXpw thWw, AkwkvIrX
d∫dn-t‚-bpw, d_-dp-Xv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]ptcm-KXn km≤y-am-t°-≠-Xv. C°m-cy-
Øn¬ d∫¿t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿_-‘-amb I¿Ø-hy-amWv hnh-c-߃ kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Ah _‘-s∏-´h-cp-am-sb√mw
]n-SpI F∂-Xv. F∂m-en-Xn-te°v t_m¿Uns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ hn]-W-\-Øn\pw,
t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kmº-Øn-I- K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw i‡-am-t°-≠-
Xm-bn-´p≠v.
16. sXmgn-emfn t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS KpW-h-i-߃ IW-°n-se-Sp-°pI
sXmgn-emfn t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kwÿm-\Øv k¿°m¿ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-hsb KpW-]-c-ambpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw ImWp-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
ImcWw hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-ß-fnse Ipd Iqen \nc-°ns‚sa®w hf-sc-tbsd Ct∏mƒ tNmZyw sNøs∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
CXn-s\-Xnsc `oj-Wn-bp-b¿Øp-∂Xv Xmcn-t^-Xc \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Ah hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv
A≤zm-\sØ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp∂p F∂m-Wv. AtX kabw kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\-
hn-\p≈ {ia-߃ sNe-hp-Ip-d--h-bm-°p-hm≥ Fs¥ms° sNø-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´-hcpsS
ka-hmbw D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂m¬ am{Xta sNdp-InS d∫-dpXv]m-Z-I¿°v \nc-∏mb Ifn-°-f-
Øn¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ a’-cn-°m-\mhq. AXp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv ta¬t\m´w \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ th≠
Ipi-e-Xbpw NmXp-cyhpw Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-tI-≠-Xv. Cu cwKØv C∂p≈ F√mw Bsb∂
Nn¥bpw Alw-`m-hhpw Zqsc-°-f-p-sIm≠v {]iv\-_m-[n-XcptSbpw {]Xn-k-‘n°v hnt[-b-cm-bn-´p≈
F√m hn`mKw Bfp-I-fp-tSbpw sXmgn¬]-c-amb Imcy-£-aX (professionatism) KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏nt°-≠Xpw
AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
17. Irjn-s®-e-hp-Ip-d DXv]m-Z-\-coXn
d∫¿ hn]-Wn-bnse am’cyw Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf KWyambn t\cn-Sp-hm≥ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-
X-bpsS h¿≤-\hv `mKn-I-ambn am{Xta klm-b-I-am-hq. hn]Wn am’-cy-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-
Sm≥ i‡-cm-I-W-sa-n¬ DXv]m-Z\ £a-Xm-h¿≤-\-hn\v kam-¥-c-am-bn, Hcp ]t£, AXn-t\-°mƒ
{]m[m\yw \evtI≠ Imcy-amWv Irjn-bnse anX -hyb-X-{¥w. kzm`m-hnI d_-dns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v
klmbw e`y-am-Ip-tºmƒ AtXm-sSm∏w DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ anX -hy-b-co-Xnbpw I¿j-I¿ Ah-ew-_nt®
aXn-bm-hq. anX- hy-b-X-{¥w, d_¿ Ir-jn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Fßn-s\-sb√mw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bpsa∂
Imcy-Øn-ep-≈ -K-th-jWw Du¿÷n-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Irjn-bn¬, anX -hy-b -am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS Dev]m-
Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ `uXn-I-hn-`-h-߃ hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, Pew, sshZypXn apX-embh
\evIp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hf-sc-tbsd KpW-I-c-am-Wv, Irjn-im-kv{X-Ønepw kmt-Xn-I-Xz-Øn-epw, amt\-
Pvsa‚nepw th≠ ]cn-io-e-\-߃ I¿j-I¿°v Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \evIp-∂Xv A≤zm-\n-°p∂ I¿j-
I-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v anX-hy-b-\-b-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m-\-am-sbmcp ]v hln-°m-\p-≠v. d_¿
Irjn-°m¿ Ah-cpsS sXmgn-em-fn-Isf hnizm-ky-X-bn-se-Sp-°p-I-bpw, C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-aq-e-ap≈
F√m t¢i-ß-fnepw hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Db¿®-Xm-gvN-I-fnepw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw sXmgn¬i-‡n-°pap≈
{][m\ ]ns\ F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. ta¬t\m´ \n¿∆-lW {]{In-b-bn¬ Xß-fpsS
sXmgn-em-fp-I-fp-ambn Hcn-°epw G‰p-ap-´-en\v CS-h-cmsX, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS `mK-t[-b-߃ \n¿Æ-bn-
°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-chpw {]mY-an-I-hp-amb DXv]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ]q¿Æ-amb kl-I-c-W-ap-
≠m-Im≥ th≠ t{]m’m-l-\-hpw, t{]c-Wbpw A\p-\-bhpw D≈ kao-]\w D≠m-th-≠Xv Bh-iyamWv.
123

19. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ am’-cy-£-a-Xbv°pw hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw KpW-ta∑
Db¿tØ≠Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw d∫dns‚ hne-bn¬ 10 iX-am-\-Øn\pw 20 iX-am-\-
Øn\pw CSbv°v h¿≤\ t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v hy‡-am-Wv. cmPy-ØpXv∏m-Zn-∏n°s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Db¿∂
\ne-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-amb dn_vUv kvtamIvUv d∫¿ jo‰ns‚ (RSS) 40 iX-am\w KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ X°-
Xmb AwKo-Im-c-ap-≠v. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂Xpw kmt-Xn-I-ambn sa®-s∏-´-sX∂v h¿§o-
I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb sSIv\n-°en kvs]kn-ss^Uv d∫¿ (TSR) t{KUp-b¿∂ d∫-dm-Wv. d∫¿ Irjn-
°m¿ hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ]pe¿Øn-h-cp∂ A\p-io-e-\-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xnepw \n∂-h¿
F{Xbpw thKw ]n¥ncnpsIm≠v A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬ AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ KpW-\nem-hm-c
-am-\-Z-WvU-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t\csØ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. IqSp-X¬ hnIkz-chpw
hn]p-e-hp-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw Cu cwKØv th≠ ÿm]-\-ßfpw sI´n-∏-Sp-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ F√mw apJy-]-p-h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ sNdp-InS d∫¿ I¿j-I-cm-sW∂ hkvXpX
IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v thWw Cu cwKsØ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmsI Ne-\-£-a-am-t°-≠-Xv. \ne-hnep≈
t{]mk-knwKv πm‚p-Iƒ aqey-h¿≤\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, tÃmtd-Pv, ]m°nw-Kv, hnh-chpw hn⁄m-
\hpw e`y-am-°¬, A¥-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ ÿm\w Dd-∏n-°¬ F∂o {][m\ -Zu-Xy-ß-fn-se√mw
B[q-\n-I-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\v th≠{X Du∂¬ \evI-W-sa-∂mWv IΩn-j\v \n¿t±-in-°m-\p-≈-Xv.
20 Im¿jnIcwKsØ AS-¬ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°¬
d_¿ tXm´-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]tcm-£- -ambn a’-c£-aX h¿≤n-
∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p≈ Imew d∫-dns‚ CS-hnf-bmbn ]e-hn-`-h-ßfpw Irjn sNøp-hm≥
[mcmfw Ah-k-c-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ssIX-®-°, GØ-hm-g, ac-®o-\n, C©n F∂n-h-bpsS Irjn°v CS-thf-°m-ew
\mw hn]p-e-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp-Xv]mZ N{Iw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb d_¿ acßsf
Cu cwKsØ Hcp \√ ]m¿tizmev]-∂-ambn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pw. ( Cu
N¿®-bn¬ Nne -\n¿t±-i-߃ IΩo-j≥ A\y-{X -ap-tºm-´p-h-®n-´p-≠v) d_¿ I-d-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]mI-am-Ipwh-sc-bp-≈
-Im-eØv BI¿j-Wo-b-amb CS/ASn -hn-f-Irjn Fßns\ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-
°pbpw sNøm-sa∂v \man-\nbpw Imcy-ambn Nn¥n-®n-´n-√. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ Xo{h-bXv\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-amb Hcp d∫¿ tXm´-Øn¬ \n∂pw tX\o®°rjn-bn-eqsS Hcp
slIvS-dn¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-h¿jw GI-tZiw 182 In.-{Kmw tX≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw 5000 cq]-bpsS hcpam-\hpw
D≠m-°mw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw AØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p≈ XS- -߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v
\ncq-]W ZrjvSym ]Tn-°p-Ibpw hn]p-e-ambn CØcw CS-hn-f -IrjnIƒ {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-tºmgp≈
ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-m¬ ]cn-lm-c-߃ \n¿t±-in-°m≥ Ffp-
∏am-bn-cn-°pw. AXpt]mse \mw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂ H∂mWv d∫¿ Ipcp-shÆ, ]nÆm°v. CXv hmKvZm\w
sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fpw km[y-X-Ifpw F¥p-sIm≠v IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n√ F∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
21 anX-hy-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw DXv]m-Z-\-£-aXm h¿≤-\-hnepw th≠
apX¬apS°v
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw anX-hy-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb DXv]m-Z\ coXn°pw Ahiyw th≠Xv.
apX¬ apS-°m-Wv. X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb taJ-e-bn¬ kmt-XnIhnZy hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXmbXv,
d∫-dns‚ A]Iz-Imew (immaturity period) Ipdbv°p∂-Xn-\pw, hr£-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI Pohn-
X-Imew Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw tcmKw, IoSw kΩ¿±w F∂n-hsb sNdpØp \n¬°m≥ i‡n-bp≈
ssXI-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw (a‰p {]P-\\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°n) hfsc Xo{h-amb ]p\¿ \So¬
]≤-Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØv \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]m¿iz-ÿ-e-߃ \SmsX hn´p-I-f-bm-dp-≈-Xm-Wv. {]Xnh¿jw
80 tImSn cq]-bmWv sk v hI-bn¬ Cu taJ-ebv°p e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXv doπm‚nw-Kn\pw
Bh-iy-amb imkv{Xob hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-w th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
124

22. tdmUv \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v d∫-dns‚ hn\n-tbm-K-£-aX t{]mXvkm-ln-∏n-°pI
kzm`m-hnI d_-dns‚ hne-kp-ÿn-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ X{¥-ß-fn¬ H∂v d_-dn\v ]pXn-b- ]p-
Xnb {]tbm-P-\-£-a-X -I-s≠-Øp-Ibpw h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ F≥.-B¿.s‚ Unam‚ v hnI-kz-c-am°n kpÿm-
]n-X-am-°p-I-bmWv AØ-c-samcp Ah-k-c-amWv tdmUp-Iƒ d_-ssd-kv -sN-øp-∂-Xv. _n‰p-as‚ IqsS
2% apX¬ 3% hsc d_¿ tN¿Øv hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v tdmUns‚ Poh≥ kpc-£- h-fsc
Zo¿Ln-∏n-Im-sa-∂p≈ hkvXpX C∂v temI-sa-ºmSpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. d∫dp-ambn Ie¿∂
_n‰pa‚ v sIm≠v tdmUp-Iƒ d_-ssd-kv -sN-øp-∂Xv tdmUns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p-]p-d-ta, tdmUns‚ A‰-Ip-‰-]-Wn-Iƒ°m-bn. \o°n-h-bv°p∂ `mcn® Nnehp em`n-°p-Ibpw
sNømw. Hcp {]mhiyw A‰-Ip‰ ]Wn-sN-øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-h-cp∂ Nne-th d∫ssd p sNøp-hm≥
Bh-iy-ap-≈q. IΩn-j\v e`n® hnhcw A\p-k-cn®v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ F√m kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-tfmSpw
tZiob ]mX \n¿ΩmW A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSpw BsI tdmUns‚ 10% Fnepw d_-ssdkp sNø-W-sa∂v
\n¿t±-in®p Fnepw AXv Hcp-Øcpw \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. tIc-f-Øn\v kzm`m-hnI d_-
dns‚ D]-tbmKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-W-sa∂ \n£n]vX Xmev]cyw D≈-ÿn-Xn°v-˛tI-c-fw-Xs∂ Cu
Imcy-Øn¬ amXr-I- Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw, CXns‚ km≤yX a‰p-≈-h¿°v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI-bpw, tI{µ
k¿°m-cns‚ \n¿t±iw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXp- s]m-Xp-a-cm-aØv hIp-∏n-eqsS \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNø-
W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ i‡-ambn Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ \n¿t±iw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v
[mcmfw N¿®-Iƒ CXn-\Iw \S-∂p-I-gn-s-nepw tIcf s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hIp∏v C°m-cy-Øn¬
bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw FSp-Øn-´n-√.
23. a’-c-£-a-X-bp≈ d∫¿ hymh-kmbw F≥.-B¿.s‚ DXv]m-Z\w kpÿn-c-am-°pI
Akw-kvIrX d∫-dns‚ B`y-¥c hyh-km-b-Øn\v Kuc-h-X-c-amb BLmXw G¬∏n-°p-∂Xv
hntZi d∫-dp¬∏∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bm-Wv. Cu \S-]Sn ]tcm-£-ambn B`y-¥c D]-t`m-KsØ CSn-
®p-Xm-gvØp-Ibpw DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-ßsf KWy-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. F∂m¬ B`y-
¥c hyh-kmbw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-t‚bpw a’-cy-£-a-X-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ hfsctbsd ]ptcm-KXn
ssIh-cn-®m¬ am{Xta A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-ß-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ km[n°q. IqSmsX hne-Ipd
hyh-kmb DXvv]-∂-ß-fpsS A¥m-cmjv{Shn]-Wn-bnse ÿm\w \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hn]-Wnbn¬
\ΩpsS DXvv]-∂-ß-fpsS ]m-fnØw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm\pw AXp klm-bn-°pw. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬
kzm`m-hnI d∫dns‚ hne Db-cp-∂p-tXm-sSm∏w AXn-\-\p-k-c-W-ambn Fkv.-B¿.s‚ hnebpw F≥.-
B¿.s\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \n¿Ωn-°p∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hnebpw thKw Dbcp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. d∫¿ hyhkmb
DXv]-∂-߃°v a’-c-£-a-X-bn-√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xn\v ImcWw kzm`m-hn-I- d-∫dns‚ hne Db-cp-∂-XpsIm-≠m-sW∂
hmZw \oXo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-√.
24. d∫¿ XSn \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n°pI
Id-sb-Sp-°p∂ Imew Ign-v, d_¿a-cw, AXn-s‚- km-º-ØnI AkvYn-Xz-amb 30 h¿j-Øns‚
Ah-km-\-Øn¬ sh´n-am-‰-s∏-Sp-tºm-gp≈ Hcp ]m¿iz DXv]-∂-am-Wt√m d_¿ XSn. tIc-f-Øn¬ d_¿
Irjn D≈n-S-tØmfw Cu {]{Inb Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ct∏m-gsØ sh´n-ap-dn®p \o°-ent‚bpw
]p\¿\-So-en-t‚bpw tXmXp-h®p t\m°n-bm¬ {]Xn-h¿jw GI-tZiw 1 Zi -e£w NXp-c-{i-ao-
‰¿ d∫¿ XSn d∫¿tXm-´-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`y-am-Wv. d∫¿ XSn-sIm≠v ^¿Wn®-dpw, a‰p Krlm-e-mc
hkvXp-°fpw \n¿Ωn-°m-sa∂pw, AXn\v d∫¿ XSn hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂pw I≠p-I-gnncn°p-
∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fn-epw P∏m-\n-epw bqtdm-∏nepw AXn\v \√ -hn-]-Wnbpw D≠v. d∫¿
XSn ]cn-xÿnXn an{X-am-sW∂ \ne-bn¬ AXv \ΩpsS \m´nse h\- \-io-I-c-W-Øns‚ kΩ¿±sØ
KWy-ambn Ipd-bv°m≥ d_¿ XSn-bpsS ta¬∏-d hn\n-tbm-K -am¿§ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-
XmWv. d∫¿ XSn-bpsS t{]m’m-l-\m¿∞w ]e {ia-ßfpw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v. Ct∏mƒ {i≤-tI-{µo-Icn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
ssl F≥Uv bqkkv F∂p ]d-bp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ ^¿Wo-®-dpw, d∫¿ XSnsIm≠p≈
IuXp-I-I-c-amb ]m\-enwKpw a‰p-am-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ hn]WnbpsS Cu taJ-e-bn¬ aqeyh¿≤-\-
hn\v _rl-Ømb km≤y-X-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXv GI-tZiw 1500% hsc-bmWv! C°m-cy-Øn¬ \mw atejy-bpsS
A\p-`-h-ßsf amXr-I-bm-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. d∫¿X-Sn-bpsS hn]Wn \ap°v ]q¿Æ-ambn \nb-{¥-
Wm-[o- -\hp-am-bn-cn°pw. ImcWw AXv XSn-bpsS e`y-Xsb B{i-bn-®m-Wt√m Ccn-°p-∂-Xv. d∫¿ XSn°v
125

cmPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ Unam‚p- D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw ap≥K-W\ \evIp-Ibpw thWw. \n¿Ωm-W߃°v
]‰nb XSn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ hºn® hn]Wn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hn`m-h\ sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IX-
IpI-fp-sS-bpw P\m-e-I-fp-tSbpw N´-°q-Sp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw kzIm-cy-`-h-\-
ß-fp-tSbpw \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\pw a‰-\p-_‘ D]-tbm-K-߃°v d∫¿ XSn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°mw. Cu cwK-
ØmWv ]cn-an-X-amb h\k-º-Øp≈ \mapw Gjy-bn-tebpw B{^n-°-bn-tebpw hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ßfpw
(a-c-°-®-h-SsØ IqSp-X¬ Ch-cm-{i-bn-°m-dp-≠v) XΩn¬ hntZ-i-\mWyw t\Sp-hm-\mbn a’-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
\ap°v Hcn-°epw Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm-\m-ImØ DjvW-ta-J-em-h-\-ß-fpsS thK-Øn-ep≈ \io-I-cW
{]{In-b-bn¬ \ap°v hen-sbmcp ]p≠v. h\-hr-£-k-ºØv C∂v henb kΩ¿±-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-
°p∂p C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp iq\y-X-bpsS kµ¿`-Øn¬ Hcp Bizmkambn d∫¿ X-Snbv°v IS∂phcm≥
Ign-bqw. \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿnXn hyh-ÿbv°v henb kw`m-h\ sNøp-hm≥ Ah¿ XSn-bpsS D]-tbm-
KsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-hgn \ap°v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßns\ t\m°n-bm¬ Hcp-h-iØv d∫¿ hln-
°p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn [¿Ωhpw adp-h-iØv AXv hln-°p∂ kmº-ØnI [¿Ωhpw sIm≠v I¿j-I-cpsS
hcp-am-\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. C∂n-t∏mƒ XmW-aq-ey-ap≈ ]mt°-Pn-emWv d_¿ XSn-bpsS \ne.
\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ XSn-bpsS hn]-Wn-bn¬ e`y-amb an°-hmdpw F√m-bn\w XSn-I-tfmSpw
(I\hpw CuSp-ap-≈) a’-cn-°p-hm≥ kwkvI-cn® d_¿ XSn°v Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. hf-sc- e-Lp-hmb
kwkvI-cWw am{Xw aXn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sslF≥Uv bqk-kn-s\-∂-t]mse ImgvNbv°v `wKn-bpw,
BI¿j-Wo-b-hp-ambn ]e hkvXp-°fpw \n¿Ωn-°m-\p-]-bp-‡-amb d∫¿ XSnbv°pw Db¿∂ kmtXnI
Nne hn√mØ kwkvI-cWw aXn-bm-hpw. Ipd®p apX¬ apS-°p-am{Xw aXn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXns\ Hcp
{]mtZ-inI an{X-amb DXv]-∂-ambn hn]pen-I-cn-°p-hm\pw, Aßns\ Hcp henb hn`mKw P\-߃°v
{]m]y-am-°p-hm\pw Ignbpw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ \mep-`m-KØpw d∫¿ Irjn-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-
Xn-\m¬ d∫dns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ a‰p hyh-km-b-ßsf At]-£n®v d∫¿ XSn- hy-h-km-b-
Øn\v {]tZ-in-I-am-bp≈ kuI-cy-ßfpw km≤y-X-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn\v NqjWw sNøp-h≥ Ign-bpw. d∫¿
DXv]m-ZI kwL-߃ t]mep≈ I¿j-Ikw-L-߃°v hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, kzbw sXmgnen¬
G¿s∏-Sp-hm\pw Cu taJe [mcmfw Ah-kcw Hcp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ Xo¿®bmbpw
tIc-f-Øn\v C¥y-bpsS apgp-h≥ ac -hy-h-km-b XmgvhcbmIp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. KWy-amb
tXmXn¬ d∫¿ XSn Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp-sIm≠v ta¬∏-d Imcyw km≤y-am-°mw. Cßs\ d∫¿ XSn
Xpd∂p Xcp∂ ]pXnb kwcw-`-߃ Db¿Øp∂ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-߃IqSn ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. d∫¿ XSn- hym-]mcw XpS-cp-∂-]-£w, hcp-am\ h¿≤-\-hn\v km≤yX Dd-∏m-
°m\pw d_¿ I¿j-I¿s°mcp \√ Ah-kcw Xpd∂p sImSp-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
25. aqey-h¿≤-\-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI
temIsØ G‰hpw d∫¿ hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu cwKsØ
ÿm\w 4˛m atXm 5˛-m-atXm BWv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kzm`m-hnI d_-dpXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 94 iX-am-\hpw
tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw d∫-dns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hyh-km-b-߃ shdpw 14 iX-am-\w
am{X-amWv kwÿm-\-Øp-≈-Xv. kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw AXp-t]mse \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw tIcfw
aqey-h¿≤-\-tijn Xo¿®-bmbpw hnI-kn-∏n-°-Ww. B`y-¥chn]-Wnbpw kPo-h-am-Ip-∂n√; d∫¿ hyhkm-b-߃
Bcw-`n-°p-∂n-√. d∫dp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GI-tZiw 60 Hmfw hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-Iƒ D≈-hbn¬
Gsdbpw tcmKm-Xp-c-am-Wv. D≈-hbv°v H∂nepw th≠ aqe-[\ apS°-pan-√. AXp-t]mse {]mtZinI
B`y-¥c hn]-W-bnepw temI-hn-]-Wn-bnepw IS-∂p-sN-√p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb kmt-XnI sshZ-Kv[yhpw
a‰pw tIc-f-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. CXns‚ Imc-W-߃ k¿°m¿ ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I-bpw, d_-dp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ aqeyh¿≤\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ aqe-[\w \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xncn-sIm-fp-Øm≥th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw. KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp∂ kwkvI-cW tPmen-I-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂h¿°v
IqSp-X¬ ]n¥pW \¬Ip-Ibpw _n15/sF.-F-kv.-H. 9000 km£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ t\Sp-hm≥ Ahsc
klm-bn-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXv kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-epw, kl-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bn-epw, c≠nepw D≈ d_¿
I¿j-I¿°v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hn]-W-\-X-{¥-߃ Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, hn]-Wn-sb-°p-dn®v hn]pehpw
hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-hp-amb hnh-c-߃ I¿j-I¿°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠ ]T-\-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-
°Ww. d∫¿ hym]m-c-Ønepw kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw G¿s∏-Sp∂ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-°p-hm\pw \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm\pw F≥.-kn.-Un.-kn. bn¬ \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw
e`y-am-°-Ww. hmbv]-Iƒ°p≈ ]eni F≥.-kn.-Un.-kn. Cf-hp-sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn\v kwÿm\
126

k¿°m-cns‚ Hmlcn aqe-[-\-Øn¬ hI-sIm-≈n-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]tXyI ]cn-io-e\
]≤-Xn-Ifpw hn]-Wn-bn¬ ]n¥p-Wbpw tI{µ-k¿°m¿ \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. Kth-j-W-Øn-\pw, sSÃn\pw
d∫¿ t_m¿Un¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Ct∏m-gsØ klm-b-߃ \ma-am-{X-am-Wv. d∫-dns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nbp≈
hyh-kmbhXvI-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠Xv Ib-‰p-aXn Dev]-∂-߃°m-bn-cn-°-
Ww. hnti-jn®p kzm`m-hnI d∫-dp-¬∏-∂-߃°mWv Ir{Xna d∫-dp¬∏-∂-ß-tf-°mƒ {]m[m\yw
\¬tI-≠-Xv. atejy C°m-cy-Øn¬ Aß-s\-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
1.5.6 tXbne
1.5.6.0 tXbn-ebpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbpw
tXbne DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v Zo¿L-amb Hcp ]mcºcy-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AXns‚ Ncn{Xw Bcw-
`n-°p-∂Xv tImf\n hmgvNbpsS Imew apX-em-Wv. ssltd©v Pn√-I-fmb CSp-°nbpw hb-\mSpw tI{µo-
I-cn-®mWv tIc-f-Øn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬
]´-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bt]-£n-I-ambn AI∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse H‰-s∏´pIn-S-°p∂ tXm´-ß-fn-emWv
tXbn-e-Ir-jn. tXbn-e-tØm´ßfpsS KWy-amb `mKhpw k¿°m¿ `qan-bn-em-Wv. apºv Ahn-sS-sb√mw
"sjm√' ImSpIfpw ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw \nd-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p-≈h 30 Dw 99 \pw h¿j-tØ°v
k¿°m¿ ]m´-Øn\v kzIm-cy- tXm-´-ap-Sa-Iƒ°v \¬In-bn-´p-≈-hbpw BWv. tIc-f-Øn-emsI 37,000
slIvS¿ ÿe-ØmWv tXbne Irjn-sN-bvXp- h-cp-∂Xv. 2000 Ønse IW-°-\p-k-cn®v samØw Dev]m-
Z\w {]Xn-h¿jw 68,590 SÆm-Wv. CXv samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 8 iX-am-\hpw cmPysØ samØw
Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 8 iX-am-\-hp-am-Wv. (68,590 S¨)tIc-f-Ønse FtÃ-‰p-ta-J-e-bn¬ tXbnetØm´ßƒ°mWv
{]map-Jyw. AhnsS 200 slIvS-dn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tXm´-߃ D≠v. 75 iX-am-\hpw CXn¬
s]Sp-∂p. kwÿm\w samØw tXbne DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 86 iX-am-\hpw Cu tXm´-ß-fmWv kw`m-h\
sNøp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ shdpw 2 iX-am\w DXv]m-Z-\- bq-Wn-‰p-Itf Chn-Sp-≈q. GI-tZiw 4000 sNdp-InS
tXbne Irjn-°m¿°v 50 slIvS-dn¬ Xmsg-bmWv Irjn-`q-an. Ch-cpsS ]°¬ samØw tXbne Irjn-
`q-an-bpsS 10 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. tXbne tXm´-߃ {]Xn-Zn\w 98,000 t]¿°v sXmgn¬ \¬Inhcp-
∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w 10000 sNdp-InS tXbne Irjn-°m-cp-sSbpw D]-Po-h\ kpc-£bpw tXbne IrjnbmWv
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. Bt]-£n-I-ambn Db¿∂p A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ (50 iX-am-\w) kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw
(hn-ti-jn®pw Znh-k-°q-en-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂)- ]Wn sNøp∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu tXm´-ßfn¬,
hnti-jn®pw CSp°n Pn√-bnse ]Wn-sN-øp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, Gsdbpw kwÿm-\-Øn\p ]pd-
Øp-≈-h-cmWv Xangv\m´n¬\n∂pw Ab¬ Pn-√-I-fn¬ \n∂pw h∂-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw ]c-ºcm-K-X-ambn
tXm´-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-Xm-ak°mcm-Wv.
1.5.6.0 tZio-bhpw BtKm-f-hp-ambXe-ß-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w
tXbn-e-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hnkvXr-Xn-bnepw Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw cmPysØ samØ-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-
Øns‚ ]v 8 iX-am\w am{Xw BWv. Fnepw tZiob Nn{X-Øn¬ AX{X {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-
∂n√. F∂m¬ cmPysØ tXbne hyh-kmbcwKØv \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Nne ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb
]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂pw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ am‰-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tIc-f-Øns‚ tXbne hyhkm-b-Øn\v
c£-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√. temIsØ G‰hpw henb tXbne Dev]m-ZI cmPy-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y.
tXbn-e-bpsS D]-t`m-K-Ønepw Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnepw C¥y ap∂n-´p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. G‰hpw
henb hntZ-i-\m-Wy-k-ºm-Z-\hpw tXbn-e-bn-eqsS C¥y \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ign 2 Zi-I-ßfmbn
cmPysØ samØw tXbne Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw Bt]-£n-I-ambn Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnepw \ΩpsS
]v {ItaW Ipdph-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1980 ¬ samØw Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 40 iX-am\w Bbn-cp-∂Xv
1999¬ GI-tZiw 24 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-p. AtX-k-abw D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw 10 iX-am-\-
Øn¬ \n∂pw 76 iX-am\ambn Db¿∂p. (-A-Xm-bXv 346 Zi-e£w Intem-{Km-an¬\n∂pw 650 Zi-e£w
Intem-{Km-am-bn) -tX-bn-e-bpsS Ib-‰p-aXn 224 Zi-e£w Intem-bn¬\n∂pw 190 Zi-e£w Intem-{Kmambn
Ipd-p. Aßs\ temIØv H∂mw-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw \memw-ÿm-\-tØ°v C¥y X≈n-\o-°s∏-´p.
Ct∏mƒ BsI Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS 13 iX-am-\-amWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. {ioe 21 iX-am-\-hpw, sI\nb
19 iX-am-\hpw, ssN\ 18 iXam-\hpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXv H∂pw, Bdpw, aq∂pw ÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂p.
127

Aßs\ tXbne XnI®pw B`y-¥c hn]-Wnsb IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn-°p∂ HcpXv]-∂-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-
°p-I-bmWv. Hcp Ib-‰p-aXn Nc-°m-bn-cp∂ `qX-Im-eØv \n∂p-ap≈ Hcp-Xn-cn-®p-t]m-°mWv tXbn-ebv°p-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
AtX-k-abw tkmjy-enÃp cmPy-ß-fpsS XI¿®-tbm-Sp-IqSn C¥y-bpsS tXbne
hyh-km-b-Øn\v \jvS-am-bXv hfsc kpc-£n-X-am-sbmcp hn]-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 2001 ¬t]mepw tXbn-ebpsS
djy-bn-te°pw kn.-F.-F-kv. cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ Ib-‰p-aXn KWy-am-bn-cp-∂p.(46 iX-am-\w) -ap-
ºXv 53 Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp Zi-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n-ep-≠mb am‰-am-Wn-Xv. adp-h-iØv tXbne hym]mcw _m¿´¿
k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂pw Id≥kn-bn-te°v amdn-b-Xpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-epw, am’-cy-£-a-X-bnse h¿≤-
\-hnepw henb kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tXbn-e-bpsS tZiob Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ \men-sem-∂pam-{X-amWv
Z£n-tW-¥y-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w. F∂m¬ samØw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS aq∂n-sem-∂m-W-Xv. as‰mcp
hn[-Øn¬ ]d-m¬, DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 1 / 3
sXs° C¥y Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-tºmƒ hSt° C¥y
Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 1 / 5
am{X-amWv Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v 40 iX-am\w F∂mWv
IW-°v. AXm-bXv tIcfw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tXbn-e-bpsS 44 iX-am\w Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂p
F∂¿∞w. AXn-\m¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kwÿm-\sØ tXbne hyh-km-b-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]pw `mhnbpw,
KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\bpw IqSp-X¬ am’-cy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw BWv
B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
128

1.5.6.1 hne-Ø-I¿®
tXbnetØm´ hyh-km-b-Ønse {]Xn-k‘n
1990 IfpsS BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ DS-\o-fw(1990 \pw 96 \pan-S-bn¬)-tX-bn-e-bpsS hne, sIm®n teehne
am\-Z-WvU-am-°n-bm¬, GXm≠v Intem°v 40 cq]bv°p Np‰p-am-bn-cp-∂p. (Intem 35 cq]bv°pw 45
\pw CSbn¬ Nm©m-Sn-\n-∂p)-F-∂m¬ s]s´∂v 1997˛¬ hne Intembv°v 62 cq] hsc FØn-b-Xm-bn-cp-
∂p. 1998˛¬ G‰hpw henb Db¿®-bmb 73 cq]-bm-bn, ]n∂oSv Atßm´v {ItaW Ipdv 1999˛¬ 62
cq]bpw 2000˛01˛¬ 52 cq]bpw Bbn. 2002(P\p˛Pq¨)B-b-t∏m-tg°pw 42 cq]-bmbn CSn-p-Xm-Wp.
Aßs\ Hcp Zim-_vZ-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS hne Db¿®-˛-Xm-gvN-I-fn-eqsS ]gb ÿnXn-bn-seØn
\n¬°p-∂p.
tXbn-e-bpsS A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-e(-te-e-hn-e)-F-√m- cm-Py-ß-fnepw 1995 F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-h¿j-tØ-
Xn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p 1998˛¬ D®-tIm-Sn-bn-seØn. ]n∂oSv CS-nbp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv, F∂m¬, C¥y-bpsSbpw
Ct¥m-t\-jy-bp-sSbpw tXbne hne am{X-amWv 1995 se \ne-hm-c-Øn¬\n-∂pw Xmtgm-´p-t]m-b-
Xv. c≠p- h-en-b- tX-bne DXv]m-Z-I-cmb {ioe--bpw, sI\n-bbpw hnesb ]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øn, bYm-{I-aw,
10 Dw 14 Dw t]mbn‚p-Iƒ°v 1995 se hne-bv°p- ap-I-fn¬ kpc-£n-X-am°n \ndp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ C¥y-bpsSbpw
Ct¥m-t\-jy-bp-sSbpw tXbne hne bYm-{Iaw 12 Dw 8 Dw t]mbn‚p-Iƒ XmWp-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
{]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kz`m-hhpw hym]vXnbpw
tXbne hne 1998˛¬ Intembv°v 73 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2001˛¬ 53 cq]-bmb Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hcmfns‚
-Iq-en(-Zn-h-kw)59 cq]-bn¬\n∂pw 76 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w a‰p DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv C\-
ß-fnepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn. AtX XpS¿∂p tXm´-߃ AS-®p-]q-´p-I-bpw, Iqen-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ amt\-
Pvsa‚ v ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb \n¿±njvS sXmgn-e-hImi-ß-fmb t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v
sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DS-a-Iƒ tXm´-߃ Dt]-£n-°p-I-bpw, tXm´-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v
sXmgn-em-fn-Isf sIm≠v Ce \p≈n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tXm´-߃ AS-®p-]q-´-en¬ {]Xntj-[n-®p-sIm-≠pw,
Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-Øn-\mbn apd-hnfn Iq´n-s°m≠pw {]I-S-\-߃ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Aßs\ tXm´w taJ-e-bn¬ Ct∂mfw I≠n-´n-√mØ hn[-Øn-ep≈ IjvS-∏mSp A\p-`-h-s∏-´p. Cu
taJe A\p-{K-lo-Xhpw hfsc kwL-Sn-X-hp-am-Wv. tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fpsS hcp-am-\-Øn-ep-≠mb XI¿®bv°p-Im-cWw
1998 se(-hn-e-bp-sS)-D-®m-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pw hne-bpsS Iq∏p-Ip-Ø-em-sW∂v ImWmw. AtXmsSm∏w
1998 se \ne-hm-c-Øn¬\n-∂pw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen 30 iX-am\w IqSn-bXpw tXm´w taJebnse
]cm-P-b-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ IcpXp-∂p.
tXm´-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-k‘n Dcp-≠p-Iq-Sp-∂p
kwÿm-\sØ tXm´-hy-h-km-b-ta-J-e-bnse {]Xn-k‘n Ipd-®p-Im-e-ambn Dcp-≠p-Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ s]s´-∂m-W-Xv cq£-am-b-Xv. DXv]m-Z-\- \n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ tIcfw Xan-gv\m-Snt\-°mƒ
20 h¿jw ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-fpsS XmW DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX
slIvS-dn\v 1900 Intem-{Km-an-\-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xan-gv\m-Sn-s‚Xv slIvS-dn\v 3000 Intem BWv.
Ign 2 Zi-I-ß-fn¬ hnf-h¿≤-\hv shdpw 26 iX-am\w am{Xw Db¿∂-t∏mƒ-A-Xm-bXv 2 Zi-I-ßfn¬
hnfh¿≤-\hv shdpw 26% am{Xw Db¿∂-t∏mƒ, (F∂p h®m¬ 1980-˛81 se slIvS-dn\v 1481 Intem
F∂Xv 2000-˛2001˛¬ 1865 Intem Bb-Xv) CtX Ime-b-f-hn¬ Xan-gv\m-Sns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX 50 iXam\w
Bbn Db¿∂p. AXm-bXv 2000 Intem/slIvS-dn¬ \n∂pw 3000 Intem Bbn Db¿∂p. ASnÿm\
DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-e-√m-sX -Xs∂ Dev]m-Z\w 500 Intembv°p apI-fn-se-Øn. BXy-
¥nI ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ Dev]m-Z-\ -h-f¿® Xangv\mSn-t‚Xv 1000 Intembpw tIc-f-Øn-s‚Xv 500 Intembpw
BWv. tIc-f-Ønse tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-fnse Irjn-°m-cy-ß-fpsS ta¬t\m´w hfsc tami-am-sW-∂mWv
CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
129

1.5.6.2 temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w
temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn-s‚(-F.-H.-F.)-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬
tXbn-e-bpw(-Im-∏n-tbm-sSm-∏w)-sIm-≠p-h-c-s∏-´p. 2001 G{]n¬ 1 apX¬ tXbn-e-bpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬
G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃(-Iyp.-B¿.-F-kv.)-\o°w sNø-s∏-´p. tXbn-e-bpsS
_u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 150 iX-am-\-am-Wv. AXns‚ AssπUv \nc-°v, 2002 am¿®v 1 apX¬ 100 iXam\w
Db¿Øn. AXn-\p-apºv tXbn-e-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^v, k¿®m¿÷v Dƒs∏sS 44.13 iX-am\hpw
Intembv°v 2.30 cq]-bn¬ IqSp-X-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. `£y-Ønse ambw tN¿°¬ XS-bp∂ \nbaw (]n.-
F^v.-F.)-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Cd-°p-a-Xnbn¬ c≠p Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ am{X-ambn HXp-°n; sIm¬°-Ø-bn-epw,
sIm®n-bn-epw. CXp {ioe--bp-am-bp≈ kzX-{¥-hym-]m-c-°-cm-dn-s‚ (Free Trade Agreement)-A-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-em-bn-cp∂p.
1.5.6.3 sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw
`qan-bpsS {]Ir-Xym-bp≈ Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X Ip-dhv
kwÿm-\sØ Im¿jn-I-˛-Im-em-h-ÿm-L-S-I-߃˛hn-ti-jn®pw, henb ag-ho-gvNbpw, ag-bpsS Aka-amb
hnX-c-W-hpw, \o≠ DW-°p-Im-ehpw sNp-Ømb ae-s©-cn-hp-Ifpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn tXbn-ebpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS h¿≤-\-hn\v A\p-Iq-e-a-√. Ak-a-amb ag hogvN-bpw, hcƒ®bpw tXbn-es®-Sn-bp-sS(-Ip-‰n-s®-Sn-I-fp-sS)-ta¬
Aan-X-amb kΩ¿±-amWv Gev]n-°p-∂-Xv. ag-ho-gvN-bpw, DW°pw
Hcp-t]mse IoS-ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw, IoS-\n-b-{¥-W-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Dev]m-Z-
\-s®-e-hp-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. C{]-Imcw kl-P-amb Im¿jnI Imem-h-ÿm-L-S-I-߃
sIm≠p-am{Xw DXv]m-Z-\-£-aXm h¿≤-\-hn-√m-bva-bv°pw-˛-DXv]m-Z-£-a-X-bnse aµ-K-Xn°pw icn-bmb
hniZo-I-c-W-am-hp-∂n-√.
sNSn-°n-S-bnse hnS-hns‚ A\p-]mXw
tIc-f-Ønse tXbnes®Sn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ hnS-hp-Iƒ GXm≠v 20 iX-am-\-Øn\pw 30 iX-am-\-
Øn\pw CS-bv°m-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hnS-hp -Im-Wp-∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse tXm´-ß-fn-em-Wv.
CXns‚ ^ew, asÆm-en-∏p- Iq-SmsX Xs∂, \o≠ hcƒ®-bpsS IqSp-X-epw (-sN-Sn-I-fpsS Ipd
\n_n-VX)- Xp-S¿∂v {]Xn slIvS¿ hnf°pd-hp-am-Wv.
{]mbw- sN∂ Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Iƒ
tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ Ip‰n-bmbn H∂m-bn-tN¿∂v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°p∂ Ahÿ tXm´-߃°v hen-b-t\´w
Xs∂-bm-Wv. tXbn-e-s®-Sn-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw 5 Zi-I-Øn-\p- ta-emWv. tIc-f-
Ønse tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ Bt]-£n-I-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ \s√m-cp- `m-Khpw 50 h¿j-Øn-\p-ta¬ {]mbap-≈-hbpw
Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xm- Imew Ign--h-bp-am-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS {]mbw- h-®p -t\m-°nbm¬
tIcfw 73 iX-am-\hpw Xan-gv\mSv 42 iX-am-\hpw _wKmƒ 48 iX-am-\hpw A mw 32 iX-am-
\hpw IS-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂p ImWmw. {]mbm-[n-Iy-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Zb-\o-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv
68 iX-am\w Irjn-bp≈ CSp°n Pn√-bn-emWv. G‰hpw henb tXm´-߃ D≈Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Chn-
SpsØ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX 79 iX-am\w ]n∂n-´n-cn-°p-∂p. {]mbw -tX-bn-e-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ hfsc \n¿Æm-b-I-hp-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ hnf In´p-∂-Xnepw h¿≤n® hf-an-So-epw, a‰p ]cn-c-£-
Iƒ°p≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-epw, imkv{Xob-amb ta¬t\m-´-Ønepw {]mbw Hcp LSIw Xs∂-bm-Wv.
tImXn-am-‰¬({]q-Wnw-Kv), Ce-\p-≈¬, k¥p-en-X -h-f-{]-tbm-Kw, hf¿®-Iq-´m-\p≈ {]tbm-K-߃, CSth-f
-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ, (-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ tImXn-am-‰¬ t]mep-≈)-F-∂n-h-tbmSv 50 h¿j-Øn-e-
[nIw {]mb-amb sNSn-Iƒ Imcy-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Zo¿L-Ime ]p\-c-[n-hmk \S-]-Sn-I-fmb
]p\¿\-So¬, ^mIvS-dn-I-fpsS \ho-I-c-Ww, sa®-s∏´ C‘-\(-hn-d-Iv)-Øns‚ hn\n-tbm-Kw, kutcm-¿÷wt]m-ep≈
a‰p t{kmX- p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, F∂n-h-bn¬ Bh-iy-am-b{X apX¬apS-°ns\ BI¿jn-
°p-hm≥, tXbn-e-hy-h-km-b-cwKw kPo-hhpw kº-∂hpw Bbn-cp∂ Ime-Øp-t]mepw Ign-n√ F∂Xv
XnI®pw Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. \_m¿Uns‚(\m-j-W¬ _mv t^m¿ A{Kn-°ƒ®¿ B‚ v dqd¬ Uh-e-
]vsa‚ v) 24 tXbnetØm´ßsf Hcp "kmºnƒ' Bsb-SpØv \S-Ønb Hcp ]T-\-Øn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-
130

-Xv. 1973 apX-¬ 1983 hsc-bp≈ 10 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ samØw aqe-[-\-s®-e-hns‚ shdpw 2 iX-am\w
am{Xta tXbn-e-bpsS ]p\¿\-So-en\p sNe-h-gn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈q F∂m-Wv. ]Icw tXbne -ssX-s®-Sn-Iƒ
h®p-]n-Sn-∏n°pI XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ IÆ-S-bv°p-I-tbm, \o´n- \o-´n-s°m-≠p-t]mhpItbm
sNbvX-Xns‚ BsI ^e-amWv Ct∏mƒ {]I-S-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘nsb Xo¿®-bmbpw aq¿—n-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv.
Dev]m-Z-\-s®-ehv h¿≤\
Hcp \n›nX hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ `qan-bn¬ tXbne Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-h-cp∂ Dev]m-Z-\-s®ehv
as‰√m kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ht®-‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. ImcWw `mKn-I-ambn tXbne
hyh-km-b-Øn¬ tIc-f-hp-ambn a’-cn-°p∂ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ D≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
Iqen, Xmc-X-tay-\, IqSp-X-em-b-Xpw, `mKn-I-ambn Ipd Af-hn-ep≈ `qan-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Ipd
DXv]m-Z-\-hp-amWv DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv IqSm≥ Imc-Ww.
aqey-h¿≤-\bpw ]m°nwKpw
tXbn-e-bpsS {]mY-anI kwkvI-c-W-hpw, hn]Wn Is≠-Ø-epw(-hn-‰-gn-°-epw)- DXv]m-Z-I\v Db¿∂hne
e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]v hln-°p-∂p. "So BIvSnse' hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v ]c-
º-cmK-X-ambpw \nb-a-]-c-ambpw tXm´-ß-fn-ep-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ tXbne GXm\pw \n›nX tI{µ-ßfn¬
h®v Imem-Imew teew sNbvXmWv. hnev°p-∂Xv sIm®n, tImb-º-Øq¿, IÆq¿ F∂n-h-bmWv
tee tI{µ-߃. sXt° C¥y-bn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ tXbne apgp-h≥ Cu tI{µ-ß-fn-eqsS samØambn
hn‰p-t]m-Ip-∂p. tXbne I¿j-Icpw, (tXm-´ -D-S-a-ÿ-cpw) hyh-km-bn-Ifpw c≠q-Iq-´cpw ]s-Sp-
°p∂ {]Xy-£-Øn¬ kpXm-cy-amb Hcp hn]-W\ hyh-kvY-bm-Wn-Xv. c≠p hn[-Øn-emWv tXbne D]-
t`m-‡m-°-fn-se-Øp-∂Xv. eqkv So Bbpw ]mt°Pv So (40%) Bbpw. _m°n-ap-gp-h≥ hf-sc- Xm-W-h-cpam-\-ap≈
hen-sbmcp P\-hn-`mKw D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw at‰-`mKw a≤y-h¿Øn hcp-am-\-°mcpw [\n-I-cpamWv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ hn]Wn e`n-°p-∂Xv eqkv Sobv°mWv (60 iX-am-\-w). F∂m¬ hne
\n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mt°Pv SobmWv \n¿Æm-b-Iw. Imc-Ww, eqkv SobpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ipd®p i‡-
cm-b-h-cpsS(monopsonic)-\n-b-{¥Ww BWp ImWp-∂-Xv. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ c≠p `oa≥ Iº-\n-I-fm-Wp-
≈-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw tXbne hn]-W\w sNøp∂ CØcw Iº-\n-Iƒ°v DXv]m-Z-\Øn\v h¿≤n® Xmev]-
cy-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ImcWw Ch¿°v kz¥-ambn tXbnetØm´-߃ D≠v. tXbne hyh-km-b-cw-KØv ]Ip-
Xn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬(55 iX-am-\w)-hn-]-Wnbpw ]m°vUv aqey-h¿≤nX tXbn-e-bpsS hn]-Wnbpw \nb-{¥n-
°p∂Xv Cu `oa-∑m-cm-Wv. D]-t`mIv-Xr -hn-ebpw DXv]m-Z-I\v e`n-°p∂ hnebpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw
c≠p-hn]WnIƒ°n-S-bn¬ hfsc KWy-amWv 1 eqkvSo bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ D]-t`m-‡mhv 70% hne- sIm-
Sp-°p∂p Fn¬ ]mt°PvUv aqey-h¿≤n-X -tX-bn-ebv°v 120%˛\pw 300% \pw CS-bv°p≈ hne-bmWv
In´p-∂Xv. CXv tXbne Dev]m-Z-I\v e`n-°p∂ hne-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv.
t\cn-´p≈ hn]Wn
ASp-Ø-Im-esØ Hcp A\p-`hw Cu cwKØv hf-sc-Gsd shfn®w hnX-dp∂ H∂m-Wv. 2001 ep≠mb
Hcp tImS-Xn-hn[n (Hcp C©-£≥) sbØp-S¿∂v h∂ A¥-cm-f-L´w hn\n-tbm-Kn®psIm≠p Ipd®v
DXv]m-Z-I¿ t\cn´p hn]W\w \S-Øp∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu k{º-Zmbw Nne hº≥
tXm´-ap-S-a-Iƒ kz¥w {_m≠v \ma-ß-fn¬ 1960 hsc A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm: IÆ≥ tZh≥
ln¬ s{]mUyqkv Iº\n enan-‰Uv Xs∂. Ch-cmWv D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ \¬Ip∂ hne-bpsS hen-sbmcp
]v Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv t\cn-´p≈ hn¬∏\ hcp-am\ h¿≤-\-hns\ hfsc klmbn-°p∂p
F∂m-Wv. eqkvSo-bpsS hn]Wn hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ km≤y-X-bp≈ Hcp cwK-amWv.
c≠m-a-Xmbn tXbne \nb-{¥-W -D-Ø-chv 1984 A\p-k-cn®v tXbn-e-bpsS hnev]\ tee -tI-{µ-ß-fneqsS
am{Xta BImhq F∂-Xns‚ Hcp \ncm-I-cWw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu t\cn-´p≈ hn]Wn .tee-hn-
]Wn tee-Øn¬ ]s-Sp-°p∂ GXm\pw t]¿°p-am-{X-amWv KpW-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tXbn-e-\n-b-{¥W
DØ-c-hv 1984 {]Im-c-ap≈ Cu tee-am¿°-‰n¬ hen-sbmcp kwJy hym]m-cn-Iƒ ]s-Sp-°mØ H∂mWv.
131

KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ÿnXn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ, tIc-f-Ønse tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-
\n-e-hmcw XmW-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ tee-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ tXbn-e-bv°mWv G‰hpw Ipd hne-In-´p-
∂Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Nne B[p-\nI ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS tXbne tee-°-®-h-S-Øn¬ hfsc IqSn-bhn-e-bv°mWv
hn¬°p-∂-Xv. KpW-\n-e-hmc Db¿Øp∂Xp aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ t\´-hpw, ^mIvS-dn-bpsS B[p-
\o-I-cn-°m≥ em`-Øns‚ \s√m-cp-`mKw apS-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-hp-am-Wn-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂sX∂v
ImWmw. ^mIvS-dn-I-fpsS AXym-¥m-[p-\o-I-cn-°-en¬ \n∂pw aq∂p-Im-cy-߃ {]Xo-£n-°mw.
H∂v sabvUv Sobn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ samØw BZmbw h¿≤n-∏n-°mw. G‰hpw B[p-\nI kmt-XnI
hnZy-bp-]-tbm-Kn®p \n¿Ωm-W-®n-ehv Ipd-bv°mw, kmt-XnIhnZy-bn¬ \n∂pw ]c-am-h[n Dev]m-Z-\-
tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°mw.
{]mY-anI kwkvIc-Whpw aqey-h¿≤-\bpw
h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ ISpØ am’cytØmSp-Iq-Snb B`y-¥c-hn-]-Wn-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ aqey-h¿≤n-
X- cq-]-ß-fn-ep≈ tXbn-e-Iƒ°p≈, ]m°‰v So, So _mKp-Iƒ, C≥ v So F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ {]tXyIw
Xo¿®-bp-≈Xpw CSw-In-´p-∂-Xp-amb hn]-Wn-bpsS km≤y-X-I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Ønse tXbn-e-bpsS {]mY-anI kwkvI-c-W-Øn\pw, aqey-h¿≤-Xbv°pw Bh-iy-amb X{¥-߃ \mw
Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. GXm\pw ap≥\nc tXbne°º-\n-Iƒ CXn-\Iw Xs∂ GXm\pw aqeyh¿≤nX
cq]-߃ DXv]mZn∏n®v B`y-¥c hn]-Wnbpw Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wnbpw Iø-S-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. GXm-bmepw Cu cwKØv Cd-ßn-s®-√p-hm\pw, Hcp {_m≥Uv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm\pw th≠
kmº-ØnI _m≤yX hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Aßns\ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿ ]n¥n-cn-°p∂ tXmXnep≈
Nne-hp-Iƒ hy‡n-KX tXm´-߃°v hln-°m-\m-hn-√. AXn-\m¬ Hcp kwbp‡ kao-]\w A\pt]-£-WobamWv.
hn]-Wnsb \nc-∏m-°m≥ CsXmcp D]m-b-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p.
kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ tIc-f-Ønse tXbnetØm´ hyh-kmbw t\cn-Sp∂ Irjn-imkv{X-]-chpw,
kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb {]iv\-߃°p ]pd-ta, \nc-h[n kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃
IqSn AXn\p t\cn-tS-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. \nIpXn Npa-Øp-∂-Xn-epw, kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-ap≈ {]iv\-ß-fpw,
hyh-kmbw ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ D¬]-∂-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-WsØ XS-bp-∂-Xmb `q\-
b-ß-fpw, kwkvI-c-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb C‘-\-߃ In´p-hm-\p≈ _p≤n-ap-´p-I-fpw, tXm´-ß-fn-cn-°p∂
`qan-bpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A≤zm-\-Øn-s‚ ta¬t\m-´-hpw, AXns‚
ta¬t\m´-Øns‚bpw A≤zm-\-Øns‚bpw Imcy£a-X-bpw, DXv]m-Z-\-hpw, sshZypXn- hn-X-c-Whpw,
hmbv]m kuI-cy-ßfpw, hnti-jn®pw hmbv]-I-fpsS Nne \n¿±njvS hyh-ÿ-Ifpw, k¿°m-cns‚ \b-
]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-ƒ tXbne hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Im-e-kp-ÿn-X-cXbpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc
\n¿Æm-b-I-c-am-sW-t∂m¿°-Ww) F∂o hnhn[ {]iv\-ßfpw tXbn-e-tØm´ hyh-km-b-ta-J-ebv°v
t\cn-tS-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.
ho≠pw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-\p≈ Cd-°p-aXn \nbahpw C¥y≥ tXbne-bpsS hn]-Wn- \-jvShpw
2000-˛¬ C¥y-bn¬ GI-tZiw 846 Zi-e£w Intem{Kmw tXbne DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, GItZiw
205 Zi-e£w Intem{Kmw Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bpap-≠m-sb-nepw, A°m-eØv C¥y-bn¬
Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏-´Xv 13.4 Zi-e£w Intem tXbn-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ icm-icn hne GI-tZiw
Intembv°v 56 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ hne 62 cq]bpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ 92
cq]-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2001¬ Cd-°p-aXn 16.6 Zi-e£w Intem Bbn Db¿∂p. Hcp bqWn‰ns‚
hne Intembv°v 63 cq]bpw B`y-¥-c-hne 62 cq]bpw Ib-‰p-aXn hne 98 cq]-bn¬ Ipd®p IqSp-X-ep-ambn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ
DXv]m-Z\w 854 Zi-e£w Intembpw Ib-‰p-aXn 180 Zi-e£w Intem-{Km-apambn Ipd-bp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ct¥m-t\-jy, hnb-‰v\mw, sImdn-b, {ioe F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-am-bn-cp∂p apJy-amb Cd-°p-a-
Xn. Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ tXbn-e-bpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bm-Is´, 1/3 ¬ \n∂pw 1/2 Bbp-b¿∂p. {ioe≥ tXbne
Cd-°p-aXn 1/3 ¬ \n∂pw 1/4 Bbn Ipd-p.-C-d-°p-aXn 2000 ¬ D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 1.5% am{Xhpw Ib-‰paXn
7% Bbncp∂p. 2001 -em-Is´, D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 2% Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw Ib-‰pXn 8% Bbn-cp-∂p. AXn-
\m¬ tXbn-e-bpsS hntZi Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ {]Xy-£-Øn¬ B`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bnse hnesb A{X {]Xn-
132

Iq-e-am-bbn _m[n-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃
Iyq.B¿.-Fkv (QRS) \o°p-∂-Xn-\p -ap-ºp-Xs∂ tXbn-e-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p F∂p
ImWmw. F∂m¬ AXm-Is´, Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX tXbne aqey-h¿≤-\bv°p tijw (shdpw do]m-°nw-
Kn-\p≈ t]cm-bn-cp∂p AXv) ho≠pw Ib-‰pa-Xn- sNbvXv hntZ-i-\mWyw t\SpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sSbm-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ G‰hpw Ipd- -tXm-Xn-se-nepw aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øm-sX-bp≈ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXv
hntZ-i-\mWyw t\SpI F∂-e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ G‰hpw Ipd--tXm-Xn-se-nepw aqeyh¿≤-\-\-S-Øm-sX-bp≈
Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXv hntZ-i-\mWyw t\SpI F∂- e-£ytØm-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ G‰hpw Ipd--tXm-Xn-se-nepw aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øm-sX-bp≈ Ib-‰p-a-Xn, apºv ]d
A\p-Iq-e- hy-h-ÿsb Zpcp-]-tbmKs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v, Nne -hy-h-kmb Xm¬]-cy-°m¿ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-
≠v. Ah¿ a‰p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Xcw-XmW tXbne Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXv AXns\ ""aqey-h¿≤\''
bv°ptijw hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-t∏mƒ kw`-hn-®-Xv, C¥y≥ tXbn-ebv°v ]c-º-cm-K-
X-ambn e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ hn]-Wn-bn¬ CXx]cy-¥-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ bi pw hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-Xbpw \jvSam-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p,
CXns‚ tZmj^-ßfpw {]mXn-Iq-ey-ßfpw Zznap-J-am-Wv. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, C¥y≥ tXbne
hyh-km-b-Øn\v an®w hcp∂ tXbne Nne-h-gn-°m≥ hcp∂ hºn® _p≤n-ap´v. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Cd-°paXn
sNø-s∏´ Xcw XmW tXbne Ip∂p -Iq-Sp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn C¥y-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS hn]Wn
F∂-t∂-°p-am-bp≈ \jvS-hpw, hfsc t¢i-߃ kln®v s\Sp-\m-fmbn t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p
C¥y≥ tXbn-e-bpsS Cu hntZ-i -hn-]- -Wn-Iƒ. Cu khn-ti-j-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp {][m-\-Imcyw
IΩnj≥ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv A¥-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wnbn¬
Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ tXbn-e-bpsS 1/4 `mK-amWv teeØn\p hnt[-b-am-hp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bpsS 1/3 `mKhpw
tee-Øn-eqsS hn‰-gn-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw C¥y≥ tXbn-e-bptS-Xn-t\-°mƒ
tami-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv kXyw. AXp-am-{X-a√, C¥y≥ tXbnebpsS Ib-‰p-aXn
{Ita-W- IqSn sIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. (Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw sa®-sa-n¬ IqSnbpw)
1.5 6.4 bYm¿∞-{]-iv\hpw, t\cn-Sm-\p≈ X{¥-ßfpw {]iv\w
tIc-f-Ønse tXbn-e-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ BsI-°qSn DcpØncnp-h-cp∂ Nn{Xw ImWn-°p-∂Xv,
sXt° -C-¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D¬]m-Z-\-s®ehv D≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-sW-∂pw, XmW -D¬]m-Z-\-
£-a-Xbpw, XmW -h-cp-am-\-hpw, Ipd- -\n-t£-]hpw, XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw sI´p-]n-W-p-In-S°p∂
Hcp-Zq-jn-X-h-e-b-Øn-emWv Cu hyh-km-b-Øns‚ ÿnXn-bp-sa-∂m-Wv. tXbn-e-tXm´ hyh-km-b-Øn\v
B`y-¥-c -hn-]-Wn-bnepw, A¥-mcm-jv{S -hn-]-Wn-bnepw a’-cn-°m≥ tijn-bn-√m-Ø-Xn\p Imc-Ww, Hcp
hiØv kl-P-am-b -XmW D¬]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn Zp¿∫-e-amb t{kmX- ns‚ ASn-
Ø-d-bpw, adp-h-i-Øv, D¬]m-Z-\-s®-e-hns‚ B[n-Iy-Øn\pw hne-bn-Sn-hn\pw CS-bn¬ InS-∂p -\-´w-Xn-cnbp-∂-Xns‚
^e-am-bn-´p≈ hcp-am-\-°p-d-hp-am-Wv.
tXm´-ap-S-a-I-fn¬ Gdn-b-`m-Khpw tIc-f -kw-ÿm-\-Øn-\p-]p-d-Øp-≈-h-cm-Wv. tImf-\n- `-c-W-Im-eØv
ta¬°nS Iº-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-hcpw, ]n∂oSv C¥y≥ Iº-\n-I-fmbn ]pdØv cPn-ÿ sNbvX-h-bp-amWv
F∂Xv Hcp {][m\ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kwL-S-\m-cq-]hpw DS-a-ÿ-Xm-am-
XrII-fp-sa√mw Xs∂, {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-Ip∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\v CS-s]-Sp-hm≥
Ign-bmØ Xcw {]Xn-_-‘-߃ D≈-Xpw, {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v am¿§-߃ ImWp-hm-\p≈ kwÿm-
\Øns‚ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃°v ]cnanXnI-fp-≈Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ct∏m-gsØ {]Xnk‘n
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ CS-s]-Sp-tºmƒ Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ AtX kabw
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ tZmj-^-e-ß-fp-tSbpw _m≤y-X-I-fp-sSbpw F√m `mchpw kwÿm\
k¿°m-cns‚ Npa-en-emWv hogp-∂-Xv.
X{¥-߃
Ct∏mƒ h∂p- tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ AKm-[-amb {]Xn-k-‘-bn¬ \n∂pw tIc-f-Ønse hyh-km-bsØ
Ic- I-b-‰-W-sa-n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw {lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw, c≠p-hn-
[-Øn-epap≈ Hcp kwtbm-PnX X{¥-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xv. G‰hpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn
ssIs°m-t≈≠ \S-]Sn tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Zpcn-Xm-izmkw \evIp-hm-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXn\v
tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ DS-\Sn Bh-iy-amb klmbw \evI-Ww. CS-°me \S-]Sn apX¬
133

Zo¿L-Ime \S-]-Sn-hsc tI{µo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv hn]-Wn-bpsS ]cn-jvIc-W-Øn-\m-Wv. CXn-eqsS Dd∏p hcptØ≠
c≠p-Im-cy-߃-˛-D-]-t`m-‡r-hn-e-bpsS IqSp-X¬ ]v DXv]m-Z-I¿°v e`y-am-°p-I-bpw, DXv]m-Z-
\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ ]p\¿\-Soepw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw sNøpI F∂-XpamWv. kwÿm-\sØ tXbne
tXm´ hyh-km-bsØ as‰mcp (A\y) kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bm-tbm, AXns‚ ]p\:c[n-hm-k-
Øn\v Nne-hn-Sp-∂Xv Hcp Zp¿hy-b-am-tbm, Hcp {]tXyI `qhn-\n-tbmK am¿§-amtbm ho£n-°p-∂Xv icnbm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√
F∂v IΩn-j\v t_m≤y-am-bn-´p-≠v. Cu taJebnse {]iv\w Hcp kmaq-ln-I-˛-]m-cnÿn-XnI
_m≤y-X-bmbn k¿°mcpw _‘-s∏-´-hcpw ImW-Ww. ImcWw Hcp henb hn`mKw sXmgnem-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw,
Ahsc B{i-bn®p D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp∂ C∂sØ Xe-ap-d-bn¬s]´ bphm-°-fDw
Ip´n-Ifpw AS-ßnb Hcp henb P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Poh¬kp-c-£-bpsS {]iv\-am-Wn-Xv. Cu tXm´-߃
Bcw-`n-°p-hm-\pw, \ne-\n-dp-Øm\pw ITn-\-{]-bXv\w \S-Øn-bXv Ch-cpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cm-Wv. Ahsc
Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-te°pw Zpcn-X-Øn-te°pw X≈n-hn-Sm≥ ]mSn-√. IqSmsX Atß-b‰w {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-X-bp-
≈Xpw ]mcn-ÿnXn-I-ambn Zu¿_-ey-߃ D≈-Xp-amb kml-Ncyw \ne-\n-ev°p∂ tXbn-e-tØm´ {]tZi-ß-fpsS
]cn-c-£-bv°p Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1.5.7.4. ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sNtø-≠-Xv, tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-ƒ°pw B{in-X¿°pw ZpcnXmizmk-Øn-\mbn
kºq¿Æ-{Km-aoW tdmkvKm¿ tbmP-\m-]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´, `£yw t\cn-´p-\-evIpI F∂-
XmWv. AXns‚ Hcp `mKw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂
`qan ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øn-bpw, aÆpw Pehpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm≠v CS-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw ]p\¿\-
So¬ \S-Øp∂Xn\pw tXm´-ß-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmkw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-
≈-Ww.
2. tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ°v, hmWn-Py -_m-p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈-Xpƒs∏-sS, kmº-Øn-I -ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw
GP≥kn-I-fnepw \n∂v ISm-izmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. Ah-sc-Sp-Øn-´p≈ {lkz-Im-e-hm-bv]-Iƒ
aoUnbw Ime-am-bpw, Zo¿L-Ime hmbv]-I-fpsS AS-hp-Imew \o´n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm\pw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-I.
3. tXm´-ap-S-a-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂-Xmb CØ-c-ap≈ ISm-izmk klm-b-߃ tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-
Iƒ°v DS-a-Iƒ \evIm-\p≈ _m≤y-X-I-fmb Iqen-bpw, s{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠pw a‰p-\n-b-am-\p-kr-Xamb
Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw, B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw sImSp-Øp-Xo¿°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. DS-a-Iƒ°v ISm-izmk klm-b-߃°v A\p-aXn \evIp∂ kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-
߃°v k¿°m¿ th≠ Dd-∏p-Iƒ \evtI-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
4. tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-fpsS hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬, hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈
taJ-e-I-fnse km≤y-X-IƒIqSn hn\n-tbm-Kn®psIm≠v tXbn-e-bpsS hcp-am-\-°p-dhp \nI-Øp-hm≥
]cn-{i-an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. tXbn-e-bpsS DXv]m-Z\sØ A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬ `qansb a‰m-h-iy߃°v
sImSp-°p-I-tbm, sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-Itbm sNømsX Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sXmgn¬ km≤y-
X-I-fpw, sXmgn¬ kpc£bpw hcp-am\ h¿≤-\hpw e`y-am-°-W-sa∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IΩn-j≥
Cu \n¿t±-i-ß-fn-eqsS ip]m¿i-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xv.
5. tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sImSp-Øp- Xo¿t°-≠-Xmb _m≤y-X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ Xøm-dp≈
tXm´-ß-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\pw, ]pXn-b-sN-Sn-Iƒ \Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, apX¬ap-S-°m≥ k∂-≤-X-bp≈
tXm´-ap-S-a-Iƒ°v \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hpw, hmbv] hoSm≥ kmh-Im-ihpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm≥ k¿°m¿ \S-]-Sn-
Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
6. tXbn-e-bpsS hne-bn¬ Ipd-s®-nepw bp‡n-k-l-amb h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-Ipw -hsc 1984˛se So
I¨t{Smƒ Hm¿U¿ {]Im-c-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]p\-cm-cw-`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu \nbaw ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw,
th≠n-h-cp-∂-]£w \ndp-Ø-em-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw DXv]m-Z-I¿°v Ah-cpsS DXv]-
∂-߃ em`-I-c-amb GsXmcp am¿§-Øn-eq-sSbpw hnev°p-hm\pw Aßns\ D]-t`m-‡r-hn-e-bpsS Hcp
\√ ]v Ah¿°v e`n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-h-Ww. tXbne hn]-Wn-bn¬ GXm\pw ]mt°-
Pnw-Kv, sª‚nwKv Iº-\n-°m¿°v ta¬ssI ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ
tXbne hym]m-cn-Iƒ°mWv F√m {]tbm-P-\hpw e`n-°p-∂Xv, A√msX DXv]m-Z-I¿°v A√. ]mt°-
134

PnwKvIm¿°pw sª‚nw-Kp-Im¿°pw hnesb \bn-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ]cnX:ÿnXn-bn¬ hn]-Wn-bnse
eqkv So hn`m-K-°msc AXv hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
7. tXbne D¬]m-Z-I¿°v, {]tXy-In®pw sNdnb hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿°v, sNdp-InS hym]m-cn-Ifn-eq-sS-bpw,
s{]mhn-j≥tÃm¿ DS-a-ÿ-cn-eq-sSbpw t\cn´v D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v hnevIp-hm\pw Ahsc
klm-bn-°p∂ kwcw-`-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬Iq-Snbpw t{]m’ml\w
\evIm≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
8. ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øv, tXbn-e-bpsS hne-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬, hn]-Wn-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Nm©m-´-ßsf
\nb-{¥n-°m≥ Hcp k{º-Zmbw tI{µ-k¿°m¿ aptºm-´p-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-≈Xv Cu IΩn-js‚ {i≤bn¬
s]´n-´p-≠v.
9. ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn tXbn-e-bpsS Cd-°p-aXn h¿≤n-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ IqSp-Xepw ho≠pw Ib‰n Abbv°-W-sa-∂p≈
e£yw h®n-´p-≈-XmWv F∂v hy‡-am-Wv. AØcw "do FIvkvt]m¿´v' hntZi tXbne
hn]-Wnsb ITn-\-ambn _m[n°pw F∂pw, AXm-I-s´, cmjv{S-Øns‚ Nne-hn¬ GXm\pw \n£n]vX
hym]m-c-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-sf-bmWv klm-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂pw, A√msX AXv Dev]m-Z-I¿°v KpW-I-c-a√
F∂p-ap≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v, doF-Ivkvt]m¿´n-\p≈ hyhÿ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ Ah-ÿbv°v AdpXn hcp-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]SnIƒ ssIs°m-≈-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥
ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. Irjnsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ Icm¿ (AOA) A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-
]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ \o°nb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-
Whpw km≤y-a-√. F∂m¬ Xmcn^v CuSm-°p∂ hyÿ-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠vv tXbne DXv]m-Z-
I¿°v kmº-Øn-I-ambn \jvS-ap-≠m-°p∂ AØcw Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS ta¬ ^e-{]-amb \nb-{¥Ww
G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ho≠pw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-tbmsS hºn® Cd-°paXn
sNøp-tºmƒ tXbn-e-bpsS aqey-h¿≤\ Hcn-°epw C-d°p-aXn Xmcn-^ns‚tbm As√-n¬
AssπUv Xmcn^v \nc-°n-t‚tbm Af-hn¬ \n∂pw H´pw Xs∂ Ipd-bm≥ ]mSn√ F∂v I¿i-\-
abn \njvI¿jn-°p∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tI{µ k¿°m¿ G¿s∏-SptØ-≠-Xm-Wv. as‰mcp \S-]Sn \n¿t±in-°p∂-Xv,
Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmb tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw,
AXv C¥y≥ tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-tØmSv InS-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw k¿°m¿ \n¿∫-
‘n-°-W-sa∂v BWv. CXp-Iq-Sm-sX, KpW-\n-e-hmcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv, Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse
IÃwkv A[n-Ir-X¿ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw, AXn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw So t_m¿Unse DtZym-K-ÿ-
∑m¿°v \evIp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Imc-Ww, tXbn-e-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hfsc thKw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ ]e-
Im-c-W-ß-fmepw am‰w hcp-∂-Xmb Hcp¬]-∂-Øns‚ ta∑ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ IÃwkvImtc-°mƒ IqSp-
X¬ A\p-`-h-k-º-∂cpw k÷cpw So t_m¿Uv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cm-Wv. hntZi \mW-b-ti-J-c-Øn¬ hfsc-tbsd
apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-´p≈ Hcp cmjv{S-Øn\v C{]-Im-c-ap-≠m-Ip∂ hntZ-i-\m-Wb kºm-Zy-Øn¬
D≠m-Im-hp∂ \n mcamb \jvSw Xmßp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-tX-bp-≈p.
10. tIc-f- k¿°m¿ So t_m¿Upw [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn, hnti-jn®pw "\_m¿Up'ambpw
HØp-tN¿∂p-sIm≠v Hcp ]p\-c-[n-hmk dnthmƒhnwKv ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ ap≥ssI FSp-°-Ww.
^≠v cq]o-I-cn-®m¬ AXv Xo¿®-bmbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-f-psS Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-Øn-\pw, tXbne ^mIvS-dn-IfpsS
\ho-I-c-W-Øn-\pw, tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-sf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb Zo¿L-
ImemSnÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hmbv]-I-ƒ Cu cwKØv e`y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw X∑qew Hcp hiØv AXv
{]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ "{]q¨' sNøpI
t]mep≈ Irjn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, Aßns\ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-°q-´-߃
IqSn-b-tXm-Xn¬ hnf-X∂v {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°p-∂-XmWv. adp-h-i-Øv, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-
∂-Xn\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ Imcyw hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ImcWw tXbnebv°v
IqSp-X¬ hne e`y-am-°m≥ \ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tXbne KpW-\n-e-hmc-Øn¬
hfsc apt∂m-´p-t]m-tI-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. d_¿ t_m¿Uns‚ Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse tXbn-e-bpsS
ta¬ Npa-Øp∂ FIvsskknt‚bpw a‰p Xocp-h-I-fp-tSbpw Hcp `mKw \o°n h®v, tI{µ k¿°m-cn\v
Cu ]p\-c-[n-hmk ^≠ns\ i‡-am-°p-hm≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \evIp-
∂-Xmb \nIpXn Bizmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-I-fpsS ]p\c-[n-hm-k-hpw, ]p\¿\-So¬ {]h¿Ø-\-
ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-bv°p∂Xmbm¬ AsXmcp henb {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. hnhn[ `q˛-Pe
]cn-]m-e\ amt\-Pvsa‚p-I-f-psS Iogn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ [\-k-lm-b-ß-fpw, k¿°m-cns‚ h\- kw-c-£-W-
135

Øn-\p≈ klm-bhpw IqSn Hcp-an®v "]qƒ' sNøp-∂Xpw Cu ^≠ns‚ t{kmX- ns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°p-∂-XmWv.
11. tXbn-e-tØm-´-ßsf hymh-km-bn-I-tam, Im¿jn-Itam Bb kwcw-`-ambn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. Ct∏m-gm-sW-n-¬ Cu c≠n¬ \n∂p-ap≈ ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ e`n®p hcp-∂p-≠v. CXn-s\-sbmcp Im¿jnI
kwcw-`-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-bm-sW-n¬ (b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ Im¿jn-I-kw-cw-`-am-sW-nepw A≤zm-\n-°p∂
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS tkh\w hn]p-e-ambn CXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v) tXbn-e-tØm´ Irjn hfw, sshZypXn F∂o C≥]p-´p-I-fpsS ImcyØn¬ Cf-hp-
Iƒ°v A¿l-X-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX Irjn°v Npa-Øp∂ sehn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb hmbv]m kuI-cy-ßfpw
e`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AX-√, hyh-km-b-am-bn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-n¬ hyh-km-b-߃°v Npa-
Øp∂ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw \oXo-I-cn-°-Ø-°-XmWv. Ct∏mgpw Hcp {][m-\- hn-tZi\mWy kºm-
Z-I≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ tXbn-e-tØm-´-߃°v, hntZ-i-\m-Wbw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°p∂ kwcw-`-߃°v e`yam-°p∂
F√m klm-b-߃°pw A¿l-X-bp-≈-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-
∂p.
12. Im¿jnI BZm-b-\n-IpXn Imºu≠v sNøp∂ \S-]Sn F{Xbpw thKw \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. CXp-aq-ew, Hcp-h-iØv \nIpXn kw_-‘-amb {]iv\-ßfpw \qem-am-e-Ifpw t\tc B°p-hm-
\pw, adp-h-iØv DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm\pw CXv Hcp {]tNm-Z-\hpw Bbn-
Øo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX Cu Imºu≠v sNøp∂ \nIp-Xnsb BZmbw IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ (\n-IpXn
\n›-bn-°p-tºmƒ) as‰mcp Nne-hn-\-ambn `qan-bpsS ]m´ hy-h-ÿ-bnse \n›nX ]m´w/hmSI C\w
F∂-t]mse IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
13. tI{µ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpw, {]mtZ-inI kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw F√mw tXbn-etØm´
hyh-kmbkwcw-`-I-cpsS taJ-e-bnse \nIpXn hyh-ÿ-tbbpw \nIpXn Npa-Ø-en-t\bpw Hcn-
°¬IqSn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. \nIpXn hyh-ÿ-bpw, AXns‚ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw, ]ncn-s®-Sp-°epw Cu
taJ-e-bnse \nt£-]-Øn\v t{]c-Ihpw kuI-cyhpw \evIp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ImcWw
Cu taJe \nt£] kwcw-`-߃°mbn hf-sc-tbsd Zmln-°p-I-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ.
14. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ Cu taJ-ebv°v A`napJoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.
Ah-bn¬ H∂mWv tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS h¿≤-\hv hfsc kmh-Im-i-am-Wv
F∂Xv. DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Db¿Øm-\p≈ ({l-kz-˛-Zo¿L-Im-e) \S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp≈ sNSn-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-
Whpw tami-am-Wv. AXn\v {][m\ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ H∂v tXbn-e-s®-Sn-I-fn¬ henb iX-am-\hpw (2/3
`mK-hpw) DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xm-Imew ]n∂n-´-h-bm-sW-∂Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnse Ipdhns\
hy‡amb ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ t\m°n-°m-tW-≠-Xp-≠v. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bm-Is´,
A\p-Zn\w aq¿—n®p hcn-I-bp-am-Wv. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v kpÿn-c-amb \S-]-Sn-I-ƒ kzoI-cn-°-Wsa-n¬
ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ hy‡-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p-I-bpw, A]-{K-Y-\-Øn\v hkvXp-\n-jvS-amb ImgvN-
∏mSpw th≠-Xp-≠v. sXmgn-em-fn-I-f-psS A≤zm-\-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw tXbn-e-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-
£-a-Xbpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-SpØn Iqen h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn bmsXmcp sa®hpw D≠m-
°m≥ t]mIp-∂n√, ImcWw CXn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ hnf-bpsS \nc-°n¬ Bim-ky-amb h¿≤-\hp
D≠m-ImØ ]£w bmsXmcp t\´hpw D≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. `qan-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw,
amt\-Pvsa‚ v Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-epw, sXmgn¬s®ehp Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xnepw {i≤-tI-{µo-I-cn-®psIm≠v
F√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn®v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw _m≤y-X-Ifpw Gs‰-SpØv {]h¿Øn-°-
Ww. A√msX kwÿm-\sØ tXbn-e-tØm´ hyh-kmb kwcw-`-Øn\v Zo¿L-Im-e -kp-ÿn-cX ssIhcn-°m-\m-hn-√.
Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m≥ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Hcp ka-hmbw Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu
taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-emfn {]Xn-\n-[n-I-tfbpw tXm´w DS-a-I-tfbpw F√mw Hcp-an®v Hcp taibv°v Np‰pw
Ccp∂v N¿®-sN-øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°m≥ IΩn-j≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\mSv ip]m¿i sNøp-
∂p.
136

Im∏n
1.5.7.0 Im∏nbpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kºZvhyh-ÿbpw
C¥y-bnse Irjn : temIsØ samØw, Im∏n-bpXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sSbpw 4% BWv
C¥y \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv. C¥y-bnse Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 2000-˛2001-˛¬ 301 Bbncw SÆm-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn¬ 2/3 `mKw tdm_-Ãbpw 1/3 Ad-_n-°bpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Ign A©p h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ (1995˛96
to 2000-˛2001 hsc) DXv]m-Z\w 1/3 IqSn h¿≤n®v 223 Bbncw SÆn¬\n∂pw 301 Bbncw SÆm-bn. Ad-
_n° F∂-bn\w Im∏n 104 Bbncw SÆn-seØn \n›-e-ambn \n∂-t∏mƒ A°m-e-a-{Xbpw tdm_-ÃbpsS
DXv]m-Z\w GI-tZiw 60% Db¿∂v 120 Bbncw SÆn¬ \n∂pw 197 Bbncw SÆm-bn. B`y-¥c
hn]-Wn-bnepw A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bnepw (Htc ka-bw) 1/4 apX¬ 1/3 hsc {]oanbw hne tdm_-Ãtb-°mƒ
t\Sp-hm≥ Ad-_nbv°bv°v Ign-p. ImcWw Ad-_n° t\cn-´p≈ D]-tbm-K-Øn\p sIm≈mhp-∂-XmWv.
F∂m¬ tdm_-Ãsb a‰p Nne km[-\- -ß-fp-ambn sª≥Uv sNbvXv, kwkvI-cn-®v, aqeyh¿≤\
\S-Ønbtijw "C≥ v' Im∏n-bm-bn-´mWv IqSp-Xepw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬
tdm_Ã Im∏n-bpsS Gdn-b-`mKw Ib-‰-paXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ad-_nbv°bv°v IqSp-Xepw B`y-¥c D]-
t`m-K-Øn-\m-bn-´mWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. 2000-˛2001 h¿jw C¥y 247 Bbncw S¨ Im∏n-bmWv (1377
tImSn cq]-bv°v) Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-Xv. CXv 2001-˛2002-˛¬ 209 Bbncw SÆmbn Ipdp Fnepw (1033
tImSn cq]-bv°v) Ct∏mgpw Im∏n Hcp {][m\ hntZ-i-\m-Wb kºm-Z-I-\mb Ib-‰p-aXn DXv]-∂-ambn
XpS-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v
cmPysØ BsI Im∏n-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v GI-tZiw 1/4 BWv. AXm-bXv 2000-
˛2001-˛¬ 71 Bbncw S¨ BWv tIc-f-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\w. 2000˛-2001-˛¬ GI-tZiw 84,000 slIvS¿
ÿe-Øm-bn-cp∂p Im∏n-°r-jn. tIc-f-Ønse DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 80% Dw hb-\mSv Pn√-bn-em-Wv. tijn-
®-Xn¬ IqSp-Xepw CSp°n Pn√-bn-em-Wv. Im∏n-Ir-jn-bpsS BsI hnkvXrXnbpsS 95% hpw tdm_-
Ãbm-Wv. kwÿm-\sØ samØw Im∏n DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 94% e`y-am-°p-∂Xv ChnsS \n∂m-Wv. Im∏nbpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIcfw hen-sbmcp IpXn-®p-I-b‰w Xs∂ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. {]mXn-`m-kn-I-amb
Cu h¿≤-\-hns‚ tXmXv t\m°n-bm¬ 1990-˛1991-˛se slIvS-sdm-∂n\v 278 Intem{Kmw F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw
2000-˛2001se 833 Intem/slIvS-dmbn Db¿∂-t∏mƒ tIc-fhpw I¿Æm-S-Ihpw XΩn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-
≠m-bn-cp∂ hnShv 1/2˛¬ \n∂pw 1/4 Bbn Npcp-ßp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Im∏n, tIc-f-Øn¬, sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS hnf
tIc-f-Øn¬ Im∏n apJy-ambpw sNdp-InS Irjn-°m-cpsS Hcp hnf-bm-Wv. 1990-˛91se IW-°-\p-kcn®v
GI-tZiw 93% I¿j-Icpw sNdp-In-S-°m-cmWv (76,400 sNdnb Im∏n-Irjn-ÿ-e-߃ BWp-≈-Xv).
BsI Im∏n Irjn-bpsS (68,3000 slIvS-dn¬) 89%hpw sNdp-In-S-°m¿ Xs∂. Ah-cpsS ssIhiw icmicn
2 slIvStdm AXn≥ Xmsgtbm D≈ `qantb D≈q. GI-tZiw 134 Im∏n-tØm-´-ß-fpsS BsI
icm-icn hnkvXrXn 55 slIvS-dm-Wv. CXn¬ G‰hpw Ipd- -hn-kvXrXn 20 slIvS-dpw. Ch-sb√mw
IqSn-bm¬ samØw hnkvXrXn BsI Im∏n Irjn-bpsS 115 iX-am\w BWv. GXm-bmepw 1990-˛91 se
Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSv bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcm≥ C-Sbn-√.
Im∏n-bpsS Ib-‰p-aXn
1990 IfpsS c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 77% apX¬ 84% hsc \mw Im∏n Ib-‰p-aXn
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Im∏n Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb hfsc Gsd B{i-bn®p \nev°p∂ Hcp hnf-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v
AXns‚ h¿Ø-am\˛`mhn hne-Iƒ A¥m-cm-jv{S -hn-]-Wn-bnse Nm©m-´-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. Unam‚ns‚bpw
kssπ-bp-tS-bpw, hnti-jn®pw kssπ-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv {]I-S-am-Wv.
137

1.5.7.1 hne-Ø-I¿®bpw Im∏n-bpsS kº-ZvL-S-\-bnse {]Xn-k-‘nbpw
Im∏n-bpsS B`y-¥-c-hne 1990-˛91se Intembv°v 27.85 cq]-bn¬\n∂pw IpXn®pI-bdn Intembv°v
79.79 cq]-bmbn. ]n∂oSv AXv 1997-˛98˛¬ F°m-e-tØbpw Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-amb 95.37 cq]-bm-bn. F∂m¬
1998-˛\p-tijw \nc-¥-c-ambn hne-X-I-cp-Ibpw Intembv°v shdpw 10.25 cq] hsc-bm-bn. ]n∂oSv
2001˛2002˛¬ FØp-tºm-tg°pw AXv 49.93 cq]-bv°-Sp-sØØn \n∂p. Im∏n-bpsS hne-Ø-I¿®
tIc-fsØ Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°n. Ft∏mgpw tdm_-Ã-bpsS hne-bm-bn-cp∂p Ad-_n-°-tb-°mfpw 20%\pw
25% CS-bn¬, XmWp-t]m-b-Xv. CXp-aqew Zqc-hym-]-I-amb sISp-Xn-Iƒ°nSbmbn. tIc-f-Ønse Im∏n
Irjn°m¿°v 1999 In´nb hne Intem-bv°v 59.91 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv {ItaW XmWv XmWv 2001-˛¬ 28.54
cq]-bpw, AsX XpS¿∂v 20002˛s‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ shdpw 26.36 cq]/Intem/Bbn.
C¥y≥ Im∏n-bpsS C{X Zmcp-W-amb hne-Ø-I¿®bv°v apJy-Im-c-W-ambn FSpØpIm´p-∂-Xv,
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ temI-sa-ºmSpw D≠mb hne-Øm-gvN-bm-Wv. CXn-\p-Im-c-W-am-I-s´, Im∏n Ib-‰p-a-
Xnsb IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ Dev]-∂-am-b-Xm-Wv. Im∏n-bpsS temI-hne (Other Milds), 1997˛se
G‰hpw Db¿∂ hne-bmb ]u≠n\v 1.85 bp.-F-kv. tUmf-dm-bn-cp-∂-Xv, 2002 Bb-s∏-tg°pw shdpw 0.62
bp.-F-kv.tUmf-dm-bn. tdm_-Ã-bpsS hne GI-tZiw 0.82 bp,-F-kv.-tUm-f-dmbn-cp∂p (1996-˛98) Ime-Øv)
2001 BIp-tºm-tg°pw Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb \ne-bn¬ XmWv shdpw 0.28 bp.Fkv. tUmf-dm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
temI-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ hne -Xm-gm-\p≈ ImcWw H∂m-a-Xmbn Im∏n-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠mb BtKmf-Xe
h¿≤-\-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Dev]m-Z\w 1997-˛98-˛se GI-tZiw 96 Zi-e£w Nm°n¬ \n∂pw (5.8 Zie£w
S¨ ˛ Nm°v H∂n¬ 60 Intem F∂ IW-°n¬) 1999-˛2000-˛¬ 115 Zi-e£w Nm°mbn (6.5 Zie£w
S¨) Db-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. G‰hpw FSp-Øp-Im-t´≠ Hcp hkvXp-X-bmWv \mep-h¿jsØ Npcpßnb
Ime-b-f-hn¬ hnb‰v\mw Im∏n-bpsS hn]-Wn-bn¬ Hcp apJy-i-‡n-bmbn hf¿∂p h∂-Xm-Wv.
hnb-‰v\m-ans‚ Im∏n Dev]m-Z\w 1997-˛98-˛se 6.7 Zi-e£w Nm°n¬ \n∂pw 2000-˛2001-˛¬ X14.8 Zie£w
Nm°mbn A`q-X-]q¿∆w Db¿∂p. temIsØ Im∏n Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 11.5% hpw Iø-S-°n-s°m≠v
hnb‰v\mw, sXm´-SpØ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmb sImfw-_nb (10.5 Zi-e£w Nm°v) sb ]n∂n-em-°n. (F-∂men-t∏mgpw
temIsØ samØw Im∏n Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 26% Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v {_ko¬ kz¥w
H∂mw ÿm\w \ne-\n-dpØn hcp∂p) temIhn]-Wn-bn¬ Im∏n-bpsS hne-°p-d-hn\v hgn-sX-fn-®Xv 1996-
˛97 sXm´v 1997-˛98 hsc-bp≈ ImesØ {_ko-ens‚ Im∏n-bp-ev]m-Z-\-Ønse Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. (27.6 Zie£w
Nm°n¬ \n∂pw AXv 1997-˛98-˛¬ 22.7 Zi-e£w Nm°mbn Ipd-p). F∂m¬ temI hn]Wnbn¬
Im∏n-bpsS hne 1998 \ptijw IpØs\ CSn-bm≥ Imc-Ww, {_ko-ens‚ h¿≤n® Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-te-
°p≈ Xncn-®p-t]m-°mWv F∂p ImWmw. (1997-˛98-˛¬ 22.7 Zi-e£w ˛Nm°m-bn Ipdp) F∂m¬
1997˛98˛¬ 22.7 Zi-e£w Nm°m-bn-cp-∂Xv 1998-˛99-˛¬ 36.6 Zi-e£w Nm°m-bn. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ Im∏n
temI-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Hcp apJy-]-m-fn-b-s√-nepw Bt]-£n-I-ambn sNdnb Hcp ]v AXn-\p-≠v. samØw
temI Im∏n-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 4% C¥y-bn-ep-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb `mcn® tXmXn¬
B{ibn°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠vv (C-¥y-bp-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ samØw Im∏n-bpsS 4/5 `mK-Øns‚ 75% hpw Ib-‰paXn
sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv) A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wnbv°v Iog-S-tß-≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
1.5.7.2. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® (WTO) Icm-dns‚ (AOAbpsS) kzm[o\w Im∏n-bn¬
WTObpsS Irjn-sb-kw-_-‘n® (AOA) hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tXbne, Few F∂o tXm´-hn-f-I-tfm-sSm∏w
Im∏n-sbbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v, Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS)2001 G{]n¬
apX¬ FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. At∏mƒ Im∏n Cd-°p-a-Xn-ta-ep≈ Xmcn^v 2002 am¿®v apX¬ 100%
Bbn h¿≤n-∏n-®p. ]n.-F-^v.-G.-am-\-Z-WvU-߃ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v.
1.5.7.3 sh√n-hn-fn-I-fpw, Ah-k-c-ßfpw
kwbp‡ kzm[o\w : tIc-f-Øn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Im∏n-bpsS GXm≠v apgp-h≥ `mKhpw
tdm_-Ãm-bm-Wv, AXn-te-dnb ]pw Ib-‰p-a-Xn- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚
Im∏n-Ir-jnbpw hyhkm-bhpw temI-hn-]-Wn-bpsS Nne hyh-ÿbv°v Iog-S-tß-≠-Xmb ÿnXn-bm-
Wp-≈-Xv. Im∏n-bpsS BtKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep-≠mb hne-Ø-I¿®-bpsS \mS-Io-b-amb Ac-t߉w Xo¿Øpw
{]XnIq-e-ambn _m[n® GI D¬]-∂hpw Im∏n-bmbncp∂p. 1998˛2002 ImesØ hf-sc -D-b¿∂ hnebn¬\n∂pw
2/3 `mKw Ipdhv h∂Xv Im∏n DXv]m-Z-I¿°v I\Ø Xncn-®-Sn-bmbn. _lp-`q-cn-]£w
138

Im∏n-Ir-jn-°mcpw sNdp-In-S-°m-cm-Wv. EXp-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v Imem-Im-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂p Imem-hÿm hyXnbm-\-ßfpw
(]q-hcpw apºv s]øp-∂-Xmb ag hnfsb \n¿Æ-mb-I-amb Af-hn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p), Im∏n
Irjn {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ASn-ÿm\ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS _e-lo-\-Xbpw F√mw Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS D]-
Po-h\ kpc-£sb IS-∂m-{I-an-®Xp aqew, hne XI¿®- sIm-≠-p≠mb IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ I¿j-I-Po-hn-
XsØ IqSp-X¬ Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-am-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
CS-hn-f-bmb Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Irjn-\miw
Xß-fpsS D]-Po-h\ am¿§w Hs´ms° kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm\pw hcp-am\w Db¿Øp-hm\pw sNdp-InS
Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ]°-ep≈ `qan-bpsS hn`-h-tijn ]c-am-h[n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ {iaw \S-
Øn-t\m-°n. Ch¿ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ Im∏n-Ir-jn-sN-øp-I-bpw, Xmgvhc-I-fpsS ASn-`m-K-߃ \nIØn
AhnSw s\¬h-b-ep-I-fm°n -am-‰n. hb-\m-´n¬ ]cs° a[p-c-\m-cß (orange) Irjn sNbvXp-sh-nepw
AhnsS kn{Skv/ssk_m°v F∂ tcmKw -_m-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (CXv c≠pw ]c-kv]-c]q-c-I-amb
Im¿jnI X{¥-am-bn-cp-∂p). F∂m¬ as‰m-cp-Iq´w Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cm-hs´, Xmgvhmc-ß-fpsS ASn-bnep≈
`q{]-tZ-i-ØmsI IapIpw (a-‰p-Nn-e¿) Gehpw Irjn-sN-bvXp. Hcp ImeØv Zo¿L-Im-e-hn-f-bmb
IapIv t\c-tØ-Xs∂ Irjn-sN-øm-Xn-cp-∂n-S-ß-fn¬ hmgbpw Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ \n∂pw In´nb
hcp-am-\-߃ Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bn¬ KWy-amb klm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-sa-∂p-]-d-b-s´, Ipcp-ap-f-Ins\ _m[n® "{ZpX-hm´w' F∂ (ss^-t‰m-kv tXmd thcp Nob¬)
tcmK-Øns‚ B{I-aWw km¿∆-{Xn-I-am-b-Xpw, X∑qew Dev]m-Z\w Ipd--Xpw, Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne-
Ø-I¿®bv°v A\p-_-‘-am-b) Aßns\ Im∏n-bpsS hne XI¿∂Xpw Irjn-°m-cpsS kmº-ØnI
t¢isØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ hne 2000 ¬ Intembv°v 190 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv
2002˛¬ 70 cq]-bmbn t\¿]-Ip-Xn-bnepw XmWXv Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS hcp-am-\sØ Im¿s∂Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Im∏n-bpsS Cu hne-bn-Sn-hn\v GXm≠v ka-Im-en-I-ambn Xs∂ kwkv°-cn® ]m°ns‚ hnebn-ep-≠mb
Iq∏p-Ip-ج (1990˛¬ Intembv°v 104 cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2002 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw shdpw 34
cq]-bm-b-Xv) Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS ZpxÿnXn IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-°n. CXn-\p-]p-d-ta, the-°q-en-bpƒs∏sS,
Irjn-s®e-hns‚ h¿≤-\bpw (Im-∏n-bp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ CXv hfsc KWy-am-bn-cp-∂p)-˛-A-Xm-bXv Im∏n-
°pcp ]dn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈-Iq-en-bpƒs∏-sS, Dev]m-Z-Ønse hºn-®-Ip-dhpw IqSnbpw Bb-t∏mƒ kwÿm-
\sØ Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cpsS hcp-am\w BsI ]ngn-s-Sp-°-s∏-SpIbmWp-≠m-b-Xv.
Im∏n-bpsS Unam‚ v
tXbn-e-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Im∏n-bpsS s]mXp-hn-ep≈ D]-t`mKw C¥y-bnse sX°≥
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ am{X-am-bn, hnti-jn®pw I¿Æm-S-I-bnepw, Xan-gv\m-´n-epw HXpßn \nev°p-I-bm-Wv.
Hcp ]t£, Im∏n-bpsS B`y-¥-c-amb Unam‚ v sX°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse P\kwJybpsS h¿≤-\-hnt‚bpw,
hcp-am-\-Øn-t‚bpw hS-°≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS \K-chXv°-c-WØn-t‚bpw A\p-]m-X-Øn-s\mØv
Db¿∂p-h-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C≥ v Im∏n-sb-t]m-ep≈ aqey-h¿≤nX cq]-߃°v C¥y-≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬
CXn-\Iw Xs∂ ]nSn®p \n¬°m≥ Ign-n-´p-≠v. Im∏n-bpsS Unam‚ v hym]-I-am-°m≥ as‰mcp km≤y-
X-bmWv t‰m^n t]mse Im∏n ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-am-bn-´p≈ IqSp-X¬ DXv]-∂-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI
F∂-Xv. I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb t{]m’m-l-\ \-b-߃ Cu hgn°v Xncn-m¬ Im∏n-bpsS D]-t`mKw h¿≤n-
∏n-°m≥ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
X{¥-߃
1.5.7.4. Unam‚pw kssπbpw (B-h-iyhpw e`y-X-bpw) XΩn-ep≈ hnShv \nI-ج
C¥ybntebpw tIc-f-Øn-tebpw Im∏n-tØm-´ -ta-J-e-bn¬ Db-cp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sh√phnfn
Aan-tXm-Xv]m-Z\w Fßns\ ssIImcyw sNømw F∂-Xm-Wv. c≠p-Im-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v AXnsem∂v,
COm-\p-k-cWw Xnc-s-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂v, Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-Wv.
c≠v, Im∏n-bpsS Unam‚ v hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn hfw,
IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ XpS-ßnb C≥]p-´p-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-®p-sIm-t≠m, Irjn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb amt\-Pvsa‚ v
\S-]Sn kzoI-cnt®m Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ km≤y-am-sb∂p hcn-I-bn-√. AXn-\p-ap-]-cn-bmbn A{]-
139

Im-c-ap≈ Im¿jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnf-bpsS `mhn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ A]-Xv°-c-amb kzm[o\w sNep-
Øp-I-bpw, XpS¿∂p-≠m-Im-hp∂ AXns‚ Zqjy-^-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Sm≥ I\-Ø- hne
sImSp-t°-≠-Xmbpw h∂p IqSm-bvI-bn-√. Hcp Zo¿L-Im-e-hnf F∂ \ne-bn¬, s]mSp-∂-\-th, Irjn
ÿe-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂-X√. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ B`y-¥c D]-t`mKw h¿≤n-
∏n-°p-Ibpw A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ h¿≤n® ]m-fnØw hln-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS, Ib-‰p-aXn h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-Itb Ic-Wo-b-am-bn-´p-≈q. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Im∏n D]-t`mKw \S-Øp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬
hne-Ip-d®p \evIp-I-bpw, ]mc-º-tcy-Xc {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Im∏nbv°v t{]m’m-l-\-Ic-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠-Xv. Im∏n-bpsS hne ]c-am-h[n Xmgm-hp-∂{X FØnbncn-°p∂ ÿnXnbn¬
C\n XpS¿∂p hne-Xm-gp-sa-∂p≈ D¬I-WvTbv°v ÿm\-an-√. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS Xpd-bn¬IqSn C\n
hne-Ip-d-bv°p-∂-Xv, cmPysØ Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w kpÿn-c-am-°p-∂-Xn\v H´pw klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v
tXm∂p-∂n-√. tIc-f-Øn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Im∏n-bpsS knwl-`m-Khpw tdm_-Ã-bm-Wv. AXv C≥ v
Im∏n°v kZr-iy-amb a‰p ]e Dev]-∂-ß-fpw, sª‚nwKv \SØn \n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ ImW-
Ww. AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb t{]m’m-l\ bXv\-߃ \S-Øn-bm¬ temI-hn-]-Wn-bn-te-bv°p≈ Ib-‰paXn
hn]p-e-am-°p-hm≥ km≤y-X-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
Im∏n-tØm-´-ß-fpsS samØw hcp-am-\w sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI
Im∏n Irjn-°m-cpsS D]-Po-h-\- kp-c-£bv°v klm-b-I-c-ambn Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ t]mwhgn Dev]m-
Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw (sNehp Npcp-°n-s°m-≠p≈ am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS) `q hn-\n-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Iq´p-
I-bpw, sshhn-[y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw Aßns\ Im¿jn-
I-h-cp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. c≠pw Xs∂ CS-°m-ehpw Zo¿L-Im-ehpw FSp-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-
Iƒ BWv.
sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-cWw
tIc-f-Ønse Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Ime kpÿn-c-Xbv°v th≠Xv Im∏nsb hf-scb-[nIw
am’-cy-£-a-X-bp≈ HcpXv]-∂-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp apJy CS-s]-S¬ \S-]-Sn-bmbn \n¿t±-in-°phm-\p-≈Xv,
Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ am{X-ambn Im∏n-Irjn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw BWv. kmº-Øn-I-amb t\´-an-√mØ Irjn-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw AXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬
hcp∂ `qanbpw Im∏n-°r-jn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡-am-°p-I. A{]-Im-c-ap-≈n-S߃ sshhn-≤y-h-Xv°-cW
{]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNømw. Ct∏mƒ kwÿm-\sØ Im∏n-Ir-jn-bp≈ {]tZi-sa√mw
Xs∂ ]›n-a-L-´ -ta-J-e-bpsS A[nIw Db¿∂X√msX {]tZ-iß-fn-em-W-t√m. h≥tXm-
Xn¬ ]mev Xcp∂ h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øp∂ ]cn-]mSn Cu {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ thcpd®v
Ign-n-´p-≠v. Im∏n-bpXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ hfsc ]nt∂m-°-am-bn-´p≈ `qansb Im∏n-Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂pw
hnap-‡-am-°n-bm¬ AhnsS I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb Xo‰-∏p√v hf¿Øn BZmbw D≠m-°m≥ Xo¿®bmbpw
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. \√ ]m¬°-d-h -In-´p∂ k-c-C\w I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
Xo‰-∏p¬ Ir-jn-IqSn \S-Øn-bm¬ ]mens‚ Dev]m-Z-\-s®-e-hp -Ip-d-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]cn-
]m-Sn-bn¬ ssPh-Im-∏n-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\hpw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. XWp-∏p-≈-Xmb A¿≤ -DjvW-ta-Jem
Imem-hÿ ioX-Im-e- ]-®-°-dn-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v hfsc \s√mcp Ah-kcw hmKvZm\w
sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°m-h-iy-amb ]®-°-dn-Iƒ hºn-®-tXm-Xn¬ FØn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv kwÿm-\sØ D]-t`m‡r tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hfsc hnZq-c-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-Wv. XWp-
∏p-≈Xpw, hfsc Db¿∂ ÿe-Øp-ho-gp∂ kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw shbnepw D≈, A¿≤- D-jvW-ta-Jem
{]tZ-i-am-sI Xs∂ ]\n-\o¿∏q-t]m-ep≈ ]qjv]-߃°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-b, amXr-I-]-c-amb
]cn-xÿn-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. 100 ao‰¿ CS-hn´v A¥m-cmjv{S hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃ D≈-Xn-\m¬ ]q°-fpsS
Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v FØn-s∏-Sm-\p≈ {]m]y-Xbpw kpI-c-am-Wv.
1.5.7.5. ip]m¿i-Iƒ
DXv]m-Z\ cwKØv kwÿm-\sØ Im∏nbpw tXbn-ebpw t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°v At\Iw
kam-\-X-Iƒ ImWmw. c≠n\pw Htc hn[-Øn-ep≈ {]Ir-Xn- t{km-X- p-I-fpsS klm-b-I-c-amb ASn-
Ø-d-bpw, `qan-imkv{X]c-amb kz`mhhnti-j-ßfpw, ag hogvN-t]m-ep≈ LS-I-ßfpw kam-\-am-Wv.
Ipd-t®sd Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv tXbne Irjn sN-øp-∂-Xv. Im∏nbv°v XmW ae-©-cn-hp-I-fmWv
140

A\p-tbm-Pyw. Bt]-£n-I-ambn XWp-∏p≈ A¿t≤mjvW taJ-e-I-fn-emWv Im∏n-Ir-jn Gsd-bpw.
c≠pw Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Ifpw GI hnf-Ifpw Bb-Xn-\m¬ Irjn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb amt\-Pvsa‚pw kam-\-
amWv. DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb LS-\-bn¬ c≠pw {][m-\-ambpw Iqen-th-e-bn-eq-∂nb A≤zm\w hn\n-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ DXv∏-∂-ß-fp-am-Wv. tXbn-ebpw Im∏nbpw hn¬]-\-sN-øp-∂Xv s]mXpth teew hnfn-®p-am-
Wv. c≠n-t‚bpw ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-∂Xv tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn-ep≈ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-fp-am-
Wv. Kth-j-Ww, hnI-k-\w, hym]\w F∂n-hbpw kwÿm-\- k¿°m-cns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn-[n°p ]pd-
Øm-Wv. apJy-amb hyXymkw tXbne B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bn-eqsS apJy-ambpw hn‰p-h-cp∂ Ah-k-c-
Øn¬, Im∏n-bm-I-s´, apJy-ambpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-tbbpw A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-tbbpw hn‰gn-°m≥ B{ibn®p
hcp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Im∏n hyh-kmbw t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k‘n IqSp-X¬ Bgw D≈-Xm-Wv. Im∏nbpsS
hne-Ø-I¿® tXbn-e-bp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ Iptd-°qSn IpØ-s\-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Im∏n-bpXv]m-Z-\-
Øn-¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ I¿j-I-cn¬ Gdn-b -`m-Khpw sNdp-In-S-°m-cm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ hfsc
Zp¿∫-e-cpw, kmº-Øn-I-amb {]Xn-Iq-em-h-ÿ-Isf sNdp-Øp-\n¬°m≥ th≠ kw`-c-W-ti-jn-bpw,
{]Xn-k‘n hcp-tºmƒ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ th≠ IcpØv {]mtbW Ipd-hp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬
Im∏n-bp-tSbpw tXbn-e-bp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw, ip]m¿i-Ifpw
hfsc kZr-i-ß-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ khn-tij kml-N-cy-߃°v A\p-kr-
X-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nne {Iao-I-c-W-߃ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. IΩo-js‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf Npcp°n
Cßs\ ]p\¿h-Nn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(1) kºq¿Æ {KmaoW tdmkvKm¿ tbmP-\-bpsS Iogn¬, t\cn-´p≈ `£ym-lmc Zpcn-Xm-izmkw
Im∏n-tØm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw Ahsc B{i-bn®p Ign-bp-∂-h¿°pw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn FØn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I. Cu Bizmk \S-]-Sn-bpsS sNehpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen-bpsS `mK-ambn
IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX tI{µ-k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ klm-b߃
`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\pw, `q-an-bp-sSbpw hnf-bp-tSbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\pw, sNSn-I-fpsS
]p\x-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\pw ]p\¿\-So-en\pw IqSn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(2) Im∏n-tØm-´-ap-S-a-Iƒ°v ISm-izmk \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xp-≠v. hmWn-Py- _m-p-Iƒ
Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS {lkz-Im-e-˛-C-S-°me hmbv]-Iƒ Im∏n-tØm´w
Da-S-Iƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw, Zo¿L-Ime hmbv]-I-fpsS Imem-h[n Ipsd-°qSn \o´n-s°m-Sp-
°p-I-bpw, Aßns\ DS-a-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fnIƒ°v \nb-a-]-c-ambn sImSp-Øp-Xo¿°m-\p≈ B\p-
Iq-ey-߃ \¬Im-\p≈ _m≤y-X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ (D-a-S-I-sf) klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
(3) ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hnt\m-Z-bm-{Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pIhgn hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-
∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ AsXm-cn-°epw Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v XS- -ap-≠m-°p∂ hn[-Ønep≈Xmhm≥
]mSn-√.
(4) Im∏n-tØm´w DS-a-Iƒ°v \nIp-Xn C-f-hp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah¿
sImSpØv Xo¿°m-\p≈ B\pIq-ey-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ XpI-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\pw, kmh-Imi-Øn¬
sNSn-I-fpsS ]p\-xc-[n-hm-k-Øn-\pw, ]pXnb tXm´-߃ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nt£-
]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xo¿®-bmbpw DS-a-Iƒ {]Xn-_-≤-cm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw.
(5) tXm´w hyh-kmb taJ-e-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hne-bnse Aÿn-cXItfbpw Nm©m-´-ß-tfbpw Irjn-
°m¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v tI{µ-k¿°m¿ Cub-SpØ ImeØv Hcp ]≤Xn Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-∏n-em-
°p-∂Xv Im∏n-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(6) tXbn-e-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse Im∏n-bpsS
hm¿jnI- I-Ωn-Iƒ \nI-Øp-hm≥ {]Xn-_-≤-am-b, tIm^n- t_m¿Un-t‚bpw \_m¿Un-t‚-bpw,
kwÿm-\-˛-tI-{µ-k¿°m-cp-I-fp-tSbpw ]m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Hcp dnthmƒhnwKv ^≠v kzcq-]n-
°p-hm≥ tI{µ-k¿°m¿ ap≥ssI FSp-°Ww ]p\-xc-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p≈ Zo¿L-Ime \nt£-]-
Øn-\pw, ]p\¿\-So-en-\pw, sshhn-[y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-\pw, Im∏nsb ]c-am-h[n kwkvI-cn-®v, s_dnbn¬
\n∂pw _o≥kv F∂-t]m-se, ]pXnb ap¥nb DXv]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb
kuI-cy-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu dnthmƒhnwKv ^≠v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(7) Im∏n-Ir-jn-°m-cs‚ samØw `qanbpw a‰p t{kmX- p-Ifpw H‰ bqWn-‰mbn FSp-Øp-sIm-≠v,
Im¿jnI hcp-am\w ]c-am-h[n kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm-\pw, Im∏n-tØm´ Irjnbv°v imkv{Xo-b-amb
141

Hcp ]p\x-c-[n-hm-k-]-≤-Xnbv°v cq]w \evIphm\pw ssIs°m-t≈≠ \S-]SnIfn¬ Xmsg-∏-dbp∂
Imcy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
♦
♦
♦
♦
]pXnb Im∏n-s®-Sn-Iƒ h®v ]nSn-∏n®vsIm≠v C∂p Im∏n-s®-Sn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-
∂-Xmb hnS-hp-Iƒ \nI-Øp-I.
{]mbw-sN-∂v, DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd-, arX-{]m-b-am-b-Xpw, tcmKw _m[n-®Xpw (sa-®-s∏´
amt\-Pvsa‚ v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°\p-kr-X-amb hnfhv \n¬°m-\p≈ Ignhv \jvS-s∏-´-Xp-amb)
Bb Im∏n-s®-Sn-Isf sh´n-am‰n X¬ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[ -ti-jnbpw DXv]m-Z-\-
£-aX IqSn-b-Xp-amb ]pXnb sNSn-Iƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
Im∏n-s®-Sn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ CS-hn-f-I-fmbn Ipcp-ap-fIpw a‰p A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-Ifpw IrjnsN-øp-I.
Im∏n-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \ma-am-{X-amb ]p-h-ln-°p∂ `qan-bn¬, Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z-\-
Øn\v am{X-ambn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ sshhn-[y-h-¬I-cWw \S-∏n-em-°pI.
I∂p-Im-en-I-fpw, Ubdn DXv]-∂-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Xo‰-]p¬Irjn sNøp-I.
A¿t≤mjvW taJem {]tZ-i-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]®-°-dn-I-fpsS Irjnbv°p
`qan- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
A¿t≤mjvW taJe {]tZ-i-Øn\v tbmPn® ]pjv]-s®Sn Irjn-sN-øp-I.
XSn-°pw, hnd-In-\pw, ]ƒ∏n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ C\w hr£-߃ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p∂
Im¿jnI h\-h-XvI-cWw \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
(8) I∂p-Im-en, £oc-k-º-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\pw, A¿t≤mjvW taJem ]®-°dn DXv]m-Z-\-
Øn-\pw, B taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ ]pjv]- k-ky- Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn\pw AtXm-sSm∏w Im∏n DXv]m-
Z-\hpw IqSn kwtbm-Pn-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-°m≥ {]tXyI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.
(9) tXbn-e-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-t]m-ep≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Im∏n-tØm-´-ßfpsS
Imcy-Ønepw AXv hyh-kmb kwcw-`-sa∂ \ne-bn-tem, Im¿jnI kwcw-`-sa∂ \nebntem,
F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw, \nIpXn Npa-ج, klm-b-tk-h-\-߃ F∂nh F√mw tXbn-ebvs°-∂-t]mse
Im∏nbv°pw \¬Ip-I.
(10) F√m Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ Im∏n-tØm-´-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈n®p Im¿jnI BZmb
\nIp-Xnsb Imºu≠v sNøp-I.
(11) tXbn-e-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ \nIpXn hyh-ÿ, AXv G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-ep≈
AtX bp‡n Xs∂ Im∏n-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ \nIp-Xn-°mcyw ]p\x]cntim-[n-°p-I.
(12) kwÿm-\sØ Im∏n-tØm´ hyh-km-b-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Ime kpÿn-cX-bv°m-bn, Im∏n-tØm´w
sXmgn-em-fn-I-tf-bpw, Im∏n-tØm-´-ap-S-a-I-tfbpw Hcp-an®v hnfn-®p-Iq-´n, `qan-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£aX
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, amt\-Pvsa‚ v, A≤zm-\w, sNe-hp-Np-cp-°¬ F∂n-hsb kw_‘n®
Imcy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw, Ccp-Iq-´¿ XΩn-epw, Ah¿°v s]mXp-hnepw D≈ {]Xn-_-≤-
X-Ifpw _m≤y-X-Ifpw ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n Hcp ka-hmbw
D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ ap≥ssI FSp-t°-≠-XmWv F∂v IΩnj≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂p.
(13) tIm^n-t_m¿Uv Im∏n-bpsS hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-b-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-
®-Xns‚ ^e-ambn, Im∏n-Irjn taJ-e-bnse hnI-k\ klmb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Hcp iq\y-X-
Df-hm-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ AXns‚ ÿm\Øv ]I-c-samcp hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Snbpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-
Øn-bn-´p-an-√. Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn¬ (amt‚-‰n¬) Im∏n-Ir-jn-tbbpw hyh-kmbsØbpw
IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Cu iq\yX \nI-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kwÿm-\sØ Im∏n
Irjn-bp-sSbpw hyh-km-b-Øn-s‚bpw hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿Æ Npa-Xe kwÿm-
142

\-k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. hb-\mSv, CSp°n Pn√-I-fn-tebpw a‰pw Im∏n-Irjn {]tZi-ß-fpsS
klm-b-˛-hn-I-k\ tkh\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe {]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-
\-߃°v IqSn hym]n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw \√-Xm-Wv.
Gehpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZv hyh-ÿbpw
Gew
tIc-f-Ønse Ge-Ir-jn-bpsS Hcp KWy-amb `mKhpw \S-°p-∂-Xv, Hcp-Im-eØv h\-\n-_nVhpw
Ge-a-e-ta-J-e, AYhm Im¿U-a¨ ln¬kv dnk¿∆v F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂, C∂sØ CSp°n Pn√-bn¬s]-
Sp-∂, dh-\yq-h-Ip-∏ns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn¬ s]´ `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv. Zo¿L-Ime ]m´-Øn\v
Ge-Ir-jn-°m¿°v k¿°m¿ h\-`q-an Irjn°p \¬In-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Gew Irjn sNøm-\p≈ Ah-
Imiw Ah¿°v k¿°m¿ \¬Inb Ah-k-c-Øn¬ B `qan-bnse hr£-k-kym-Zn-Iƒ \ne-\n-dp-Øm-
\p≈ _m≤yX Ah-cn¬ A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. hr£-߃ XW¬ \¬Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv; AXv Ge-Øns‚
Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v Poh¬ {][m-\-hp-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Gew Irjn CSp°n (80%) hb-
\mSv (10%) ]me-°mSv Pn√-I-fn-embn ssltd-©n¬ tI{µo-I-cn®v hym]-I-am-bn-´mWv \S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
tIc-f-Øn¬ BsI 41,000 slIvS¿ hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ Gew-Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. 2000-˛2001 se
IW°-\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-h¿jw 7555 S¨ Gew BWv C-¥y-sbm-´msI DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚
samØw Irjn- ÿ-e-Øns‚ 56% ÿeØv Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Gew, cmPysØ samØw DXv]m-Z-\-
Øns‚ 72% hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]m-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]IpXn hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ am{X-amWv I¿Æm-S-I-
Øn¬ Ge Irjn-bp≈Xv. tIcfw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Ge-Øns‚ 1 / 4
am{X-amWv I¿Æm-SIw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. Ge-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIcfw Ign-m-ep≈ ÿm\w I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-\mWv. DXv]m-Z-\
-£-a-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ 130 In. {Kmw/slIvS¿ F∂Xv I¿Æm-S-I-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-£a-X-bpsS
Cc-´n-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ temIsØ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Gew DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Kzm´n-a-e-bpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-ambn t\m°p-tºmƒ \Ωp-tSXv Ah-cp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂pw Xptemw Xmsg-bm-sW∂v
ImWmw.
tXm´- ta-J-e-bn¬ Ge-°r-jnbv°v henb {]m[m-\y-amWp-≈-Xv. Ge-tØm-´-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-Xbv°v
Hcp tI{µo-IrX kz`m-h-ap-≠v. Ccp-]Xv slIvS-dn\v apI-fn¬ hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ 154 tXm´-߃ BWv
tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Ah-sb√mw IqSn-t®¿∂v kwÿm-\sØ Ge-°r-jn-bpsS samØw hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬
15,356 slIvS¿ Iø-S-°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw 2 slIvS-dn¬ Xmsg Ge-°r-jn-bp≈ 15,307 bqWn-‰p-Iƒ
thsd-bp-≠v. Ch-bpsS icm-icn hnkvXrXn GXm≠v 0.82 slIvS-dm-Wv. CXv samØw Ge°r-jn-bp≈
`qan-bpsS aq∂n-sem∂p am{X-amWv (15,307 slIvS¿). CS-Øcw Ge-°r-jn-bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ BsI 3932
FÆw D-≈-Xns‚ icm-icn 2.20 slIvS-¿ -B-Wv. AXpw samØw Ge-°r-jn-bpsS 1 / 3
D≠v (A-Xm-bXv
15,676 slIvS¿ ÿe-Øv). kwÿm-\Øv Ge°rjn-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cp∂ 2,0003 bqWn-‰p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xns‚ BsI hnkvXrXn 44,237 slIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p (1994-˛95 Ime-Øv). DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬
AXn-\p- tijw bmsXmcp am‰hpw D≠m-bn-´n-√.
hen-sbmcp kwJy sNdp-InS Irjn-°mcpw (G-I-tZiw 20,000) GI-tZiw 17,000 Ge-tØm´sØmgnem-fn-Ifpw
IqSn-b-XmWv Cu taJe F∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
1.5.8.1. hne\o°w
1990 IfpsS a≤y-Øn-\p-tijw hne-Ø-I¿® t\cn-´n-´n-√mØ kwÿm-\sØ GI-hnf Gew
am{X-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ hne-Ø-I¿®bpsS ^e-am-bp≈ Zpcn-X-߃ H∂pw Gew Irjn sNøp-∂h¿°pw,
D¬]m-Z-I¿°pw D≠mbn-´n-√. 1996 \pw 2002\pan-S-bn¬ Ge-Øns‚ hne Intembv°v 309
cq]-bn¬ \n∂pw Cc´n Db¿∂v 688 cq]-bm-bn.
Ign 2 Zi-I-ß-fn¬, Gew Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb B{i-bn-°p∂ Hcp-hnf F∂ \ne-b¬ \n∂pw B`y-
¥c hn]-Wn-bn¬ i‡-am-bp-d®v \n¬°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp-hn-f-bmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. 1970 s‚ Ah-km-
\-Ønepw 1980 s‚ BZyhpw C¥y GI-tZiw 4000 SÆn\pw 4500 SÆn-\p-an-S-bn¬ Gew DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®-
143

Xn¬ 2300 SÆn\pw 2900 SÆn\pw CS-bn¬ Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS A\p-
]mXw DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 50% \pw 60% \pw CS-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p. 1990 s‚ Ah-km\w Cu A\p-]mXw
Ipdp F∂p am{X-a-√, Af-hnepw Ipd-p. Ib-‰p-aXn 100 SÆmbn Ipd-p. DXv]m-Z-\-am-I-s´,
GXm≠v Cc-´n-bmbn; 7000 SÆmbn AXp-b¿∂p ({]-Xn-h¿jw). sNdnb Ge-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ C¥ybpsS
apJy- F-Xn-cmfn Kzm´n-ame am{Xw BWv. AXp-am-{X-a-√, Kzm´n-ame C¥y-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚
50% ¬ Gsd DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmPy-am-Wv. temIsØ G‰hpw henb Ge-°mI-b-‰p-aXn cmPy-amb
Kzm´n-ame Ct∏mƒ Ah-cpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 90% hpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂p.
1.5.8.2. temI hym]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w
a‰p tXm´-hnf DXv]-∂-ß-fmb tXbn-e-bpw, Im∏n-bpw F∂Xpt]mse Gehpw temI-hym-]mc
kwL-S-\-bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA) \nb-{¥W ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
2001 G{]n¬ apX¬ Af-hp-]-c-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ \o°n-b-tXmsS Ge-Øns‚ taep≈ Cd-°p-aXn
\n-b-{¥-Whpw FSp-Øp-I-f-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ge-Øns‚ _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc°v 108% BWv. 2002 am¿®v
apX¬ Ge-Øns‚ AssπUv Xmcn^v 70% Bbn \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-ep≈ Ge-Øns‚
{]I-S-\-hpw, hn]-Wnbpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n AOA hyhÿIf-\p-k-cn-®p≈ _m≤y-X-Ifpw t\m°n-bm¬
Ge-Øn\v kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ H∂pw-Xs∂ Kuc-h-X-c-amb Hcp _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-Ip-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. ImcWw
Ge-Øns‚ dqfnwKv hne-I-sf-√mw -Xs∂ BI¿j-Wo-b-am-Wv. IqSmsX DXv]m-Z-\hpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-
Xbpw h¿≤n-®n-´p-ap-≠v.
1.5.8.4. sh√p-hn-fn-I-fpw, Ah-k-c-ßfpw X{¥-ßfpw
hne-h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bmepw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ h¿≤-\-hp-≠mIpw F∂v {]Xo-£n-°-Ww. C\n c≠p
h¿jw IqSn Cu h¿≤n-®- hne \ne-\n¬°pw. Kzm´n-ame A-Xns‚ DXv]m-Z-\- \n-c°v Xncn®p ]nSn°pw
hsc-bmhpw AXv. Kzm´n-ame h≥]n® DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-te°v aS-ßn-h-∂n-cp-∂m¬ Xs∂bpw Unam‚ v Hcp
XS w \n¬°p∂ LS-I-am-hn-√. ImcWw Ge-Øns‚ B`y-¥c hn]Wn hnI-kz-c-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. Ct∏mgsØ
\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw DXv]m-Z\ h¿≤-\ -km-≤y-X hfsc IqSp-X-em-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-£a-X-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ Ct∏m-gsØ slIvS-dn\v 300 Intem F∂Xv 1000 Intem Bbn- t]mepw Db-cm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂m¬ Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬, hn]-Wnsb kw_-‘n-®m-bmepw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-
I-am-bp≈ Imcy-Øn-em-bm-epw, Nne-_p≤nap´p-Iƒ D≠m-Imhp-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂m-a-Xmbn, Ge-°r-jn-bp≈
{]tZ-i-߃ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn G‰hpw Zp¿∫-e-hpw, {]Xn-I-c-W-£-a-hp-amb ÿe-ß-fm-Wv. ]›n-a-
L´ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fpsS sNp-Ømb sNcn-hp-I-fp-tS-bpw, Db¿∂-`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ÿnXn A{]-Im-c-am-
Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn, an° Ge-tØm-´-ß-fpw, {]tXy-In®pw G‰hpw hnkvXrXn IqSn-b-h, F√mw km£m¬
h\ -{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv. ta¬∏p-√p-I-fpw, Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw sh´n-sØ-fn-s®-Sp-Ø, henb hr£-ß-fpsS
XW-en-emWv Gew Irjn-sN-bvXn-´p-≈Xv Ft∂m¿°-Ww. Gew \Sp-∂Xv Cu ta¬∏p-√p-Iƒ ]dn®p
If--ti-j-am-Wv. Aßns\ hcp-tºmƒ If-Iƒ hf-cp-Ibpw Ahsb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn
ta¬∏p-√p-IqSn \in-∏n-°-s∏-SpIbpw sNøp-∂p. Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw a‰p kky-ßfpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Iq´-
Øn¬ XW¬hr-£-ß-fpsS G‰hpw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS kaq-l-sØ-°qSn Irjn-°m¿ \in-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\n-S-bm-hp-∂p. Cu Xe-apd hf¿∂p-h∂v Ge-Øn\v XWepw kwc-£-Whpw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw ]pd-ta,
Ah hfsc Bh-iy-amb hfw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, ssPh-h-kvXp-°ƒ aÆn¬ \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw
klm-bn-°pw. Zim-_vZ-ß-fm-bp≈ \nc-¥-c-amb Irjn-aqew `qan-bn¬\n∂pw Cfw -X-e-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ Ge
ac-ß-fpsS hf¿® XS- -s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ASpØ Xe-apd kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hf¿∂p-h-∂p-sIm-
≈p-sa-∂pw, {]mbw-sN-∂-hbv°v ]I-c-am-Ip-sa-∂p≈ {]Xo£ Aÿm-\-Øm-Wv. ]Icw Ge-s®-Sn-Iƒ
h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ G¿∏m-Sns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ km£m¬ ac-߃ hf¿®\in®v arX-{]m-b-am-hp-Ibw
sNSn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ henb hnS-hp-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXns‚ ^e-tam, kqcys‚
Xm]-Øn¬\n∂pw sNSn-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb kwc-£Ww e`n-°msX hcn-Ibpw, ag-ho-gvN-bpsS ImTn-\y-
Øn\v Xpd-∂n-S-s∏-Sp-Ibpw asÆmen-∏n-\pw, `qt{km-X- ns‚ KpW-ta∑ XcwXmWp-t]m-hp-∂-Xn\pw CSbm-Ip-∂p.
Zo¿L-Ime ]m´-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ `qan ]m´-sa-SpØp Irjn sNøp∂ hyh-ÿ-bpsS kml-
N-cy-Øn¬ ]m´-°m-c\v Ge-a-c-ß-fpsS ]p\xcpXv]m-Z\w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `qan-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb
144

KpW-km-≤y-X-Isf \ne-\n-dp-Øp-hm≥ bmsXmcp DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-an-√mØ ÿnXn-bmWv ImWp-∂Xv.
D≈ hr£-ß-fpsS ]cn-c£ am{X-amWv ]m´-°m-cs‚ _m≤y-X.
as‰mcp hkvXpX Ge-°rjn {]tZ-i-amsI hnhn[ tKm{X-P-\-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Bhmk tKlw
IqSn-bmWv F-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX kzm`m-hnI h\-ßfpw h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£W tI{µ-ßfpw [mcm-f-am-bp-
≈-XmWv Cu {]tZ-iw. Cu `qan-bpsS ta¬ At\Iw hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ P\-߃ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃
Db¿Øp-∂p-ap-≠v.
Gew tIc-f-Øn\v ]e t\´-ßfpw ssIh-cn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p∂ Hcp Im¿jnI hnf-bm-Wv. Gew DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmPysØ {]_-e-amb kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. a‰p {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ I¿Æm-S-Ihpw Xangv\mSpw
BWv. Bt]-£n-I-ambn DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn¬ tIcfw ap∂n-em-Wv. KWyhpw hnI-kz-c-]-c-hpamb
Hcp B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Gew hf-sc-tbsd km≤y-X-I-f-S-ßnb Hcp hnf-bmWv C∂sØ
XmWp-XmWp hcp∂ D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX IW-°n-se-SpØv {]h¿Øn-®m¬ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ `mhn-bn¬ hn]pe-amb
]ptcm-K-Xnbv°v km≤y-X-bp-s≠∂v ImWmw.
1.5.8.5 -ip-]m¿i-Iƒ
(1) Ge-Øn\v hne-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb Db¿®-bpw, Unam‚pw kssπbpw XΩnep≈
]c-kv]c ]qc-I-Xzhpw Ds≠-n¬ IqSn-bpw, DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ apX¬
apS-°n-\pw, AtXm-sSm∏w {]mbw sN∂-h-bpw, tcmKw-_m-[n-®-h-bpw, arX-{]m-b-am-bXpw Bb
Ge-s®-Sn-Isf apdn-®p-am‰n ]I-cw, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X- Iq-Sn-b-Xpw, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ tijn-bp-≈-
Xp-amb ]pXnb t¢mWnwKv ssXIƒ \´p-h-f¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ap≥ssI FSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Xo{hhpw
ka-b-_-‘n-X-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ge-s®-Sn-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\pw, ]p\¿\-So-en\pw
th≠n Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.
(2) Ge-s®-Sn-Iƒ°v kao-]-ÿ-am-bp≈ ac-߃ ]p\:ÿm]n-°p-∂n\v ap≥K-W\ \¬I-Ww. `qan
]m´-Øn\v \¬Ip-tºmƒ `qan-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ac-ßfpw
a‰p kky-Pm-e-ßfpw ]m´-°m-c≥ ]cn-c-£n-°-W-sa∂ hyhÿ \n¿_-‘-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
(3) Ge-s®-Snsb am{Xw IW-°n-se-SpØpsIm≠p≈ C∂sØ kao-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-ÿambn
ka-{K-amb Hcp ho£-W-tØmsS ]cn-ÿn-Xn an{X-amb kmt-XnI hnZy-Iƒ Is≠-tØ-
≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Gew Irjn°v A\p-]q-c-I-ßfpw A\p-tbm-Py-hp-am-bn-´p≈ Ge-Irjn {]tZ-iß-fn¬
Hcp Im¿jn-I-˛-h-\-km-t-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Kth-jWw ap≥K-W\
A¿ln-°p∂ Hcp hnj-b-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
(4) ]cn-ÿnXn kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p∂ kmt-Xn-I- hn-Zy-bpsS (Io-S-˛-I-f-˛-^w-Kkv \min-\n-Iƒ hf-sc-
°p-d-®p-am{Xw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂) hn\n-tbmKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww; hnti-jn-®pw, Ib-‰p-aXn km≤y-
X-Iƒ Ge-Øn\v Gdn-h-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬. hm\ne CS-hn-f-Irjn Hcp-\√ Ah-k-c-sa∂
\ne-bn¬ t{]m’m-ln-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Ge-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v
kutcm¿÷wsIm≠v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {Ub-‰p-Iƒ°v th≠ {]Nm-cWw \¬IpI.
(5) Xe-t»cn FIvkv{Sm-{Ko≥ t_mƒUv Gew (TEGB) tIcfØns‚ Aaq-ey-k-º-Øm-Wv. tPym{K-
^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv A\p-k-cn®v Cu hninjvS C\w G-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX Xncn-®-dn-
v, t_m≤y-s∏-SpØn WTO bpsS AOA s‚ AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-hm≥ ASn-b-¥n-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
(6) Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p∂ A]-cym-]vX-amb hnI-k\ klm-b-߃ Ge-Øn\pw IqSn e`y-am-°m≥
GesØ Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ A[n-Imc \nb-{¥W ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-Wv.
(7) Ge-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-]-c-amb N´-°q-Sn\v ka-{K -ho-£-W-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]p\:]cn-tim-[\ Bhiy-am-Wv.
]m´ hyh-ÿ, amt\-Pvsa‚ v \nb-{¥-Ww, dKp-te-‰dn kwhn-[m-\w, \nb-a-]-c-amb ]Zhn,
kmt-Xn-IXzw, Ge-Ir-jn-bpsS kpÿn-cXm hnI-k\w F∂n-h-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-߃
ka-{K-amb ]p\:]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-h-Ww. AXn-\p≈ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS kzcq]w F¥p-
X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw Ge-Ir-jn-`q-an-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, kpÿn-c-amb D]-tbmKw F∂nh
145

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-]-c-am-bn-´p≈ Hcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv. kmº-ØnI ho£-W-Øn¬,
hf-sc-tbsd kmº-ØnI t\´-߃°v If-sam-cp-°p- -∂-Xpw, kmaq-ln-I-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ kwÿm-
\sØ 20,000 hcp∂ Ge-I¿j-Icpw 17,000 Ge-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw, Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-ßfpw
AS-ßnb Hcp hn`mKw P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øns‚ am¿§w F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-
°p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv. IqSmsX ]cn-ÿnXn kpc-£-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw ChnsS {]m[m\yw
D≠v. ImcWw Ge-Ir-jn-`q-anbv°v G‰hpw Zp¿∫-e-amb `uXn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. `qan-bpw,
kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-ß-fpw, apJy- \-Zn-I-fpsS Db¿∂ Pe-ti-Jc taJ-e-Ifpw AS-ßnb Cu
{]tZiw {]tXyI ]cn-c-£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p.
1.5.9 Imen-k-º-Øns‚ DXv]-∂-߃
1.5.9.0 tIc-f-Øns‚ arK-k-ºØv
tIcfw Imen-k-º-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-Wv. \mw kwc-£n®p hcp∂ hnhn-[-bn\w ho´p -ar-
K-ß-fpsS sk≥k v; 1996 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v samØw 55.76 e£-am-Wv. AXn¬ 33.96 e£w ]ip-
°fpw 1.65 e£w Fcp-a-Ifpw (c-≠p-tN¿∂v 35.61 e£w) BWp-≈-Xv. 18.66 e£w sNΩ-cn-bm-Spw, tImem-
Spw, 1.94 e£w a‰p ]£n-Ifpw IqSn 269 e£w hcpw. 1998-˛99 ¬ kwÿm-\Øv GI-tZiw 24.20 e£w
S¨ £ochpw, 40,000 S¨ Cd-®n-bpw, 2044 Zi-e£w ap´-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xmbn ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-
°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. ]mens‚ {]Xn-Zn\ {]Xn-io¿j e`yX 208 {Kmam-Wv. AXv tZiob e`y-X-bpsS
icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ sX√p IqSp-X-em-Wv. (2-07/{Kman¬ teiw IqSp-X¬). ap´-bpsS e`yX {]Xn-Zn\w {]Xnio¿j
IW°v 64 Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXv tZiob icm-i-cn-bmb 31 Cc-´n-bn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Imen-kº-Øns‚ 1992 se sk≥kkv {]Imcw IqSp-X¬ `mKhpw Imen-I-fmWv.
AXn¬ amSp-I-fm-W-[n-I-hpw. Fcp-a-I-fpsS FÆw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv; tZiob icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg.
tZiob icm-icn 2.9% Dw kwÿm-\-Øn-t‚Xv 0.5% hpw BIp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ £oc-k-º-Øns‚
apJy-t{km-X- mWv ]ip-°ƒ. CXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ \ne- tZ-iob icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
kwÿm-\sØ ]ip-hn≥ ]m¬ 42% Dw, Fcp-a-∏m¬ 54% BWv F∂p-Im-Wmw.
tIc-f-Ønse I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønse Hcp khn-ti-jX ]ip-°-fpsS FÆ-°q-Sp-X-epw, Imf-
∑m-cpsS Ipd-hp-am-Wv. Hcp Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ k-c-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ ]ip-°fpw D≠v. ]ip-°ƒ,
tZiob IW-°n¬ 50% Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv 89% BWv. Fcp-a-bpsS tZiob km∂n≤yw
79% amWv. 1961 ¬ t]mepw ]ip-°-fpsS tZiob icm-icn 45% Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]ip-°fpsS
icm-icn 67% Bbn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]ip-°-fpsS FÆ-°q-Sp-X¬ ImWn-°p-∂Xv ]mens‚
DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\mbn {]tXyIw ]ip-h-f¿Ø¬ \S-Øp∂p F∂m-Wv. C¥y-bnse a‰n-Xc kwÿm-\-ßfn¬
Imf-I-fpsS Bt]-£n-I-amb IqS-X-en\v ImcWw Ahn-sS-bp≈ I∂p-Im-en-I-fn¬ Imf-Isf h≠nh-en-°m\pw
\new Dgm\pw a‰pw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Zo¿L-Ime ^e-hr-£-߃ Hgn-®p-\n-dpØn
]d-m¬ Hcp -sl-IvS¿ hnf Irjn-ÿ-e-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ 0.15 tPmSn h¿°v B\n-a¬ (sXm-gn¬ ar-
K-߃) D≈-t∏mƒ (I-∂p-Im-en-Ifpw Fcp-a-Ifpw IqSn) tZiob icm-icn slIvS-dn¬ 0.22 BWv.
tIc-f-Ønse {]Xn-io¿j I∂p-Imen kwJy- h-fsc XmW-XmWv. tIc-f-Øn¬ Hmtcm ]Øp-t]¿°pw
1 Imen-bm-Wp-≈-sX-n¬ C¥y-bn¬ Hmtcm ]Øp-t]¿°pw 3 Imen-Iƒ BWp-≈-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse
I∂p-Imen kwJy-mkm-{µX 1 Intem-ao-‰¿ `qan-bn¬ F{X-sb∂p t\m°n-bm¬ hf-sc- Ip-d-hmWv. F∂m¬
tZ-iob icm-i-cn- 1 Intem-ao-‰-dn\v 94 Imen-I-ƒ F∂m-sW-n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ icm-icn 87 Imen-I-fm-sW-
∂Xv henb Hcp Ipd-h-√.
hnf-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ arK-k-º-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xpey-X-Im-Wmw. ImcWw `qc-ln-X-cpw, D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v a‰p hcp-am-\-am¿§-߃ C√m-
Ø-h-cp-amb P\-߃°v I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ {]tXy-In®pw £otcmXv]m-Z\w hgn D]-Po-h\w kpc-
£-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. kwÿm-\sØ hoSp-I-fn¬ \men-sem-∂n¬ I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ D≠v.
AXm-bXv hosSm-∂n\v 2.42 Imen-Iƒ D≈-Xm-bn-´mWv IW-°v.
1.5.9.1 temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdnse (AOA) hyhÿI-fn¬ arK-ßfpw artKmXv]-∂-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-
∂p. 1995 P\p-hcn apX¬ Poh-\p≈ arK-ß-fp-tS-bpw, artKmXv]-∂-ß-fp-tS-bpw, £ocw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈
146

Ib-‰p-aXn Imcy-߃ Icm-dnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A\p-k-c-W-ambn \o°w sNø-s∏-´p. 2002 am¿®v 1
apX¬ artKmXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS _u≠v \nc°v 100% Dw A-ssπbvUv Xmcn^v
\nc°v 30% Bbn \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ arK-ß-fp-tSbpw artKmXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw A¥mcmjv{S
hn]-W-\-cw-KØv C¥ybv°v {][m-\-amb km∂n-≤y-an-√. artKmXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
C¥y≥ Irjn-°m¿ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]iv\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Xmcn-^n-t‚-X-√. adn®v hnI-knX
cmPy-ß-fn-se, hnti-jn®pw bptdm-]y≥ kmº-ØnI kaq-l-Ønse (EEC) artKmXv]∂-ß-fn¬,
ant®mXv]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂ cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v Ah¿ A\p-h-Zn®p hcp-∂-Xmb `oa-amb
k_vkn-Un-Ifpw a‰n-fhpIfpw BWv. Cu cmPy-߃ F√mw artKmXv]-∂-߃ Ip∂p-IqSn hbv°p-
∂-Xv, ]mepw a‰p £otcmXv]-∂-ßfpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ C¥y≥ I¿j-I¿°v G‰hpw henb `ojWn
Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw X{¥-ßfpw
1.5.9.2 I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°mh-iy-amb ssPh -k-ky -Xo-‰-bpsS Ipdhv
{]Xy-£-Øn¬ \√ ag-ho-gvNbpw, DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-isØ NqSp-sIm≠v ssPh-k-ky-ß-fpsS
DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\v hf-sc-tbsd tijn-bpw, Fßpw {]I-S-am-bn-´p≈ ]®-Ø-g∏pw Ds≠-n¬ IqSnbpw I∂p-
Im-en-Øo-‰-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ ssPh-k-ky-ß-fpsS e`yX tIc-f-Øn¬ th≠{X Cs√∂p
]d-bmw. D≈-Xp -Xs∂ Gdn-b -Iqdpw s\¬hb-en¬ \n∂pw kw`-cn-°p∂ hbvt°m-¬ am{X-am-Wv. CXv
samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 16% am{Xta D≈q. hbvt°m¬ Ign-m¬ ]ns∂-bp-≈Xv hnhn-[- Xcw `£ytbm-Ky-amb
]p√p-I-fm-Wv. Ch \mfn-tI-cw, Iip-am-hv tXm´-ß-fnse CS-I-fn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hf-cp-
∂Xpw, I∂p-Im-en-Øo-‰-bv°mbn hf¿Øp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. a‰p apJy-hn-f-I-fmb d∫¿, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Im∏n,
tXbn-e, Gew F∂n-hbv°p Np‰pw sNdp ssPh-k-ky-߃ hf-cp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb kml-N-cya√
D≈-Xv. F√m Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Ifpw tN¿∂v samØw Irjn-`q-an-bpsS 65% \pw 70% \pw CSbv°v Icÿ-am-°p-∂p.
Chbv°v H∂pw Xcn-ip-Im-ew C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hm¿jnI hnf-bm-tbm, kok-W¬ Btbm
]p√p-Iƒ hf¿Øp-hm≥ Ah-kcw In´p-∂n-√. F√m-hn[ Xcn-ip- `q-anbpw Iq´n-bm¬ Xs∂ samØw
Irjn-`q-an-bpsS shdpw 0.5% ¬ Ihn-bp-I-bn-√. tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp slIvS¿ [m\y-Irjn `qanbv°v icmicn
7.6% Imen-Iƒ D≈-t∏mƒ C¥y-bn¬ icm-icn 2.4% BWv. AXn-\m¬ I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°v `£ytbm-Ky-amb
ssPh-k-º-Øns‚ Xo£vW-amb Ipdhv tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. GXm\pw Zih¿j-Øn\v
ap≥]pw ÿnXn CXn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1961 ¬ Hcp slIvS¿ s\¬°rjn
`qanbv°v icm-icn 4 Imen-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ tijn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ipdhp ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿§-߃
kzm`m-hnIambpw I∂p-Im-en-Øo-‰-bpsS Cu Ipdhp ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ `mKn-I-am-sb-nepw I¿j-I¿
Nne am¿§-߃ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. BZy-ambn sNbvXXv, I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS kwJym -h¿≤-\-hns\ \nb-
{¥n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ 1961 \pw 1991 \pw C-S-bn¬ tIc-f-Ønse Imen-k-ºØv shdpw
12% am{X-amWv h¿≤n-®-Xv. AXv 31.7 e£-Øn¬ \n∂pw 35.6 e£-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS kwJy 1987 apX¬ Ipd-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CtX-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ tZio-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ I∂p-Imen kwJy 28% Db¿∂p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Ign 4 Zim-_vZ-°m-eØv s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬
GXm≠v 40% ISpØ Ipd-hp-≠m-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Imen-I-fpsS ssPh- k-kym-lm- -cØns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-
Ønepw KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn. I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS kwJy Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw I¿j-I¿ ]ip-
°ƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb hn[w, enwK-]-c-amb LS-\-bn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v I≈-∑msc imkv{Xo-b-ambn
Hgn-hm-°m≥ XpS-ßn. £otcmXv]m-Z\w BZmbIc-am-°p-hm-\mbn e`y-amb Imen-Øo‰ apgp-h\pw ]ip-
°ƒ°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XXv^-e-ambn 1961 \pw 1996 \pw CS-bn¬ Imf-I-fpsS FÆw
55% \n∂pw shdpw 11% Bbn-°p-d-p. AtX-k-abw tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Imf-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ Ipdhp
55% ¬ \n∂pw 50% ¬ FØn-b-tX-bp-≈q. Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ £otcmXv]m-
Z-\-tijn tZio-b-X-e-Ønse {]Xn-io¿j £oc-e-`y-Xbv°v Xpeyw FØnbXv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ em`-
I-chpw DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-hp-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n´pw Imen-I-fpsS ssPh-kky `£y-Øns‚ e`yX
]cn-an-X-am-b-Xpw, £oc-Øn-t‚bpw £otcmXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw DXv]m-Z-\-s®ehv Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bmsX
h∂Xpw Hcp apJy- ]-cn-an-Xn-bmbn XpS-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ambn tIc-f-Ønse ssehvtÃm°v
147

DXv]m-Z-I¿°v Xß-fpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fp-am-bn, hnti-jn-®pw, Ab¬ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fnse DXv]m-Z-I-cpambn
a’cn°m-\p≈ tijn-bn¬ I\Ø hn≈¬ Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv.
1.5.9.2 BSp-h-f¿Ø-en\v Bh-iy-amb ssPh-k-ky- e-`yX
I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°pw a‰p ssehvtÃm°n\pw Bh-iy-amb `£y ssPh-k-ky-ß-fpsS e`yX ]cn-an-
X-am-sW-nepw, πmhv t]mep≈ Nne-bn\w hr£-߃ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-˛-Im-em-hÿm kml-Ncy-ß-fn¬
kar-≤-ambn hf-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv BSp-h-f¿Ø-en\v t{]m’m-l-P-\-I-amb Ah-kcw \¬Ip-
∂p. Cu km≤yX tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I¿ hn\n-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p≠v F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv kwÿm-
\sØ BSp-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ 1987 \pw 1996 \pw CS-bn-ep-≠mb 18% h¿≤-\. 15.8 e£-Øn¬ \n∂pw
AXv 18.6 e£-ambn Db¿∂p. BWm-Sns‚ FÆw 38% h¿≤n-®v, 3.5 e£-Øn¬ \n∂pw 4.8 e£-am-bn.
AtX-k-abw ]ip-°-fpsS h¿≤-\hv shdpw 1% am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. kwÿm-\sØ KWy-am-sbmcp FÆw
IpSpw-_-ß-fpw, GI-tZiw 8.3 e£w hoSp-Ifpw BSp-h-f¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
arK-ß-fp-tSbpw amwk-Øn-t‚bpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
1.5.9.2 £ochpw, £otcmXv]-∂-ß-fpw, tImgn-bpw, a‰p ]uƒ{Sn DXv]-∂-ßfpw tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw
Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ th≠{X A[nIw H∂pw C√. Npcp°w Nne DXv-]-∂-߃ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. C∂sØ
ssehv tÃm°v DXv]m-Z\w t\cn-Sp-∂-Xmb t{kmX- p-I-fpsS ]cn-anXnh®pt\m°n-bm¬ tIc-f-Øns‚
ssehvtÃm°v DXv]m-Z-\-ta-Je sNehp Ipd--tXm, a’-c-£-aX D≈tXm A√. Poh-\p≈ arK-ßfpw,
amwk-hpw, amwtkmXv]-∂-ß-fpw, ]Sn-m-d≥ Gjy≥, Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-
\p≈ kuIcyw tIc-f-Øn\v D-≠v. CsXmcp t\´-am-Wv. F∂m-en-°m-cy-Øn¬ km\n-´dn ss^t‰m km\n-
´dn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t]mep≈ km-t-XnI XS- -߃ D≠v. Ahsb AXn-Po-hn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. AXn∂v
ipNn-XzsØ kw_-‘n® hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°p-I-bpw, arK-߃°v tcmKw hcp-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-Ibpw
sNø-Ww. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bv°p≈ Ah-kcw ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\p Imc-
Ww, km\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ I¿°-i-ambn \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-Xn-cp-∂-Xpw,
arK-ßsf sIm√p∂ co-Xn-bn-epw, kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xpam-Wv.
Zb-hn-√mØ coXn-bn¬ arK-ßsf hml-\-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xpw, sIm√p-∂-Xpw, tIc-f-Øns‚
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-sb, hnti-jn-®pw, bqtdm-]y≥ kmº-ØnI kaql cmPy-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈ Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m-\-amb XS w krjvSn-®n-´p≠v.
arK-ß-tfbpw amwtkm¬]-∂-ß-tfbpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ Ah-k-c-߃
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw 11 e£w arK-ßsf sIm√phm≥ Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb
Ad-hp-im-e- (t…m-´¿ lukv) IfpsS Hcp irwJ-e-X-s∂-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah B[p-\n-I-cn-°pI, AhbpsS
]Zhn Db¿Øp-I, arK-ßsf sIm√p∂coXn \ho-I-cn-°p-I, kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v D≈ kuI-cy߃
sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂n-h-sb√mw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. amwk-Øn-t‚-bpw,
amwtkmXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ KpW-\n-e-hmc am\-Z-WvU-߃ hfsc I¿i-\-ambn ]men-t°-
≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime amwk kmt-XnI kuI-cy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬
\n¿±njvS KpW-\n-e-hmc am\-Z-WvU-ß-fpw, KpW-]-cn-tim-[\m \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.
amwkhpw, amwtkmXv]-∂-ßfpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BSp-am-Sp-Isf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw
kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw bmsXmcp kmwkvIm-cnI XS- hpw kwÿm-\Øv D≠m-bn-´n-√.
ssehv tÃm°ns‚ ssPhsshhn[yw
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ arK-k-º-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ssPhsshhn[yw Hcp t\´w Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
AXns\ ]q¿Æ-ambpw NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ kwÿm-\-Øn\p Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. temI {]kn-≤-amb
""sh®q¿ ]ip''hns‚ P∑-tZiw tIc-f-am-Wv. hen-∏-°p-d-hv, ]mense amwky-Øns‚ Afhv, thKw Zln-
°p-∂ ]mens‚ kz`mhw (amwky apg-I-fpsS sNdnb hen-∏w) ssIImcyw sNøp-hm-\p≈ kqI-cX,
Ch-sb√mw Cu C\w ]ip-°-fpsS AXp-ey-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. CXn-t\mSp kmZr-iyap≈
hen∏w Ipd Hcn\w ]ip-hns\ Imk¿tKmUv ImWm≥ Ign-n-´p-≠v. BSns‚ Iq´-Øn¬
""ae-_mdn'', ""A´-∏mSn ªm°v _o‰n¬'' F∂o c≠n-\-ßfpw tIc- -fØns‚ X\-Xmb C\-ß-fmb BSp-
I-fm-Wv.
148

k-c-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ I∂p- -Ip´n (B-¨)-I-fpsS D]-tbmK iq\yX
arK-k-º-Øns‚ 1996-˛se sk≥kkv A\p-k-cn®v GI-tZiw 4,40,000 k-c-h¿§ (B¨) I∂p-Ip-
´n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1 hb p apX¬ 2 1 / 2
hb p hsc {]mbw D≈-h-bm-Wn-h. F∂m¬ CXn¬ 1 hbn¬
Xmsg-bp≈ 1,11,000 I∂p-Ip-´n-Iƒ 1 hb- n\pw 2 1 / 2
hb- n\pw CS-bn¬ FØpw aptº
\jvS-am-Ip-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-ambn GI-tZiw 4,60,000 (s]¨) ]-ip-In-Sm-°ƒ (1 hb- p-ap-X¬
2.5 hsc {]mb-ap-≈-h) AXn-Po-hn-°p-s∂-nepw 1 hb- n\p Xmsg-bp≈ 3,78,000 ]ip-In-Sm-°ƒ \jvSam-hp-∂p.
\mS≥ C\-Øn¬s∏´ I∂p-Ip-´n-I-fp-sS Imcy-Ønepw Cu {]h-WX Xs∂-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ sImgn-p-t]m-°ns‚ \nc°v Ipd-hmWv; 1/3˛¬ Hcp A¬]w IqSp-X¬. Gdnbpw Ipdpw
CtX {]Xn-`mkw Xs∂-bmWv 1987-˛se arK-k-º-Øns‚ sk≥k- nepw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. k-ch¿§-Øn¬
P\n® I∂p-I-fpsS AIme acWw amwk DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp \√ km≤y-X-bpsS
\jvSw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ah-bpsS AXn-Po-h\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw Ahsb hf¿Øn icocw amwkf-am-
°pIbpw sNøp∂ ]£w, AXv Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-ap≈ amwtkymXv∏-∂-ß-fp≠m°m≥ ]‰nb AkwkvIrX
hkvXp-hn-\p≈ Dd-∏mb am¿§-am-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. X{¥-]-c-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn® amwky kwkvIcW
kuI-cy-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXv amwk-Øn-\mbn hf¿Øp∂ I∂p-Ip-´n-I-fpsS hn]Wn
Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Øp-∂-h¿°v t`Z-s∏´ hcp-am\w D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xpam-Wv.
1.5.9.4 ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ Ah-k-c-߃ NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw
D≈ kmt-XnI hnZy Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ ZrV-\n-›-b-tØmSp IqSn {]b-
Xv\n-°p-I-bm-sW-n¬, Imen-Isf Poh-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpw, Ah-bpsS amwk-tØbpw Kƒ^v cmPyß-fn-te°v
Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn\p th≠n Ad-hp-im-e-Iƒ B[p-\o-Icn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
ipNn-Xz -]m-e\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ I¿i-\-am-°p-I-bpw, KpW-\n-e-hmc am\-Z-WvU߃
Npa-Øp-Ibpw thWw. arK-ßsf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xpw, Adhp sNøp-∂-Xpw, Zbm]q¿∆am-h-W-sa∂pw
\njvI¿jn-°-Ww. I∂pImen kº-Øn\v tcmK-hn-ap‡ ]Zhn Dd-∏m-°p-∂-
Xn\v tcmK-hn-ap‡ taJ-e-Iƒ D≠m-°p-Ibpw Ah Btcm-Ky-I-c-ambn \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw
thWw.
2. amwkw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Akw-kvXrX hkvXp-°-fpsS I∂p-Imen t{kmXp-Iƒ
F√mw {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬Xs∂ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp- -t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A√msX Ab¬
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Imen-Isf sIm≠p-h-cp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ Dd-∏p-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. k-c-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ ]ip-°-fpsS I∂p-°p-´n-Isf Ct∏mƒ Bhiy-Øn\v
NqjWw sNøp-∂n-√. Hcp-]-t£, \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n√ Fn-epw. F∂m¬ AXv
amwtkmXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ \s√mcp am¿§-am-Wv. AXn-\mbn I∂p-°p-´n-Isf hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v
NnehpIpd am¿§-߃ cq]w \¬Ip-I-bpw, t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
3. {]mtZ-inIXe-Øn¬ DXv]mZn°-s∏-Sp∂ ssPh-k-ky-ß-fpsS Irjnbv°v th≠ t{]m’m-l\w
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn-eqsS £otcmXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v am’-cy-tijn ssIh-cn-°m≥
Ign-bpw. AXn\v ]‰nb Hcp am¿§w ssPh-kkyIrjnbpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ hyh-ÿ-bpambn
kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p- -sIm≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\mbn arK-kw-c-£W ^manwKv k{º-
Zm-b-tØmSv A\p-_-‘-ambn Imen-Øo‰ DXv]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpwBhn-jv°-cn-°-Ww. hmkvXh-Øn¬,
Adn-thm, t{kmX- p-I-tfm, A√ C√m-Ø-Xv, ]ns∂tbm k¿°m-cns‚ Iogn-ep≈
_‘-s∏´ hnI-k\ GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]n¥p-W-bpw, tkh-\-ß-fpw, kwtbm-PnX coXn-bn¬ I¿j-
I¿°v FØn®v sImSp-°mØXm-Wv. Cu Ipdhp ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
4. ""sh®q¿]ip'', ""Imk¿tKmUv ]ip'', ""ae-_mdn BSv'', ""A´-∏mSn ªm°v _o‰n¬ BSv'' F∂nhbv°v
]Xn-p- In-´n-bn-´p≈ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb kw⁄-bpw, AwKo-Im-chpw, _u≤n-I- kz-
Ø-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°-Ww. tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xpw ss]Xr-I-hp-amb Cu C\-ßsf kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ tIcf Im¿jn-
I- k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bpsS ]cn-{i-a-߃°v Bh-iy-amb ]n¥pW \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv.
149

1.5.10.0. tIc-f-Øns‚ a’y-k-º-Zv ta-Je
1.5.10. kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ßfpw a’y-ta-J-ebpw
tIc-f-Øn\v kap-{Z- ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw Dƒ\m-S≥ Pem-i-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ a’y-k-
ºØv 10.54 Zi-e£w P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£-bpsS t{kmX- m-Wv. 10.54 Zi-e-£w-h-cp∂ Cu
P\-hn-`mKw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.3% hcp-∂p. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-isam-´msI
hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ 222 kap-{Z- a-’y-_-‘-\- {Km-a-ß-fpw, 112 Dƒ\m-S≥ a’y-_-‘-\- {Km-aßfpw
AS-ßnb hn]p-e-amb Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv. 1999-˛2000 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v ao≥]n-Sp-Øhpw A\p-
_-‘- {]-hr-Øn-I-fn-ep-ta¿s∏-Sp∂ 2.26 e£w P\-߃°v sXmgn¬ \evIp∂ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ 1.85
e£w t]¿ kap-{Z -ta-J-e-bn-epw, 0.41 e£w-t]¿ Dƒ\m-S≥ a’y-_-‘-\- ta-J-e-bnepw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂p.
hnhn[ tPmen-I-fn-em-Wn-h¿ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ 13% Bƒ°msc ""IS-temc sXmgn-em-fn-
Ifm''bn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. Ch¿ t\cn´p ao≥ ]nSn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-h-cm-Wv. 41% BI-s´, sNdn-b-tXm-Xn¬
a’y hnX-cWw \S-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv. 27% a’y-Øns‚ sXmen Dcn-°p-∂-Xnepw G¿s∏-Sp∂p F∂mWv
1999-˛2000 se IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. 52% e[nIw hcp∂ kv{Xo sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fmWv `qcn-]£w.
a‰-\p-_-‘- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn-epw, ]oenwKv (60%), a’yw DW-°¬, D∏n-en-S¬ (66%), a’y-kw-kvI-c-W-
Øn¬ (59%) F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈hbnepw kv{XoI-fpsS henb ]m-fn-Ø-ap≈ Hcp taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ IS¬Øocw 590 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-tØmsS \o≠p-In-S-°p-∂p. ""tIm‚n-s\‚¬
sj¬^vS'' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ (100 ^mØw Bg-ap-≈) taJe GI-tZiw 40,000 (Ir-Xy-ambn ]d-m¬
39.723) NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. a’y-_-‘-\- km≤yX Cu t{kmX- n¬ \n∂pw
GI-tZiw 11.50 e£w SÆp-≠m-Ip-sa∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ 5.70 e£w S¨ Xoc-tØm-
S-Sp-Øp≈ IS-en¬ \n∂pw, 1.80 e£w S¨ a’yw Xocw hn´v, Bg-°-S-en¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Bg-°-S-en¬ apßn-ØmWp ]nSn-°m-hp∂ a’y-Øns‚ km≤yX GI-tZiw 1.45 e£w S¨ hcp-sa∂v
IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn¬ kpÿn-c-amb a’y-k-ºm-Z\ km≤yX 5.7 e£w SÆm-sW-
n¬ CXn¬ IqSp-X¬ (6 e£w S¨) a’yw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬, a’yt{kmX v h‰nt∏m-Iptam
F∂ Kuc-h-X-c-amb `oj-Wnbpw Db¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw {]mtZinI
hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ GI-tZiw 3.6 e£w slIvS¿ {]tZ-iØv Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-ta-J-e-bp-≠v. AXns‚ 2/
3 `mKhpw (2.43 e£w slIvS¿) D∏p-Pe/XSm-I-ta-J-e-bpw, Imbepw tXmSp-I-fpw, \Zn-I-fpsS ]X-\-
ÿ-e-amb Agn-ap-J-ßfpw BIp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w 0.85 e£w slIvS¿ hcp∂ \Zn-Ifpw CXn-epƒs∏-
Sp-Ømw. Dƒ\m-S≥ a’y DXv]m-Z-\ -km-≤yX GI-tZiw 1.5 e£w apX¬ 2 e£w S¨hsc F∂pw
IW-°p-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. GI-tZiw 65,000 slIvS¿ hcp∂ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-hn-Xm-\-ß-fn¬ sNehv
Ipd coXn-bn¬ a’y-Irjn sNøm-\p≈ km≤yX Ds≠-∂mWv IW-°v.
1990 IfpsS BZy-h¿j-߃ apX¬ kwÿm-\sØ a’y-D-Xv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p- h-cn-I-bm-sW-nepw,
]ptcm-KXn hfsc kmh-[m-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ kvXw`-\-Øn-em-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. 1990-
˛91 se kap-{Z-a-’y- D-Xv]m-Z\w 5.99 e£w SÆn¬ \n∂pw 1999-˛2000 ¬ 6.18 e£w SÆmbn sNdp-Xmbn
H∂p-b¿∂p. AtX-k-abw Dƒ\m-S≥ a’y- D-Xv]m-Z-\w, B taJe sNdp-Xm-sW-nepw, samØw a’y-
D-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 6% \n∂pw 11% ambn Db¿∂p. ]n∂o-S-Xns‚ hf¿® thK-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw DXv]m-Z\w
Cc-´n®v 0.36 e£w SÆn¬ \n∂pw 0.74 e£w SÆmbn Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kap-t{Zm-¬]-∂-ß-fpsS
Afhp t\m°n-bm¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]nSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Nmf-bm-Wv. AXn¬Xs∂ 1/3 `mKhpw
s\bv®m-f-bm-Wv. Abne 16% hpw sNΩo≥ 9% hmf 8% BWv. Dƒ\m-S≥ a’y-k-º-Øns‚ 26%
Dw sNΩo-\m-Wv. ASpØ ÿm\w 16% hcp∂ Xnem-∏n-bm-bv°m-Wv.
2000-˛2001 ¬ GI-tZiw 89,000 S¨ kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-߃ (G-I-tZiw 1046 tImSn cq] hne-h-cp-∂)
BWv tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-´-Xv. kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn apS°w IqSmsX
{ItaW h¿≤n-®p- sIm-≠m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-sX-nepw (1990-˛1991 ¬ GI-tZiw 51,000 SÆm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2000-
˛2001 ¬ 89,000 SÆm-bn) cmPysØ a’y-°-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v 2000-˛2001 ¬ 37% ¬ \n∂pw
20% Bbn Ipd-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-t]mse tIc-f-Øns‚ a’y- I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w
414 tImSn cq]-bn¬ \n∂pw 1046 tImSn-cq-]-bmbn Db¿∂-t∏mgpw tZio-b-cw-KØv tIc-f-Øns‚
]v 34% \n∂pw 16% Bbn Ipdp F∂p-Im-Wmw. ioXo-I-cn® sNdnb sNΩo-\mWv G‰hpw IqSp-
150

X¬ Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (36%). ]n∂oSv DW-°n-s∏m-Sn® sNΩo≥ 34% hpw, ioXo-I-cn® IWh
24% hpw, a‰p a’y-ß-fpw, a’yw apdn-®Xpw 17% hpw, ioXo-I-cn® s\tØmen 16% hpamWv Ib-‰p-aXn
a’y-߃. ioXo-I-cn® sNΩo-\ns‚ A\p-]mXw {ItaW Ipd-p-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1990-˛91 ¬ AXv
59% Bbn-cp-∂Xv 1998-˛99 ¬ 36% Bbn. Af-hn¬ henb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 30,000 SÆn\pw 35,000
SÆn\pw CS-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Af-hv. 1998-˛1999 ImeØv a’y-Øn-t‚bpw \pdp-°nb a’y-Øn-t‚bpw Ib-
‰p-aXn 7% ¬ \n∂pw 17% hpw ioXo-I-cn® IWh 9%¬ \n∂pw 24% Bbn Db-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
1990 Ifn¬ hºn® hnIm-k-amWv a’y-_-‘\ t_m´p-I-fnepw D]-I-c-W-ß-fnepw A\p-km-cn-Ifnepw
D≠m-b-Xv. a’y-t_m-´p-I-fpsS FÆw 1988-˛89 se 34,000 ¬ \n∂pw 1999-˛2000 ¬ GI-tZiw 55,000
Bbn h¿≤n-®p. CXn¬ 4200 b{¥-t_m-´p-Ifpw 28,800 tamt´m¿ t_m´p-I-fpw, 21,800 b{¥-h-XvI-cn-°m-
Ø-hbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Gsd h¿≤n-®Xv tamt´m¿ t_m´p-I-fm-Wv. GI-tZiw 19% h¿≤-\-bm-Wp-≠m-b-
Xv. Knb-dp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw h¿≤\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1996 ¬ GI-tZiw 22,000 a’y-Kn-b-dp-Iƒ D]-
tbm-K-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse 52000 {SmenwKv he-Ifpw, 4900 Kn¬ he-Ifpw (c≠pw GI-tZiw 1/
4 `mKw) _m°n-bp-≈h 3300 hen-®p-I-b-‰p∂ he-I-fpw, 3100 hoip he-Ifpw 5100 a‰n\w he-Ifpw
Bbn-cp-∂p.
1.5.10.1. temI- hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w a’y- ta-J-e-bn¬
a’yw WTO bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA) Iogn¬ t\cn-´p-h-cp∂ Hcp Dev]-∂-a-√.
temI- hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS N¿®-I-fn¬ F√mw kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ßsf Hcp {]mY-anI hyh-km-bntIm-ev]-∂-am-bn-´mWv
]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. WTO IqSmsX a‰p At\I ÿm]-\-߃ a’y hyh-kmb-tØbpw
kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-tfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. Aßns\ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃
ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn t\´-ß-fpw, tIm´-ßfpw D≠v. Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ at’ymev]-∂-ß-fpsS
Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn^v Ipd-p-h-cp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imc-Ww, hnI-kn-X-cm-Pyß-fnse
a’y-kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-b-߃°p≈ Hcp Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hm-bn-´mWv cmPysØ kapt{Zm-Xvv]-∂-ßsf
IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v Bt]-£n-I-ambn Ipd
Xmcn-^p-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb IqSp-X¬ am’-cy-£-a-am-°p-∂p. CXv a’ykw-kvI-cW
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hfsc KpW-I-c-am-Wv.
F¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw, temI -hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\-bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ km\n-
´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´-dnbpw (SPS) \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hgn t\cn-´p≈ \nb-{¥W k{º-Zmbw hfsc {]m[m-\ya¿ln-°p-∂p.
KWy-amb Af-hn-ep≈ Hcp Icp-X¬ \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-´mWv CXv \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-Xv. a’y-
_-‘\w tcmK- hn-ap-‡-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-h-Ww. G‰hpw Ipd Af-hn¬ am{X-ta, (A-\p-h-Z-
\o-b-am-b-Xn¬ \n∂pw) cmkm-h-in-jvS-߃ a’y-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ ]mSp≈q F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hyhÿ-I-fm-Wn-Xn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tcmK-hn-ap-‡-ta-Je F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp hnhm-Z-]-c-amb hyh-ÿbmbn
IW-°m-°-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, Fhn-S-sams° tcmK-hn-ap-‡-am-sW∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI
XnI®pw ZpjvI-c-am-sW∂v Xs∂. CØcw Imcy-߃ (km-\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ) A¥mcm-jv{So-b-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv t]mep≈ \n¿_-‘- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°pta¬
G¿s∏-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Ah-sb√mw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-
\m¬ Ah \o°w sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. temI-`-£y-˛-Irjn kwL-S\ (FAO) t]mep≈ AwKo-IrX A¥mcmjv{S
kwL-S-\-Iƒ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ s]cp-am-‰-®-´-ßsf am{Xta C¥y AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-
≈q. B`y-¥-c-ambn \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw DXv]-∂-߃°v D-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠
ipNn-Xz-]-c-ambn A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-´p≈ A¥m-cmjv{S am\-Z-WvU-߃ IrXy-ambn ]men-°-sW∂
Imcy-Øn¬ \mw {i≤ht®-a-Xn-bmhq F∂pw Cu hgn°v \mw C\n-bpw hfsc apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im-\p≠v
F∂v Hm¿°p-I.
WTO bpsS k_vkn-Unsb kw_-‘n® Icmdpw kam-\-i-‡n-I-fp-ambn hym]m-c-Øn¬ G‰p-ap-´p-
∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® \S-]-Sn-Ifpw H∂pw \ΩpsS a’y-ta-J-e-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬, k_vkn-Un-Iƒ hfsc
Ipd-hm-b-Xns‚ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂n-√. ]t£ khn-ti-j-amb LSIw
hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. AXm-bXv C¥y-bpsS a’y- kw-kvI-cW hyh-kmbw a‰p -hn-
I-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse hyh-km-b-hp-ambn ISpØ a’-c-Øn-em-Wv. a‰p cmPy-߃ a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬
151

hfsc XpO-amb k_vkn-Untb Npa-Øp-∂p-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v k_vknUn {]iv\w Hcp Xmcn-t^-Xc
XS ambn D∂-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ km≤y-Xtb ImWp-∂p-≈q.
shdpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cy-߃ am{X-a√ temI- hym-]I kwL-S-\-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xv.
kap-t{Zm-Xvv]-∂-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-ta-Jesb BsI ˛ a’y-_-‘-\w, kwkvI-c-Ww, Ib-‰p-aXn XpSßnb
F√m Imcy-ßfpw ˛ AXns‚ hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. C∂n-t∏mƒ Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb tI{µo-
I-cn®v CSp-ßnb Hcp kao-]\w \mw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-√. B kao-]\w 1970 Ifn¬ {]k-‡-
am-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ temI- hym-]m-c -kw-L-S\ ]cn-W-an-®p-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Zni- h-
®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ Cu \ne-]m-Sn\v {]k-‡n-bn-s√∂v ImWmw.
1.5.10.2. sh√p-hn-fn-I-fpw, Ah-k-c-ß-fpw, X{¥-ßfpw a’y-t{km-X- ns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bpsS
kpÿn-c-Xbv°v `ojWn
\sΩ G‰hpw Akz-ÿ-am-°p∂ apJy-{]-iv\w, hninjym kap-{Z-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-ebn¬,
h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ kvXw`-\-am-Wv. CXm-cw-`n-®Xv 1990 IfpsS BZy-am-Wv. t_m´p-I-fp-tSbpw
Kob-dp-I-fp-tSbpw FÆ-Ønepw tijn-bnepw KWy-amb h¿≤-\-hv D≠m-sb-n¬Iq-Snbpw {]Xn-k‘n
XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Xoc-°-S¬ a’y-_-‘-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ kwÿm\w Ct∏mƒ a’y-_‘\-
Øns‚ km≤y-X-Iƒ NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ _lp-Zqcw t]mbn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv
t_m´p-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn-ep-≠mb A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb h¿≤-\-hv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kº-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bn¬
Imcy-amb Ne-\-ap-≠m-°m≥ kap-t{Zm-Xv]-∂- ta-J-e-bn¬ G‰hpw \qX-\-amb kmt-Xn-I-hnZy hnP-b-
I-c-ambn \S-∏n-em-°nbXp-aqew Ign-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. IqSmsX Cu taJ-esb klm-bn-°p-hm-\m-bn, apX¬
apS-°p-hm≥ ]pXnb kwcw-`-I-sc BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw Ign-p. Cu {]h-WX 1970 IfpsS BZyta
{]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s‚-sbms° ^e-ambn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]mXn-`m-kn-I-amb hf¿®-bp-≠m-bn.
F∂m¬ t_m´p-I-fp-tSbpw h≈-ß-fp-tSbpw Knb-dp-I-fp-tSbpw tijn ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNøp-∂n-√.
IqSmsX a’y- _-‘-\-Ønepw a’y- kw-kvI-c-W-Ønepw th≠{X {i≤ ]Xn-bp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ a’y-
_-‘-\-Ønepw a‰p A\p-_‘ Imcy-ß-fnepw A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Hcp {]tNm-Z\w Db¿∂p h-∂n-´p-
≠v. Hcp ]t£, kap-{Z-Ønse a’y-t{km-X- ns‚ e°pw eKm-\p-an-√mØ NqjWw aqew kvXw`\w
D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw AXns‚ ^e-ambn kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI cwKØv sISp-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-tb-°m-sa∂pw
D≈ Bi--Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, \ma-dn-tb≠ Imcyw Ct∂mfw a’y-_-‘-\-
Øn-\p≈ hnhn[ kuI-cy-ßsf \mw th≠-t]mse NqjWw sNbvXn-´n√ F∂ t_m≤y-hpw, Aßns\
kap-{Z -k-º-Øns\ ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNøp-hm-\p≈ Hcp Xzcbpw C∂o cwKØv {]I-S-am-Wv. CXn-
\p-Im-cWw a’y-˛-_-‘-\-˛-kw-kvI-cW cwK-tØ°v IS-∂p-h∂ \mh-K-X-cmb Hcp Iq´w kwcw-`-I-c-am-
Wv. Ch-cm-I-s´, ASp-Ø-Imew hsc Cu cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ hºn® [Øns‚ sImbvØns‚
]v \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXp kºZv t{kmX- ns‚ ]v ]‰m≥ Cu Iq´¿ aptºm-´p-h-∂p.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cns‚ ap≥ssI {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘-\- t_m-
´p-I-fpw, h≈-ßfpw b{¥-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏´ t{]m’m-l-P-\-I-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew
D≠mb hnImkw A`q¿X]q¿∆-am-bn-cp-∂p. kpÿn-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-ambn Cu cwKØv KpW-
]-c-amb hnIm-k-ap-≠m-bn. F√m-h¿°pw Ah-k-c- k-a-Xzhpw Dd-∏p- h-cp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ s]mXphmb
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu kap-{Z- a-’y-t{km-X- ns\ NpjWw sNbvXp Xo¿°p-hm-\p≈ {iasØ t{]m’mln-∏n-°m≥
]mSp-≈X-√. AanX Nqj-WsØ \nb-{¥-W- hn-t[-b-am-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿`m-Ky-him¬
Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu cwKØv Hcp Iq´ -I-i-]ni aq¿—n-°p-hm≥ km≤yX ImWp-∂p-≠v. kap-
{Z- t{km-X- ns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-\pw, AXns‚ kpÿn-c-Xbv°pw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Hcp ÿm\-am-Wp-
≈Xv. ImcWw kwÿm-\sØ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS KWy-am-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\pw
Ahsc B{i-bn-®p-I-gn-bp-∂-h-cpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\pw Cu t{kmX- ns‚ kwc-£Ww A\p-t]-£-
Wo-bhpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]m¿izh-Xv°-cn-°-s∏´hcmWo
P\-hn-`m-Kw. IqSmsX {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc£ Dd-∏m-
°m≥ Ah¿°v a’y-_-‘-\-a-√msX AXn-\p-]-Icw as‰mcp am¿§hpw C√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. AXn-\m¬
Cu taJ-esb hnI-kn-∏n-°p-am-{X-a-√, \ΩpsS `£-W-Øn¬ Poh-I-hpw, amwkyhpw e`y-am-°p-∂-h-cpw,
Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-eqsS cmjv{S-Øn\v hntZ-i-\m-Wyw t\Sn-Ø-cp-∂-hcpw BWn-h¿. Ipd-Xv `mhn-bn-se-
nepw Ch-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂Xv Hcp
A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kap-{Z-˛-P-e-hn-`-h-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ `q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬
152

\S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xn-t\mSv kam-\-am-b, ]cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S]-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-hm-\p≈
ka-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. kap-{Z-t{km-X- p-Isf {]mY-an-I-ambn B{i-bn-®p-I-gn-bp∂ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn a’y-
_-‘\w \SØn Pohn-°p∂h¿°pw, AXn-\-\p-_-‘-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn-¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ kv{Xo
]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw am{X-ambn a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw,
kap-{Z-k-ºØpw a’y-hn-`-h-ßfpw [\-ti-jn-bp-≈-h¿ IS-∂p-I-bdn Aan-X-ambn NqjWw sNøp-
∂-Xns\ XS-bp-hm\pw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Aßns\ kap-{Z-k-º-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w
Cu P\- hn-`m-K-Øn\v kpÿn-c-ambn e`y-am-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn¬ kzoIcn-°m≥
sshI-cp-Xv.
a¨kq¨Ime t{SmfnwKv \ntcm-[\w
tIcf kap{Z a’y-_-‘-\ -\n-b-{¥W \nbaw hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-®n-´p-≈Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. Xoc-
°-S¬ {]-tZ-iØv 50 ao‰¿hsc Bg-ap≈ taJ-e-bn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-°m¿ Ah-cpsS \mS≥
t_m´p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v ao≥]n-Sn-°-W-sa-∂pw, B AXn¿Øn -I-S-∂p≈ Hcp kmº-ØnI taJ-ebmbn
IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bg-°-S-en¬, b{¥-h-XvIr-X t_m-´p-I-fn-epw, hen-b-t_m-´p-I-fnepw Ah-bp-≈-h¿
a’y-_-‘\w \S-tØ-≠-XmWv F∂pamWv \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]cn-[nsb kw_-
‘n® Cu Iev]\ IWn-i-ambn ]men-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv Hcp kwc-£W \S-]Sn F∂ \nebn¬
a¨kq¨ t{SmfnwKv \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1988-˛1989 \ptijw Ign 14 h¿j-ambn Cu \ntcm-
[\w {]m_-ey-Øn-en-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w
]cnx-ÿnXn {]iv\-߃ `mhn-bn¬ ISpØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-°n-Øo¿°p-sa∂pw A¥m-cmjv{S
IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fn¬ Ah KWy-amb Hcp ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-sa-∂pw, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpƒs∏sS-bp≈
thZn-I-fnse \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-sa∂pw Ah C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ \b-ß-fn¬ ÿm\w
]nSn-°p-sa∂pw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. ]e ]mcn-ÿn-Xn {]h-W-X-Iƒ°pw Kuc-h-X-c-amb kzm[o\w D≠v. AXn-
\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ]cn-ÿn-Xn-Im-cy- a-{¥m-ebw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® 150 Hmfw jm¿°v a’yß-fp-tSbpw
a‰n\w kap-{Z- Po-hn-I-fp-tSbpw _‘\w \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ DØ-c-hv. Cu ªm‰v \ntcm-
[\w kwÿm-\sØ Hcp henb `qcn-]£w hcp∂ ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-°m-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿§sØ {]Xn-Iqe-ambn
_m[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AØ-c-ap≈ Hcp Xocp-am\w AXv tZio-b-am-bm-epw, A¥¿tZ-io-bam-bn-cp-∂mepw
{]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adn-hn-√m-sX-bmWv sNbvX-sX∂v Icp-Xm≥
hgn-bp-≠v. B \ntcm-[-\-Øn¬ aptºm-´p-h-bv°p-∂-Xmb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb
hnh-c-ß-fp-sS-tbm, sXfn-hp-I-fp-tStbm ]n≥_-e-an-√. shdpw Dulm-t]m-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv
Hu´vt_m¿Uv a’y-h-≈-ß-fpsS hi-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ b{¥-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ amen-
\y-w `oj-Wn-bmbn Nq≠n-°m-Wn°s∏-´Xv. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-tºmƒ, {]Xn-k‘n
_m[n-X-cmbhcp-ambn aXn-bmb N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øm-sX-bpw, Bizm-k-Øn-\pw, \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\pw \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-°m-sXbpw Ccp-∂m¬ AXv, Ct∏mƒXs∂ Zp¿∫-e-cmb ao≥]n-Sn-°p∂ P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚
D]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£sb XI¿°p-I-bm-bn-cn°pw sNøp-∂-Xv.
{]iv\-ßsf Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn am‰pI
Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ ap≥]v {]kvXm-hn® hn[-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ P\-ßsf t_m[-h-XvI-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\pw, e`y-amb t{kmX- p-Isf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-sX-ßn-s\-sb∂v Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-ap≈ G‰hpw \√ Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn am‰p-hm≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Nne Xmcn-t^-Xc XS-
-߃, AXm-bXv tami-s∏´ ipNnXz \ne-hm-c-߃, A[zm-\-Øns‚ NqjWw F∂n-h-sb√mw tIc-f-
Øn\v t\´-ß-fmbn am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v a’y- kw-kvI-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm-\-
ku-I-cy-߃°v th≠ Icp-X-ep-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xp- aq-ehpw a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒt°¿s∏-Sp∂ h¿≤n®
_p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ, Ah¿ Xß-fpsS t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v kw`m-h\ sNø-W-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-bpsS
kΩ¿±w, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ sk pw Nphpw G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn- kv{XoI-fpsS t£a-\n-[n-
I-fpsS sISp-Im-cy-ÿX F∂n-h-sb√mw tIc-f-Ønse kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-߃°v am’-cy-£-aX C√m-
Xm-°p-∂p-≠v. s]mXpth a’y- ta-J-e-bvs°-Xntc Btcm-]n-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ {]Xn-Iq-em-h-ÿ- X-s∂-bpw,
Xmcn-t^-Xc XS- -߃ C¥y≥ kap-t{Zm¬]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bvs°-Xntc Db¿Øn-h-cp∂ kml-
153

N-cyhpw, Xo¿®-bmbpw tIc-f-Øns‚ {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn A[n-Im-c-th-Zn-I-fn¬ hmZn-°p-hm\pw
\√ Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kwÿm-\Ø hyh-km-b-cw-KØv k¿°m¿ apt∂m´p
h®n-´p≈ kmaq-ln-I -kp-c-£m- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ a’y-ta-J-ebv°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-sb√mw P\-ß-fpsS ta¬ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-sW∂v hne-]n-bv°p-I- Bbn-cp-∂n√ th≠n-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. hnti-jn®pw CØcw am\-Z-WvU-߃ A¥m-cm-jv{S-k-aqlw Xs∂ `mhn-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ apt∂m-
´p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ A{]-Im-c-ap≈ \nb-a-ßfpw sehn-Ifpw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂- Imcyw
\n¿_-‘-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ImcWw, AXv cmPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ X-s∂-bp≈ \nt£-]¿°v am{X-a-√, hntZi-
\n-t£-]¿°p-IqSn hfsc {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw Aßns\ \m´nse \nt£-]¿°v hn]-Wn-bn¬
\nc-∏mb Ifn-°fhpw Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw e`n-°p-∂-Xpam-Wv.
1.5.10.3. ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. tIcØns‚ kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-tfbpw a’y-ta-J-e-tbbpw Zp¿∫-ehpw Aÿn-c-hp-am-°p∂ LS-
I-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w a’y-k-º-Øns‚ hnf-sh-Sp-∏ns‚ Imcy-Øn-ep≈ {Ia- cm-ln-Xy-am-
Wv. CXns‚ kqN-\-I-fn-sem∂v kap-{Z -hn-`-h-Øns‚ hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p≈ Ah-Imiw B¿°mWv
F∂ Imcy-Ønse X¿°-am-Wv. cmjv{S-Ønt\m, kwÿm-\-Øn-\p-X-s∂tbm kap-{Z-Øns‚
ta¬ Hcp ISn-m-Wp-an-√m-sX-bp≈ kzIm-cy-kz-Ø-h-Imiw h®p-]p-e¿Øm-sa∂ ÿnXnbn-te°v
sNs∂-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw e£y-hp-amWv kapt{Zm-ev]-∂-˛-a-’y-ta-J-ebpw
AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m- X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw
B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. a’y -ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W -\-S-
]-Sn-Iƒ F√mw hfsc A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. CXn-¬ A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p≈ kmaq-ln-I-amb sshcp-≤yßsf
Bcpw Imcy-ambn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-´n-√. Ct∏m-gsØ {]Xn-k‘n _m[n-X-cm-b-h¿, ao≥]n-
Sp-Ø-°m¿, a’y-kw-kvI-cWw sNøp-∂-h¿, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ F∂n-h¿
Hcp-an®p IqSn Hcp Zo¿L-Im-e -ho-£-W-Øn¬ \oXn]q¿∆-amb Hcp \bw cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-
´p-≠v. a’y-ta-J-e-bnse F√m hkvXp-X-I-tf-bpw, t{kmX- p-I-fptSbpw, hn`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw
kwkvI-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw Npa-X-e-Ifpw, hn`-h-Nq-j-W-Øns‚ kpÿncX-tb-bpw,
kwÿm-\-Øns‚ klm-b -tk-h-\-ß-tfbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp ]T\w AXymh-iy-am-Wv.
Cu cwKsØ kvXw`-h-\m-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®pw, {]Xn-k-‘n-_m-[nX P\-hn-`m-Kß-sf-∏-‰nbpw
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe Bsc-sb-nepw G¬∏n°-Ww. Zcn-
{Z-cmb a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cn-°Ww
]T\w Du∂¬ \evtI-≠-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w enwK-]-c-amb am\-ßfpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww. F¥psIm-s≠-∂m¬
a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb \nc-h[n _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂Xv apJyambpw
kv{XoP-\-ß-fm-Wv. (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn sNΩo-\ns‚ sXmen Dcn-°p-∂-Xn¬ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-
߃). AtXm-sSm∏w a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ F√m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-h¿°pw Hcp
s]cp-am-‰- N-´-Øn\v cq]w \evIn {]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
2. ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb km[p-X-bp-≈-Xpw, {]tbm-P-\-£-a-hp-amb, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn B¿÷n-®n-´p≈
hn⁄m\hpw hnh-c-ßfpw {]tXy-I-hn[ a’y-_-‘\ kt-X-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. a’y-ta-J-e-bnse \m\m-hn-[-amb hn`-h-ß-sfbpw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX
hn⁄m-\-tØbpw \m´-dn-hp-I-tfbpw NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw, Ah-bpsS km[pX hne-bn-cp-
Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, AØcw hne-tb-dnb Adn-hp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp∂Xn\pw icn-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂Xn\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
3. a’y-hn-`-h-ß-fpw, kº-Øpw, I≠¬{]-tZ-i-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS amt\-Pvsa‚pw kwc-
£-Whpw \S-Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn-ep≈ {]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-
ßsf IqSn h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ ]s-Sp-∏n-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.
4. kwÿm-\hpw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cns‚ klm-b-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw apt∂m-
´p-h-®n-´p-≈-Xmb k_vknUn AS-°-ap≈ F√m klmb tkh-\ -{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw, Ah-bpsS
hyh-ÿm-]nX cq]hpw Hcp ]p\¿hm-b-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m-\p≈ ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DXv]m-
Z\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp \nt£-]-Øn\pw k_vkn-Un-bpsS bmsXmcp
Bh-iy-hp-an-√. AXn-\p-]-I-cw, a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ Aan-X-tijn sNepØn k¿°m¿ ]cn-£oW-
154

am-bn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu k_vkn-Un-Iƒ hn`-h-ßsf amt\Pv sNøp∂ cwK-Øns‚
Imcy-£-a-X-bv°mbn Zni Xncn-®p-hn-tS-≠-XmWv.
5. kwÿm-\-Øn-t‚tbm tI{µ-k¿°m-cn-t‚tbm Iogn-ep-≈, assd≥ t{]mUIvSv FIvkvt]m¿´v
Uh-e-]vsa‚ v AtXm-dn‰n (MPEDA) t]mep≈ ÿm]-\-߃°v a’y-hy-h-km-b- cw-K-Øp≈
]v, a’y- k-º-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bp-tSbpw IqSn-h-cp∂ A¥¿tZ-iob \nb-am-h-en-I-fp-tSbpw
C∂sØ {]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬, ]p\¿ \n¿∆-N\w sNtø-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. DXv]m-Z-
\-tØbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-tbbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n°pI F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw-amdn kap-{Z- k-º-
Øns‚ kwc-£-Ww, a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sN-øp∂hcpw a’y-_-‘-\hpw A\p-_‘ sXmgnep-I-sf-am{Xw
B{i-bn®p D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp∂ P\-e-£-ß-fpsS kpc£, Cu taJ-e-bpsS
\nb-{¥-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-ØpI F∂o Zni-I-fn-te°v \o°w \StØ-≠Xv
Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
6. a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ kwÿm-\-Øn\v ssIh-i-ap-≈-Xmb am\-h -ti-jnbpw I¿Ω -Ip-i-e-Xbpw
apX-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn a’y- _-‘\ sXmgn¬ i-‡nsb a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Ib‰n Abbv°p∂Xv
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn\v Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb \n¿±njvS ]cn-io-e\w \evInb-ti-jw,
Ah-cpsS sXmgn¬ th-X\ kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw.
7. a’y-I-b-‰p-aXn hym]m-c-cw-KØv Ct∏mƒ hen-sbmcp Iq´w a’-c-I-£n-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-
≠v. hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ta¬ssI t\-Sm≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p∂ C¥y-bn-se- Xs∂ a’-c-I-£n-Iƒ,
Cu cwK-Øp≈ C¥ym-°m-cmb kwcw-`-I¿°v {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-´√ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. adn®v,
hntZ-io-b-cmb a’yw hmßp∂ I®-h-S-°m¿°mWv {]tbm-P\w In´p-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ s]mXphmbn
tbmPn-®p≈ Hcp t{]m’m-l\ {ia-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tZiob kap-t{Zm-ev]-∂-߃°v Hcp
C¥y≥ temtKm (Hcp C¥y≥ hnh£ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ {]Xo-Iw) bv°v cq]w \evIp-∂Xv
\∂m-bn-cn-°pw. KpW-]-c-amb Iq´mb bXv\-߃°p≈ Hcp taJ-e -D-b¿∂p hcm≥ Cu temtKm
klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.
8. kwÿm-\Øv \n∂p-≈ kap-t{Zm-ev]∂ Ib-‰p-a-XnbpsS -ta-ep≈ {]ap-J-amb `oj-Wn-I-fn¬
H∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂ cmPy-߃ H∂n-s\m-∂mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fm-Wv. Cu
cmPy-߃ F√mw hnI-knX cmPy-ßfpw \m´p-Im¿ hfsc ]cn-jvIr-Xcpw \mK-cnI Pohn-X-
Øn¬ Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-ap≈ D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw BI-bm¬ Ah¿ bqtdm-]y≥ kmº-ØnI
kaq-l- cm-Py-߃ F∂-t]mse km¿sam-sW-√-bpsS km∂n≤yw t]mep≈ km\n-´-dnbpw
ss^t‰m km\n-´-dn-bp-amb \S-]Sn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ \mw F{X-am{Xw KpW-\n-ehmcw
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bptam AXv A{X-tØmfw \√Xv F-∂p-am-{X-a-√, KpW-\n-e-hmc
am\-Z-WvU-߃ I¿i-\-am-°p-∂Xv Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v am{X-a√ t{]m’m-l\w \evIp-∂Xv B`y-
¥c D]-t`m-K-Øn\pw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv F∂v \mw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. kwkvI-cW
πm‚p-I-fn-epw, tXmSv Dcn-°p∂ sjUp-I-fnepw th≠ ipNn-Xzhpw a‰p km\n-´dn kwhn-[m-\-
ßfpw ÿm]-\-h-XvI-cn-°pI hgn, a’y-D-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-t‚bpw kwkvI-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-
Øn¬ KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcyw hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv. AXn-
\m¬ a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ Hcp KpW-\n-e-hm-c- km-£-cXm {]ÿm\w ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Bcw-`nt°-≠-Xp-≠v.
a’y -_-‘-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ßfpw a’y-ta-J-e-bnse {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ `mK-am-°m-hp∂ F√m-h¿°pw km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´-dn-bpw, tImUIvkv
Fen-sa-t‚-dn-bkv t]mep≈ \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F¥m-sW-∂p≈ ]q¿Æ-t_m[w
D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]©m-b-Øp-I-fnse Xnc-s-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-߃°pw A`n-
{]m-b- cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øp∂ F√m s]mXp -{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw {lkz-Ime ]cn-io-e\w \evIp-
Ibpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v ]pkvX-I-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw \evIp∂ ]cn-io-e\ tamUyq-fp-
Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xøm-dm°n \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv. temI- `-£y -
Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-bn¬ (FAO) bn¬\n∂pw temI -hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\-bn¬\n∂pw km\n-´-dnbpw
ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn (SPS) \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ th≠ klm-b-߃ tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv.
9. a’y-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønse Hcp A-Sn-ÿm-\ -{]iv\w Hcp hn]-W-\- N-c°v
F∂ \ne-bn¬ a’yw AXn-thKw NoØ-bm-bn -t]m-Ip∂ H∂mWv F∂-Xp -X-s∂. IqSmsX
155

NoØ-bm-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ \jvS- km-≤y-Xbpw IqSp-X-em-Wv. hfsc \√
Hcp a’y-s°mbvØp In´n-°-gn-m¬ DS≥ AXv Ctd-Un-tb-j\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-]£w
tcmK-hm-ln-I-fmb F√m kq£vam-Wp-°fpw \in-°p-sa-∂mWv Adn-bm≥ Ign-n-´p-≈-Xv.
AXv bqtdm-]y≥ kmº-ØnI kaq-l-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ cmPy-߃s°√mw kzoIm-cy-am-hpw. a’y-
Øn-t‚bpw kaq-t{Zm-ev]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p -h-cp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\pw, kwkvI-c-W-Øn\pw Ctd-Un-tb-j≥ kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bv°p≈ km≤yX Ct∏mƒ A¥mcmjv{S
GP≥kn-I-fmb temI `£y Im¿jn-I- kw-L-S-\bpw (FAO), temIm-tcm-Ky -kw-L-S\
(WHO) bpw t]mep≈ ÿm]-\-߃ ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sXc-s-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Ctd-Un-tb-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pnsb C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ Btcm-Ky-Im-cy -a-{¥m-ebw
AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ap≥ I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ctd-
Un-tb-j≥ {]{Inb D]-tbm-Kn®v a’yhpw at’ym-¬]-∂-ßfpw tImgn-bn-d-®nbpw a‰pw Ctd-
Un-tb‰p sNøp-hm-\p≈ A\p-hmZw \evI-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv B`y-¥c D]-t`m-K-Øn\pw Ib-
‰p-a-Xnbv°pw H∏w \evI-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. tI{µ -k¿°m-cns‚ BWh Du¿÷-a-{¥m-ebw sNe-hp-
Ip-d Nne kmt-Xn-I -hn-Zy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. BWh Du¿÷-a-{¥m-ebw c≠v
Ctd-Un-tb-j≥ tI{µ-߃ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ H∂v alm-cm-jv{S-bnse \mkn-°n-epw, \yq
apws_-bnse hmjn-bn-ep-am-Wv. AØ-c-samcp anX-hy-b- kp-Ic ]cn-]mSn tIc-f-Ønse {]apJ
a’y- kw-kvI-cW tI{µ-tØm-S-SpØv ÿm]n-°m≥ km≤yX At\z-jn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
10. ]cn-k-c- ip-NnXz hyh-ÿ-I-fpw, KpW- \n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw ÿncambn
]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ `wKw hcp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ apJy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ASn-ÿm-\- ku-I-cy-߃
\ne-\n-dp-Øm-\p≈ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS A`m-hw BWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, tIc-f-Øn¬ a’yw-
]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Ic-bv°-Sp-∏n®v kw`-cn®v hnX-c-W-Øn\v FØn-°m-\p≈ \√ Hcp "em‚nwKv
sk‚dp'an√. ^njv em‚nwKv sk‚-dp-Iƒ F√mhn[ kuI-cy-ß-tfm-Spw -IqSn D≠m-°p-∂-]-
£w, AhnsS \n∂pw tkh-\- Nm¿÷mbn Hcp XpI CuSm-°p-Ibpw AXv Hcp s]mXp -]q-fn-se-
Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]n∂oSv AXv _UvP-‰n¬ kwÿm-\sØ a‰m-h-iy-߃°v
IqSn-bp≈ [\ -hn-X-c-W {]h¿Ø\w cq]w- sIm-≈p∂ L´-Øn¬ CØcw kw`-c-W-tI-{µ-ßfpsS
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-\n-dp-Ø-en\v k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ [\w aXn-bm-ImsX ht∂-
°mw. AXn-\m¬ Cu tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ ]W-Øns‚ Hcp \nb-X-amb `mKw AhbpsS
A‰-Ip-‰-]-Wn-Iƒ°pw XpS¿ hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ambn \o°n-h-bvt°-≠-Xmbn hcpw. IqSmsX
Cu ^njv em‚nwKv tI{µ-ß-fpsS amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ Npa-X-e, a’y-cw-KsØ {]Xn-k-‘n- _m[n-
X-cmb hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Hcp Iq´m-bvasb Gev]n-°p-∂Xpw \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu tI{µßƒ
a’y-_-‘\w kPo-h-ambn \S-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-n¬ AXns‚
\S-Øn-∏p-Im-cmb {]mtZ-inI t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v Ah-cpsS {]Xn-_-≤X Imcy-ambn \ne-\n-dp-Øphm\pw
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
11. KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, ]cn:ÿnXn-bp-tSbpw t{kmX- n-t‚bpw kwc-£Ww F∂o
Imcy-ß-fn-te°p hcp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS apgp-h≥ `mchpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ JP-\m-hnemWv
h∂p hogp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ {ItaW kmº-Øn-I -_m-≤yX Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-
Øn-te°v {]Xn-k‘n _m[nX P\-hn-`m-h-ßsf k÷-am-°m-\p≈ kt-X-I-߃ hnI-kn∏ns®-
Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Ahsc k¿°m-cns‚ hnizm-ky-X-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. Hcp a’y-kw-`-c-W-tI-{µ-Øns‚ kmº-
Øn-I- Im-cy-߃ B ÿm]\w Xs∂ \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ L´w hc-Ww. DXv]m-Z-Icpw D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw
Xs∂ Nne-hp-Iƒ hln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw B ÿm]-\-Øns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Ah-cm-W-t√m.
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp kwhn-[m\w {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ ]pd-Øp -I-S-°m≥ {]iv\-_m-[n-X-cmbhscsb√mw
klm-bn-°pw. AXns\ Hcp kpÿnc kwhn-[m-\-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ kzbw
apgp-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
12) a’y-k-º-Øns‚ ssPh-]-c-amb sshhn-[y-Øns‚ kwcw-£-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ß-fn¬ I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXnepƒs∏-Sp∂
{][m-\-s∏-s´mcp Imcyw A\y -kv]o-jo-kn¬s∏´ a’y-߃ Db¿Øp∂ `oj-
156

Wn-bm-Wv. AXn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-am-Wv. Nne-bn\w a’y-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw
\nb-{¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v a’y-t`m-Pn-bmb Iym‰v ^njv) AXp-t]mse Cd-°paXn
sNø-s∏-Sp∂ a’y- Xo-‰-Iƒ, a’y-°p-p-߃ F∂nh tcmKw ]c-Øp-∂p-≠v. sNΩo≥
t{kmX- p-I-fpsS ]cn-c-£-bv°mbn I≠¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw hnI-k-\-hpw, a’yta-J-e-bp-ambn
t\cn´v ASp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]cnÿn-Xn-bpsS kpc-£bpw {it≤-b-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
13) a’y -kw-kvI-c-W-Ønepw a‰-\p-_-‘-{]-hr-Øn-I-fnepw G¿s∏-Sp-∂-hcn¬ `qcn-`mKw hcp∂
kv{XoIƒ°v D≠m-Im-dp-≈-Xmb sXmgn¬ P\y-amb Nne tcmK-߃ D≠v. Ah F¥m-sW∂v
Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm\pw ]T-\-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Ahsb ian-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw XSbp-∂-Xn\pw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-XmWv.
14) a’y-ta-J-esb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hn\n-tbm-K-£-a-amb cq]-Øn¬ D≈ Adn-hn-t‚bpw hnhc-ß-fp-tSbpw
Hcp henb hnShv D≈-Xmbn ImWmw. _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-߃°v-Bh-iy-amb
hnh-c-߃ kºm-Zn®v \evIp-hm≥ klm-b-tk-h-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
A\p-_‘w 1
tIc-f- k¿°m¿
A_vkv{SmIvSv
Irjn-h-Ip∏v ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ temI hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ WTO
bpw Irjn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw At\z-jn-°m≥ IΩn-j≥ ˛ cq]o-I-cWw ˛ DØ-chv
Irjn-h-Ip∏v
Pn.-H. (-Fw.-F-kv) \w.163/2001/G.Un Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, XobXn 31/07/2001.
hmbn-°pI:˛ Pn.-H. (-B¿.-‰n) \w.446/2001/F.Un XobXn 12/03/2001.
DØ-chv
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS DZm-c-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn tIc-f-Ønse an° Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ßfpw
hntZi DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bp-ambn ISpØ am’cyw t\cn-´-psIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚
^e-ambn \mfn-tI-cw, sIm{], d_¿, Im∏n, tXbn-e, AS-bv°, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, a‰p kpK-‘- {Z-hy-߃
F∂nh-bpsS hne-bn¬ XI¿®-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ch-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-s®e-hn¬ \n∂pw Gsd XmWp-t]mhp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I¿°p Irjn-bn¬ \n∂pw hcp-am\w In´n-bm¬ am{Xta
Ah¿°v DXv]-∂-߃°v A¥m-cm-jv{S- hn-]-Wn-bn¬ am’-cy-£-aX D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. tIc-f-Øns‚
Irjn°v am’-cy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°p-hm\pw Irjn Du¿÷-kz-e-am°p-hm\pw Bbn Hcp D∂-Xm-[n-Im-c-
°-Ωnjs\ \nb-an-°p-hm≥ tIcf k¿°m¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂p. temI- hym-]mc- kw-L-S-\-bpsS Iogn¬
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ß-fn¬ k¿°mcpw AXns‚ GP≥kn-Ifpw, Irjn-°mcpw ssIs°mt≈≠
hnhn[ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ip]m¿i- sN-øp-hm-\mWv Cu IΩnjs\ \ntbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn tUm. Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥ A≤y-£-\mbn Hcp-∂-Xm-[n-Im-c-I-Ωn-j≥ WTO
bpsS hym]m-c- I-cm-dn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-ta-Je A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]iv\-ß-fn≥ta¬ Bhiy-amb
\n¿t±-i-߃ hbv°p-hm≥ apI-fn¬ hmbn® k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn cq]o-I-cn-°phm≥
k¿°m-¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂p. IΩn-js‚ LS\ D]m-[y-£≥, saº¿ sk{I-´-dn, F∂n-h-cpƒs∏-sSbp-
≈ Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n tUm. Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y-\p-ambn Btem-Nn-®-tijw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-XmWv.
""tIm¿ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, k_vI-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ apX-em-bh cq]o-I-cn®v IΩn-j\v bp‡-sa∂v tXm∂p∂ k{º-
Zm-b-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ‰n.-F., Un.-F. F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A≤y-£t\bpw
IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-tfbpw ¢mkv˛I DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. saº¿ sk{I-´dn°v
IΩn-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn¬ A≤y-£-\p-ambn Btem-Nn®v IΩnj-
\n-epƒs∏-Sp∂ hnZ-Kv[≥am-tcbpw a‰pw Hmtcm Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gev]n-°p-hm\pw Ah¿°p \evtI≠ {]Xn-
^ew \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn°pw AXn-\p≈ N´-߃°v {]tXyI AwKo-Imcw
\evIp-∂-Xm-Wv.''
157

IΩn-j≥ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Imcy-߃
(Term of Reference)
(1) temI hym]m-c- kw-L-S-bp-am-bp≈ Icm-dnse Irjnsb kw_-‘n® hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚
Im¿jn-I cw-KØv sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°p-I.
(2) \ΩpsS Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw a‰p _‘-s∏´ DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bv°p≈
XS- -ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw At\z-jn-°p-I-bpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI hn`-hß-fpsS Ib-‰paXn
KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥ms° \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v k¿°m-cn\v
ip]m¿i ka¿∏n-°p-I-bpw sNøpI.
(3) I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am-\hpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ dh-\yq KWy-amb coXn-bn¬ Db¿Øp-hm-\mbn
Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm-hp∂ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Ifpw A\p-_‘ Dev]-∂-ßfpw GsX-√m-sa∂v Xncn-®-dnbp-Ibpw
Ah-bpsS ap≥K-W-\m-{Iaw \n›-bn-°pbpw sNøp-I.
(4) DXv]m-Z-\-s®ehp Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw \ΩpsS Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, Ahsb A¥mcvjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ am’-cy- £-a-X-bp-≈h B°p-∂-Xn\pw
th≠ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfpw a‰p \S-]-Sn-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
(5) tIc-fob DXv]-∂-߃°v am’-cy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v, hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb
(B¿.&Un.) Kth-j-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw kw_-‘n® klm-b-hpw, ]cn-io-e-\hpw F¥m-bn-cn-
°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
(6) KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-Xpw hne XmW-Xp-amb Dev]-∂-߃ hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Cd-°p-aXn
sNøp-∂Xv XS-bp-hm-\pw, \ΩpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnsb klm-bn-°p-hm\pw AXn-\mbn km\n-´dn ss^t‰mkm-\n-´dn
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw th≠ \n¿t±-i-߃ \evIp-I.
(7) tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I¿°pw, kwÿm-\-Øn\pw {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-Xmb _u≤nI kzØh-Imi
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
(8) IΩn-j\v DNn-X-sa∂pw Bh-iy-sa∂pw Icp-Xp∂ a‰p-Im-cy-߃
Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ t{]mPIvSv πm\nwKv sk√pw, kwÿm\ Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ hne -\n¿Æb-t_m¿Upw
IΩnj-\p- th≠ a\p-jy-tijn \evIn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. luknwKv t_m¿Uv sI´n-S-
Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ Ct∏m-gsØ tIcf kwÿm\ `c-W]-cn-jvI-cW kan-Xn-bpsS B^okv
IΩnj\v Hm^o-kmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩn-j\v Bh-iy-amb Iºyq-´¿ klm-bhpw C‚¿s\‰v
kuI-cyhpw IqSn e`y-am-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. GXm\pw Kth-j-W -k-lm-bn-Isf Icm¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
\nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\v IΩn-j\v kzmX{¥yw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. GXm\pw {]tXyI hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw DtZym-
K-kvX-∑msc IΩnjs‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbn Xncn-®p- hn-Sm-\p≈ km≤yX k¿°m¿ Bcm-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
IΩo-js‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ kmº-ØnI _m≤yX Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ ""am¿°‰v C‚¿sh≥j≥
kt∏m¿´v t^m¿ ss{]kkv Ã_n-sse-tk-j≥˛2435-˛01-˛101-˛03˛OC'' F∂ slUn¬ \n∂pw hln-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
WTO IΩn-j≥ 3 amk-Øn-\Iw CS-°me dnt∏m¿´pw, AXmXv ka-bØv XpS¿∂p≈ dnt∏m¿´p-
Ifpw ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Kh¿W-dpsS DØ-c-hv- {]-Imcw
H∏v/-˛
sI.-_n. h’-e-Ip-amcn
sk{I-´dn
158

v
1. sNb¿am≥, SmkvIv t^mgvkv Hm¨ B{Kn-Iƒ®¿
2. tI{µ-k¿°m¿ Irjn-`-h≥, \yqU¬ln-˛110 001.
3. tUm.-Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥, sNb¿am≥,
Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥ dntk¿®v ^ut≠-j≥,
tXUv t{Imkv kv{So‰v, Xmcm-aWn C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Gcn-b, sNss∂-˛600113.
4. Ub-d-IvS¿, Irjn-h-Ip-∏v, hnImkv `h≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
5. sNb¿am≥, kwÿm\ Im¿jn-I -hn-e- \n¿Æ-b-t_m¿Uv.
tIm∏n-Iƒ :
1. apJy-a-{¥n-bpsS {]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´-dn.
2. No^v sk{I-´-dn-bpsS tPmbn‚ sk{I-´-dn.
3. Im¿jn-tImXv]m-Z\ IΩo-j-W-dpsS kn.-F.
4. Irjn-h-Ip∏v sk{I-´-dn-bpsS kn.-F.
icn-]-I¿∏v
DØ-c-hp-{]-Imcw
H∏v
sk£≥ Hm^o-k¿
A\p-_‘w 2
tIcf k¿°m¿
A_vkv{SmIvSv
Irjn-h-Ip∏v ˛ temI- hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\bpw Irjn-Im-cyßfpw kw_-‘n® IΩn-js‚ \nb-a\w ˛
XpS¿∂p≈ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ.
Irjn-h-Ip∏v
Pn.-H.(-Fw.-F-kv.)197/2001 AD XobXn 31.07.2001
hmbn-bv°pI :-˛ Pn.-H. (Fw.-F-kv.)163/2001 F.-Un. XobXn 31.07.2001.
DØ-chv
apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® WTO bpw Irjnsb kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ s{]m^.
Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥ A≤y-£-\mbn cq]o-I-cn® IΩn-js\ \nb-an-®p-sIm-≠p≈ k¿°m¿ DØ-chv
hmbn-°p-I. IΩn-js‚ ]cn-K-W-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xmb hnj-b-ß-fpw, {]h¿Ø-\ coXnbpw
{]kvXpX DØ-c-hn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ apgp-h≥ IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-tf-bpw, D]m-≤y-£-t\bpw
Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠pw Bh-iy-amb klm-b -ku-I-cy-߃ hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠pw k¿°m¿
DØ-c-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
hni-Z- hn-h-c-߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
1. tUm. -sI.-F≥.- iym-a-kp-µ-c≥ \m-b¿
tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime
ap≥ sshkvNm≥k-e¿,- F-kv.10,
hrµm-h≥ tImf-\n, ]´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695004.
2. tUm. -]n.-sI.- hm-cy¿,-am-t\-PnwKv {SÃn,
tIm´-bv°¬ Bcy- ssh-Zy-im-e, tIm´-bv°¬
3. tUm.- ]m¿∆Xn tat\m≥,
ko\n-b¿ Id-kvt]m-≠‚ v, {^≠v sse≥, _mw•q¿
4. tUm.- sI.-]n. -{]-`m-I-c≥ \mb¿
"A£b', CuÃv ln¬,-tIm-gn-t°mSv.
159
D]m-≤y-£≥
AwKw
AwKw
AwKw

5. {io. B¿.-sI. IrjvW-Ip-am¿,
amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-IvS¿, XmPv {Kq∏v tlm´¬kv, apwss_.
6. {io.- sI.-sP. tPmk-^v, sk{I-´-dn,
At m-kn-tb-j≥ Hm^v πmt‚gvkv
7. tUm.- tPm¨ Ipcy≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v
s^t√m, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Uh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUokv
8. tUm. -sI.-hn. ]o‰¿,
sshkv Nm≥k-e¿, tIcf Im¿jnI
k¿∆-I-em-im-e, aÆq-Øn, -Xr-iq¿.
9. {io. ]n.-sI. inhm-\-µ≥,
Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z\ IΩo-j-W¿, sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰v.
AwKw
AwKw
AwKw
AwKw
AwKw
2. IΩn-js‚ D]m-≤y-£\pw a‰p AwK-߃°pw IΩn-j≥ \nbp-‡-amb GsXmcp Npa-X-e-bpambn
_‘-s∏´ Imcy-Øn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ‰n.-F. Un.-F. F∂nh ¢m v I DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°p≈
\nc-°n¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ A¿l-X-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
\n¿±n-jvS-amb tSavkv Hm^v d^-d≥kns‚ hn]p-e-amb N´-°q-´n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠v, Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂
Dev]-∂-ß-fn-epw, {]iv\-_m-≤n-X- ta-J-e-I-fnepw Bbn-cn-°Ww IΩn-js‚ {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
1. d∫¿
2. \mfn-tIcw
3. Im∏n
4. Ipcp-ap-fIv
5. tXbne
6. Iip-h≠n
7. Ipcp-ap-fIv Hgn-sI-bp≈ kpK-‘-{Z-hy-߃
8. a’yhpw at’ymXv]-∂-ßfpw
9. £ochpw £otcm-Xv]-∂-ßfpw
10. amwk-hpw, amwtkm-Xv]-∂-ßfpw
11. Huj-[- k-ky-߃
12. ssPh-Ir-jnbpw Im¿jnI kwkvI-c-Whpw
3. IΩn-j≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ X{¥-ßfpw IΩn-j≥ e£yw hbvt°≠ Imcyßfpw.
1. apI-fn¬ ]d-n-´p≈ taJ-e-I-fn¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn-®n-´p≈ t\´-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-I.
2. aqey-h¿≤-\-hn-eqsS ]pXnb t\´-߃ ssIh-cn-°m≥ e£y-an-Sp-I.
3. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-d-\p-k-cn®v Db¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-°p∂ km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-
´dn \n¿t±-i-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v tIc-f-Øn\p tbmKyX hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\m-h-iyamb
ÿm]-\-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\ -ku-I-cy-ßfpw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-I.
4. ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hmtcm taJ-e-bnepw IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø\w Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-]£w
SmkvIvt^m-gvkp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw IΩn-j\v A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
5. IΩn-js\ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v B hnj-b-ß-fn¬ sshZKv≤yw D≈-hc-S-ßnb
Hcp sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, AXn-\mbn kwÿm\ -k¿°m-cns‚ hIp-∏p-Iƒ
ÿm]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw Ign-bp-∂{X hnZ-Kv≤sc Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn ]p\¿hn-\ykn-°p-hm\pw
IΩn-js\ DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Aßns\ ]p\¿hn-\ym-k-Øn-eqsS Is≠-
Øm-\m-hmØ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc am{Xta Icm¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\cn´v \nb-an-°m≥
]mSp≈q.
160

6. IΩn-js‚ ]T-\- ko-a-bn¬ hcp∂ GsX-nepw {]iv\-Øn-t∑¬ k¿°m-cns‚ B{K-l-{]-
Imcw Bh-iy-amb CS-°me dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ \evIp-hm≥ IΩn-j≥ _m≤y-ÿ-am-Wv.
7. IΩn-js‚ Nne-hp-Iƒ ""2435-˛01-˛101-˛94'' F∂ slUv Hm^v A°u-≠ns‚ hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬
e`y-am-Ip∂ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSp-X¬ XpI ]p\:{Iao-I-c-W-ØneqsS
""2435-˛01-˛101-˛85'' F∂ slUv Hm^v A°u-≠n¬ \n∂pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
8. Irjn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ ]n.-]n.-Fw.-sk-√pw, Im¿jnI hne -\n¿Æ-b -t_m¿Upw IΩnjs‚
Imcym-e-b-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩn-j-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ t_mUn-I-fn¬ A\ptbm-Py-cmb
hy‡n-I-sf, Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z\ IΩn-j-W¿ \nb-an-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. c≠p Kth-j-
W -k-lm-bn-Isf Icm¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-tem, tI{µ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fn¬ \n-t∂m,
kzbw-`-c-W-˛-s]m-Xp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m, \nb-an-°p-hm≥ saº¿ sk{I-´-dnbv°v
A\p-hmZw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
9. Im¿jnI hne \n¿Æ-b -t_m¿Uns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cn°pw IΩn-js‚ {UmbnwKpw Unkvt_-
gvknwKpw DtZym-K-ÿ≥.
10.IΩn-j\v 4 sSe-t^m¨ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂v D]m-≤y-£-\pw, as‰m∂v saº¿ sk{I-
´-dnbv°pw (CXp- c-≠n\pw STD/ISD kuI-cy-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw). c≠p t^mWp-Iƒ PABX
\p≈n¬ H∂v, C‚¿s\‰v IW-£-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
11. ^¿Wn-®dpw a‰p Hm^o-kv D]-I-c-W-ßfpw c≠p Imdpw (apºv `c-W-]-cn-jvI-cW IΩn‰n D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂) s]mXp-`-c-W- h-Ip-∏n-te-°pw, k¿°m-cns‚ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v amt\-Pvsa‚nte°pw
ÿm\w am‰p-Ibpw IΩn-js‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn hn´p -sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-
Xm-Wv. s]mXp-`-c-W-h-Ip∏v {]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´dn C°m-cy-Øn¬ th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoIcn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
s{]m^.- Fw.-F-kv.- kzm-an-\m-Y≥ (A-≤y-£≥)
IΩn-j≥ AwK-߃ (9)
Irjn-h-Ip∏v Ub-d-IvS¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Irjn-Imcy SmkvIv t^mgvkv, A≤y-£≥
`mc-X -k¿°m¿, \yqU¬ln (I-h-dnwKv e‰-tdm-sS)
{]n≥kn-∏¬ A°u-≠‚ v P-\-d¬
Zn A°u-≠‚ v P\-d¬ (Hm-Un-‰v)
[\h-Ip∏v
tIm∏n-Iƒ :
161
Kh¿WdpsS DØ-c-thmsS,
cmPohv kZm-\-µ≥
Kh-s◊‚ v sk{I-´dn
v
1. apJy-a-{¥n-bpsS apJy-sk-{I-´-dn, Irjn-h-Ip-∏p- a-{¥n-bpsS ss{]h‰v sk{I-´dn
2. No^v sk{I-´-dn-bpsS tPmbn‚ sk{I-´-dn.
3. Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z-\- I-Ωn-j-W-dpsS tIm¨^n-U≥jy¬ Akn-Â v.
4. Irjn-h-Ip∏v sk{I-´dn (tIm¨^n. Akn-Â v)
5. s]mXp-`-cWw (F-®v.-sI.-kn.) hIp-∏v.
6. s]mXp-`-cWw (s]m-fn-‰n-°¬) hIp-∏v.
A\p-_‘w 3
A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®-I-fn-t∑¬ {]tXy-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ
cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v C¥y-bpsS kw`m-h\
hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂pw Irjnsb
kao-]n-°p-tºmƒ hnI-kz-c -cm-Py-߃°p≈ {]tXy-Ihpw hnth-N-\-]q¿∆-amb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ

temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS tZml a{¥n-Xe {]Jym-]\w (WT/MIN(O) DEC/1) kmµ¿`n-I-ambn
C{]-Imcw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. ""hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-tfmSv {]tXy-In®pw hnth-N-\-]q¿∆-amb
]cn-K-W\ thW-sa∂ Imcyw Irjnsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ F√m A\p-c-RvP-\-ßfptSbpw F√m LS-Iß-fp-tSbpw
Hcp Ahn-`mPy `mK-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah Cf-hp-I-fp-tSbpw _m≤y-X-I-fp-tSbpw ]´n-Ibn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpw A\p-c-⁄-\-ß-fpsS N´-߃°pw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb-
hn-[-Ønepw {]mtbm-Kn-I- X-e-Øn-epw, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse hnI-k-\-]-c-amb Kuchw A¿ln-
°p∂ Bh-iy-ßsf ap≥\n-dp-Øn, `£y-kp-c£, {Kmao-W-hn-I-k\w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬
{]tXyI DZm-c-]-c-amb kao-]\w A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv.
""A\p-c-⁄-\-߃°v Ah-Im-i-ap≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ]cn-K-W-\-I-fn¬ s]Sp-
∂-h-bmtWm F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw \n›-bn-°p-I''.
B hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Irjn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Kuc-h-X-c-amb {]Xn-Iqe kml-Ncyw t\cn-Sp-∂h-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
\ne-hn-en-cp∂ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdp (AOA) IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s]mcp-
Ø-t°-Sp-I-fpw, Ah-kc ka-Xz-an-√m-bva-bpw, Ds≠-n¬ Ah \o°p-hm-\pw, hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Irjnta-J-e-bn¬
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw klm-bn-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu e£y-Øn-te-°mbn ka-{K-a-s√-n¬°q-Snbpw Hcp Iq´w \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS ]´nI
CtXm-sSm∏w tN¿∂n-´p-≠v. A\p-c-RvP\m- N¿®-I-fn-se√mw Cu cmPy-ßsf aq∂p {][m\ XqWp-IfpsS
Xmsg-bmWv Xcw Xncn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Htcm-cp-Øcpw Cu Imcy-ß-fn-sem-∂nemWv ISpØ {]Xn-k‘n
t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-X, B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse am’-cyw.
(3) CXp-I-gnv Cu cmPy-߃°v \nc-∏mb Hcp Ifn-°fw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]tXy-Ihpw hyXykvX-hp-amb
]cn-K-W\m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ kv]jvS-ambpw {]Xy-£-ambpw A\ph-Zn-°p-hm≥
\mw \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(4) F∂m¬ Zu¿`m-Ky-Øn\v, temI -Im¿jnI hym]m-cw hn-I-ehpw, hºn® [\m-Ka hyb- am¿§-
ßfpw kº-Zvt{km-X- p-Ifpw D≈ Hcp Iq´w hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fpsS B`y-¥-chpw Im¿jn-Ihp-amb
\b-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-Wm-[o-\-X-bn-emWv temI -hym-]m-c -cw-Kw. Ah¿ B`y-¥c DXv]m-
Z-I¿°pw (I¿j-I¿°pw) Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°pw `oa-amb tXmXn¬
k_vkn-Un-Ifpw, a‰v Cf-hp-Ifpw A\phZn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn temI -hym-]m-c-Øn¬ Hcp
{[pho-IcWw D≠m-hp-I-bpw, A¥-mcmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fnse Im¿jn-tIm-
Xv]-∂-߃°v hne CSn-bp-Ibpw AXv Ah-cpsS Im¿jnI DXv]m-Z-\sØ Atß-b‰w lm\n-Ic-ambn
_m[n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Aßs\ kmº-Øn-I- t{km-X- p-I-fpsS Ipd-hp- aqew, hym]mc
\nb-a-߃ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb L´-ß-fn¬ t]mepw, hnI-kn-X- cm-Py-߃ Xß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°v
\¬Ip-∂-Xp- t]m-ep≈ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ B`y-¥c klmbw sNøp-hm≥ hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v
Ign-hn-√msX t]mIp-∂- ÿn-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-߃ bmsXmcp Cf-hp-Ifpw, B`y-
¥cklmbw F∂-\n-ebvt°m, Ib-‰p-a-Xn- k-_vkn-Un-bmtbm \¬Ip-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Im¿jnI
hym]m-csØ kw_-‘n® IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fn-epw, A\p-c-RvP\-ß-fnepw {]tXy-I-hy-h-ÿ-
Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ bYm¿∞ {]iv\w temI- hym-]m-c-Ønse hnI-e-X-Ifpw, AXp-ey-X-Ifpw BWv.
hnI-kn-X -cm-Py-߃ Ah-cpsS B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw, Ib‰p-a-Xnbv°pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-
Xmb {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb k_vkn-Un-I-fn-eqsS hym]m-csØ Ak-¥p-enX-am-°p-∂-
Xns\ ]msS am‰n Ifn-°fw \nc-∏m-°pI F∂-XmWv {][m-\w.
(5) temIsØ _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp∂ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ Irjnsb B{ibn®v
D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp-∂-h-cpw, hfsc Zp¿∫e hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-hcpw {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-
Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hcpw, Zmcn-{Z-tc-Jbv°v ASp-tØm, AXn\p Xmsg -\n-ev°p∂hcp-amb, P\-kwJybn¬
IqSp-X¬ hcp∂ Hcp-hn-`mKw Ds≠-∂p≈ hkvXpX hy‡-ambn ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. hnI-kzc-
cm-Py-ß-fnse Im¿jn-I- hr-Øn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X -Xs∂ sNdp-In-S -Ir-jn-bpw, AXp-am{Xw
D]-Poh\Øn\v Ah-kcw Hcp-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Xmßm-hp-∂ -hn-ebv°pw `£y-[m-
\y-߃ e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. hnI-kzc- cm-Py-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
CuhI Imcy-߃ ]ca {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂hbm-Wv.
AXn-\m¬ hnI-kz-c cm-Py-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cpsS `£-W-hpw, D]-Po-h-\- kp-c-£bpw {Kmao-W -hn-
I-k-\hpw e£y-am-°n-s°m≠v Irjn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ B`y-¥-c- \-b-ß-fn¬ KWy-amb Ab-hp-Iƒ
162

th≠Xpw, hnI-kz-c- cm-PysØ I¿j-I¿°v {]tXy-Ihpw hyXy-kvX-hp-amb ]cn-K-W\ Im¿jnI DXv∏-
∂-ß-fpsS hym]m-c-Øns‚ N´-ß-fnepw hyh-ÿ-I-fnepw Cf-hp-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂Xv A\p-t]-£-
Wo-b-am-Wv.
hn]-Wn-{]m-]yXbpw, B`y-¥-c-k-lm-bhpw Ib-‰p-aXn am’-cyhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w
(6) hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I -P-\-X-I-fpsS \oXn-]q¿∆hpw, hnhn-[-ß-fp-amb Bh-iy-ßsf
DZm: Blm-cw, \nXy -D-]-Po-h-\-kp-c-£, Im¿jnI hnI-k\w {KmaoW hnI-k\w F∂n-hsb
\nd-th-‰m≥ Ah¿ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy -D-]-I-c-W-߃ hym]m-c-Øn-ep≈ Xmco-^p-I-fmWv.
F∂m¬ hnI-kn-X- cm-Py-ß-fm-Is´, AXn -hn-]p-e-amb D]-I-c-W -kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS Hcp -\n-c-
Xs∂ aq∂p -Xq-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw Iogn¬ IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fnse {]tXyI A[n-Imc Ah-Im-iß-fmbn
hn`m-h\w sNbvXv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. (Cu aq∂v apJy XqWp-I-fm-Wv, hn]-Wn-{]-
m]y-X-bpw, B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-hpw, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse am’-cy-hpw), hn]Wn {]m]vX-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ Xs∂ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS Cc-®p- I-b‰w D≠m-Ip-tºm-tgm, Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hne-
ØmgvN D≠m-Ip-tºmtgm hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v {]tXyI kpc-£m- am¿§-ßfpsS
D]-I-c-W-߃ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Ddp-tKzm-h´ N¿®-I-fpsS ImeØv Cu cmPy߃°pw
Xmcn-^p-Isf B{i-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬, hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-߃ Ah-cpsS
kmº-Øn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ÿnXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw hnI-k-\-]-c-amb Bh-iy߃,
`£-Ww, D]-Po-h-\- -kp-c-£, {KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-߃ F∂nhbpsS \n¿∆l-W-Øn\v
A¿lhpw Bh-iy-hp-amb Cf-hp-Ifpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw e`n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂-
Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw am{Xta apºp- -]-d aq∂p XqWp-I-fnepw hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p≈
hn[-Øn¬ hnI-knX cmPy-ß-tfmSv {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-hm-\pw, {]tXy-In®v hn]Wn {]m]y-
X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-amb Xc-Øn¬ {]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw km[n-°p-I-bp≈q F∂-
XmWv bmYm¿∞yw.
(7) hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Xmcn-^p- \n-c-°p-I-fn¬ Fs¥-nepw Ipdhp hcp-Øp-∂-Xv, hnI-knX
cmPy߃ Ib-‰p-a-Xn _u≠v \nc-°p-I-fn¬ BsI icm-icn Ipdhv hcp-Øp-sa∂ Dd-∏ns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kao-]-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ Npa-Øp∂ Cd-°p-a-Xn- Xmcn-^p-Iƒ
hnI-kn-X -cm-jv{S-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Xmcn-^n-t\-°mƒ hfsc XmW \nc-°n-ep-≈-
Xm-Wv. AXpw Hmtcm Xmcn^v sse\n\pw G‰hpw Ipdv Cf-hp-Iƒ hcp-Øm-sX, hnI-knX
cmPy-߃ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ Xmcn^v kao-]\w Fs¥∂v t\m°m-sX-bmWv hnI-kzc cmPy-߃
Xmcn-^p-Iƒ XmW- \n-c-°n¬ Npa-Øp-∂-Xv. GXm-bmepw CXn-\p-apºp \S-∂n-´p≈ WTO
A\pc⁄-\ -N¿®-I-fn¬ Bt]-£n-I-ambn Ipd _u≠v Xmcn-^p- \n-c-°p-Iƒ \n›-bn-°s∏-´n-´p-≈-
Nne {]tXyI Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Xmcn-^p-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ hnI-kzc
cmPy-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ddp-tKz -h-´-N¿®-I-fpsS ImeØv AtX- Xcw Dev]-∂-߃°v
\n›-bn-®n-cp∂ Xmcn^v \nc-°n-te-s°-nepw h¿≤-\hv hcp-Øm≥ hnI-knX cmPy-߃ kΩ-
Xn-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse hnI-kz-c- cm-Py-߃°v hn]-Wn -{]m-]y-Xsb kw_-‘n® _m≤y-X-
Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ IqSp-X¬ ka-bhpw \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw Ib-‰p-aXn Xmcn-^n¬
Cf-hp-Iƒ hcp-Øp-tºmƒ AXns‚ KpW-^-e-߃ s]s´∂v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-sa-n¬ t]mepw,
hnI-knX cmPy-߃ kz¥w I¿j-I¿°v \evIp∂ B`y-¥-c-k-lm-b-Ønepw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnepw
Ah¿ ssIs°m-≈p∂ \b-ß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-Øns‚ ^ew {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv Gsd kabw
Ignp am{X-am-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m. Ddp-tKz -h´ N¿®-Im-esØ hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-Xsb kw_-‘n®
_m≤y-X-Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-b-Xns‚ A\p-`hw h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, hnI-knX cmPy-߃°v
e`n® kabw Gsd-°psd hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°-\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ka-b-Øn\p Xpey-am-bn-cp-∂-
Xmbn ImWmw. (F-∂m¬ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) ¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ 2/3 F∂
IW-°n-em-bn-cp-∂n√) AXn-\m¬ hn]-Wn -{]m-]y-X, B`y-¥-c -klm-bw, Ib-‰p-aXn k_vknUn
XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-tWm-]m-[n-I-fn-eqsS hnI-kzc cmPy-߃ C\n hln-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ GsXmcp
]pXnb _m≤y-Xbpw hnI-knX cmPy-߃°p-≈-Xns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ H´pw IqSp-X-em-Ip-hm≥
]mSp-≈-X-√.
(8) apI-fn¬ ]d-Xp IqSmsX aq∂p XqWp-I-fp-tSbpw Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ Xmsg-]-dbp∂
\n¿t±-i-߃ \S-∏n¬ h-cptØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
163

F. hn]-Wn-{]m-]yX
_n.
1. Xmcn-^ns‚ D®m-h-ÿ-bpw, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS ta¬ {ItaW
Xmcn^v Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ KWy-amb Ipdhv hcp-Øp-I.
2. Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS C\w Xncn-®p≈ kw⁄-Iƒ Hmtcm DXv]-∂-Øn-t‚bpw {]tXy-IX ImWn-
°p∂ k-c-]-Z-ß-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-°m-sX, Ah-bpsS hne-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \nc-°p-
Iƒ°v XØp-ey-amb hm°p-I-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-I.
3. \n›nX Xmcn^v td‰v tIzm´m (TRQ) hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ A®-S°w
D≠m-°p-I-bpw, F√m hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°pw Ah¿°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ Xmev]-cy-ap≈
DXv]-∂-ß-tf-IqSn Xmcn^v td‰v tIzm´-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI hgn hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°v
hn]Wn {]m]yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
4. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA) B¿´n-°nƒ 5 A\p-im-kn-°p∂ {]tXyI ]cn-c£/
kwc-£-W-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ F√m hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°pw hym]-I-am-°p-I.
B`y-¥-c-k-lmbw
1. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ B¿´n-°nƒ 6.2 hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°mbn hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-
´p≈ hyh-ÿ-Isf sh√p-hn-fn-°m≥/tNmZyw sNøp-hm≥ Hcp WTO AwK- cm-Py-sØbpw
A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
2. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ B¿´n-°nƒ 6.2 ¬ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf kw_‘n®v ]cma¿in-°p-∂,
\ne-hn-ep≈ LS\ AXp-t]mse \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I.
3. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dnse 8˛mw JWvUnI A\p-_‘w 2 ¬ \n¿t±-in-°p∂ hnIkzc
cmPy-߃ DXv]m-Z-\- \n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ DΩ-d-∏-Sn-bn¬ FØ-W-sa-∂pw,
{]Ir-Xn -t£m`w t]mep≈ AXym-ln-X-߃ t\cn-Sp-tºmƒ Zpcn-Xm-izmk klm-b-߃°v
A¿l-cm-Ip-hm≥ Iev]n-°p-∂-Xmb hcp-am\ \jvS-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂pw hnI-kzc cmPyßsf
Hgn-hm-°p-I.
4. A¿∞hØpw \n¿Æm-b-I-hp-amb Xc-Øn¬ B`y-¥-c- k-lm-b-ß-fn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m-I-W-sa-
n¬ Ipdhp hcp-Øm-\p≈ _m≤yX Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v ASn-ÿm\w, DXv]-∂m-[n-jvTnX
am\-Z-WvU-߃ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse F√m-hn-[-Ønepw hym]m-csØ A´n-a-dn-°p∂
(Bw-_¿ t_mIvknepw, A\p-_‘w 2 (5,6,7 JWvUn-II-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂) B`y-¥-c -k-lmbhpw
Ipd- \ne-°n-ep-≈Xpw (de minimis) B-bn-cn-°Ww. A-Xm-bXv \S-∏n¬ hcp-tØ≠
Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw B`y-¥-c -k-lmbw G‰hpw Ipd \nc-°nep≈
(de minimis) Bbn-cn-°-Ww.
5. B`y-¥-c -k-lmbw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\v _m-≤yX D≠m-hp-∂Xv C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂Xmb Ahkc-k-aXzw
(Xp-ey-X) F√m cmPy-°m¿°pw In´mØ kml-Ncyw aqe-am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈
{]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hnI-knX cmPy-߃ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ Xß-fpsS I¿j-I¿°v
AS-¬ klmb \S-]Sn (A<strong>MS</strong>) DXv]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-ambn k_vkn-Un-I-fmbn \evIp-hm≥ kmº-
Øn-I- ti-jn-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fm-I-s´, hfsc Ipd AS-¬
k-lmb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (A<strong>MS</strong>) am{Xw, AXpw G‰hpw Ipd (de minimis) ]cn-[n-bv°p-≈n¬,
\evIp∂hcm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ G‰hpw Ipd AS-¬ klmb (A<strong>MS</strong>) IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp hy‡-amb am\-Z-WvU-sØ-∏‰n Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-th-≠-XmWv. s]mXpth ]d-
m¬ B`y-¥-c- k-lmb _m≤y-X-Iƒ Atßb‰w Ipd-bv°pI F∂Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv AXv
AXm-bXv,
• G‰hpw Ipd (de minimis) \ne-hm-c-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ B`y-¥-c- k-lmbw DXvv]-∂m-
[n-jvTn-X-amb ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ AS-¬ klm-b-am-°pI (A-Yhm Xo¿Øpw AS--e-√m-
Xm-°p-I).
• G‰hpw Ipd \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ DXv]-∂m-[n-jvTn-X-a-√mØ AS-¬ klm-bhpw,
Dev]-∂m-[n-jvTnX klm-bhpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I.
164

• AS-¬k-lmb \S-]Sn Hcp kpÿn-c-amb \mW-b-Øns‚ (tÃ-_nƒ Id≥kn) ASnÿm-\-Øn¬
\n›-bn-°p-I. \mW-b-s∏-cp-∏-Øns‚ B[n-Iy-^-e-am-bp≈ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ GsX-
nepw Hcp AwK-cm-Py-Øn\v B`y-¥-c-k-lmb \S-]Sn Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp∂ kml-
N-cy-Øn¬ AXn\v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \evtI-≠-Xm-Wv.
kn. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnse am’cyw
• F√m hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xmb Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dns‚ (AOA)
9˛mw B¿´n-°nƒ 1 (-Un) bptSbpw (C) bptSbpw Iogn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb k_vkn-Un-Iƒ
Cfhp IqSmsX XpS-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah IqSm-sX-bp≈ ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈
Hcp \n›nX ka-b-]-cn-[n-bv°p-≈n¬ \S-°p∂ Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-tS-≠-
Xm-Wv.
• F√m-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ Ib-‰p-aXn k_vkn-Un-Ifpw Ipd-bv°p-hm-\p≈ _m≤yX \S-∏n¬ hcp-
Øm-\p≈ Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ GsX-nepw cmPyw Ib-‰p-aXn am’-cy-Øn¬ Xpey-X-bv°mbn
B`y-¥c k_vknUn A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ AXv XS-b-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-
Xm-Wv.
• {]tXy-Ihpw \n›n-X-hp-amb A[n-Im-c-ap≈ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hym]mc ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw,
a‰p k¿°m-tc-Xc hym]mc ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ Ib-‰p-aXn hmbv]-Iƒ,
IS-߃, Kymc‚n-Iƒ, C≥jz-d≥kv, `£y-k-lm-b-߃ F∂o hI klm-b-߃ sImSp-°p-
∂-Xn¬ XnI in£W-w G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
• Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dnse B¿´n-°nƒ 9 s‚ 1 (d) bpw, (e) bpw {]Imcw hnI-kzc cmPy߃°mbn
ssIs°m-≈p∂ \S-]-Sn-Isf tNmZyw sNøp-hm≥ Hcp AwK -cm-Py-tØbpw A\p-h-
Zn®p IqSm-Ø-Xm-Wv.
(9) Ah-km-\-am-bn,
GsX-nepw Hcp hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn-t\m, hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS Iq´-Ønt\m Irjn-sbkw-_-‘n-®p≈
A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpsS ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn¬ BXy-¥n-I-ambn bmsXmcp Akw-Xr-
]vXnbpw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-Wv. IqSm-sX, Cu A\p-c-RvP\ {ia-߃ F√mw- Xs∂
sFIy-tØm-Sp -Iq-Snb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Fn¬t]mepw,
F√m hnI-kzc cmPy-߃°pw Im¿jnI hym-]m-c-Øn¬ KpW-I-c-amb ^e- {]m]vXn Dcp-
Øn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn¬ F√mw ]c-kv]cw sImSp-°p-Ibpw hmßp-Ibpw
A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-sW∂ Hcp- [m-cW D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw, AXv \ne-\n¿Øp-I-bpw, B [m-c-
W-bn¬ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-
≠p≈ Hcp {Iao-I-cWw DS-\ofw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
(10) WTO bnse AwK- cm-Py-߃ F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpsS \n›n-X- am-
Xr-I-Iƒ, A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpsS A¥na ^e-Øns‚ Hcp Ahn-`mPy LS-I-ambncnt°-≠-XmWv.
B\p-_‘w 4
H∂mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ
tUm: Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥, A≤y-£≥,
WTO bpw Im¿jn-I -{]-iv\-ßfpw k_-‘n® IΩn-j≥
Iymºv : I¬∏‰
2001 HIvtSm-_¿ 10.
{io. tKm]m¬Ir-jvW-]n-≈ sF.-F.-F-kv.
{]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´dn Sp No^v an\n-ÿ
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
^mIvkv : 0471 ˛ 333 489/333682
165

{]nb-s∏´ {io. tKm]m¬Ir-jvW-]n-≈,
WTO bpw tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI {]iv\-ßfpw kw_-‘n® IΩnj≥ AXns‚ 2001 HIvtSm-_¿
9 \v tImgn-t°mSv tN¿∂ tbmK-Øn¬ h®v, 2001 \hw-_¿ 9 apX¬ 13 hsc \S-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ WTO
bpsS \memw -a-{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ N¿®-bn¬, C¥y ssIs°mt≈≠ \ne-]mSv F¥m-bn-cn-°-
W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ ASpØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ U¬ln-bn¬ tNcp∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ _lp-am-\-s∏´
apJy-a{¥n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠ {][m\ hkvXp-X-I-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
_lp-am-\-s∏´ apJy-a-{¥n°v I-Ωn-js‚ ip]m¿i-I-fpsS Npcp°w AS-ßnb t\m´v Rm≥ CXnt\m-sSm∏w
Ab-bv°p∂p.
kvt\lm-Z-c-]q¿∆w
s{]m^. Fw.-F- v. kzman-\m-Y≥
hniz-kvX≥
tIm∏n-Iƒ :
tUm. ]n.-sI. inhm-\-µ≥ sF.-F.-F-kv.
tUm. sI.-F≥. iyma-kp-µ-c≥ \mb¿
{]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´-dn, F v. kn & F v.-‰n.
^mIvkv \º¿ : 0471 ˛ 324 766
_lp-am-\-s∏´ apJy-a-{¥n°v \¬Inb t\m´v
WTO bpw Irjnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ {]iv\-ßfpw
1. hym]m-chpw Zmcn-{Zy- \n¿Ωm¿÷-\hpw
tZml-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p∂ a{¥nXe {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ {]ta-b-Øns‚ IcSp
cq]-Øns‚ D]-{I-a- -Øn¬ C{]-Imcw Du∂¬ sImSp°p∂p:
""Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn¬ A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-c-Øn\v hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]m-Wp-≈-Xv.
\ΩpsS F√m P\-߃°pw, Cu _lp-I£n hym-]mc hyh-ÿ -aqew D≠m-Ip-∂-Xmb h¿≤n® Ahk-c-ßfpw
t£a-I-c-amb t\´-ßfpw AXn¬ \n∂pw {]tbm-P-\-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv F∂pd-∏m-°m-
\p≈ _m≤yX \mw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn°p∂p''.
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® WTO Icm-dns‚ ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® hnImcw hy‡-
amb \nb-a-ß-fnepw hyh-ÿ-I-fnepw IqSn {]Xn-^-en-°-Ww. Imc-Ww, hnf-Ir-jn, arK-kw-c-£Ww,
a’y-_-‘-\w, h\w, Im¿jn-I-kw-kvI-cWw F∂nh C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m- -hy-hÿ-bp-sS-bpw,
a‰p hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fp-tSbpw \s´-√m-Wv. Cu Dt±-i-tØmsS sNdp-InS ssat{Im kwcw-
`-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-߃ sNdp-InS hmbv]m ]n¥p-W-I-tfmsS ]cn-c-£n-°p-hm≥ th≠ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
\n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, {]Xn-h¿jw C¥y 80 Zi-e£w SÆn¬ IqSp-X¬ £oc-am-Wv, 75
Zi-e£w ]ip-°-fn¬ \n-∂pw, 50 Zi-e£w DXv]m-Z-I¿ (Iq-Sp-Xepw kv{XoIƒ) DXv]m-Zn-∏n®p hcp-∂-
Xv. {KmaoW IpSpw-_-ß-fnse 60% hcp∂ G‰hpw Zcn-{Z-cm-h-b-h-cmWv £ocw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Imen-IfpsS
DS-a-ÿ¿. Cßns\ Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-ß-fpsS Poh¬ {][m-\-amb kwcw-`-߃ Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h-
\hpw t]mj-I- kp-c-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ P\-߃ Xs∂ kz¥w Pohn-tXm-Zyaw F∂ DXv]m-Z\
k{º-ZmbØneq-sS-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\v h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ DXv]m-Z\ k{º-Zm-b-ß-fn-eqsS
D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-tfmSv Hcn-°epw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a’-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√, "^mIvSdn
^manwKv' F∂v km[m-cW ]d-bp-∂, B[p-\nI DXv]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fp-tSbpw `mcn® k_vkn-Un, kmt-
Xn-I-Xzw, aqe-[\w F∂n-h-bpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmSp IqSnb hyh-ÿ-tbmSv InS-]n-Sn-°m-\m-hn-√.
AXn-\m¬ [\-k-lm-b-a-√, hym]m-c-am-Wv, Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\Øn\p≈ D]-I-c-W-am-tI-≠-Xv.
AXp-sIm-≠v, Zcn-{Z -P-\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-tØbpw Ah-cpsS sXmgn-en-t\bpw sIm√p∂/X√n-ØI¿°p∂
Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xpw, Zcn-{Z-cpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-am-b, hy‡-hpw, aq¿Øhp-ambn
\n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏´ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, ]pXp°n Fgp-Xp∂ WTO IcmdpI-fn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw D≠m-bn-cn-
166

t°≠XmWv. \mw apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂-Xmb ""`£-W-Øn\pw D]-Po-h-\- kp-c-£-bv°p-ap≈ t_mIvkv''
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-Wv.
2. ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\hpw, (\m-´-dn-hpw) hym]-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-ihpw (TRIPS)
tZml a{¥n-Xe {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ Ic-Sp-tcJ
16-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p:
""hym]-mc-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi (TRIPS) Iu¨kn-en-t\mSv {Sn∏vkns‚ Icmdpw,
ssPh-ssh-hn≤y tIm¨^-d≥kpw (CBD), ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬ km¿∞-
Ihpw kPo-h-hp-amb {i≤]Xn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v R߃ \n¿t±-in-°p∂p''.
Sn]vkv Icm-dns‚ ]pXp-°nb hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Cu ZrV-s∏-Sp-Øens\ R߃
kzmKXw sNøp∂p. ssPh-ssh-hn≤y tIm¨^-d≥kns‚ (CBD) [m¿Ωn-Ihpw, Ah-kc XpeyX Dd-
∏m-°p-∂-Xp-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠pw, ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\-Øn\v _u≤nI kzØh-Imiw
Ah-tcm-[n-®p-sIm≠pw D≈ ZrVo-I-c-WsØ/Du∂-ens\ R߃ kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. tIcf-Øn\v
Bbp¿th-Z-Øn-t‚-bpw, At\-Im-bncw h¿j-ß-fpsS hn⁄m-\- k-º-Øpw, Huj[ kky-ßfpsS
kº-∂-amb t{kmX- pw, kky- Hu-j[ ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw D≠v.
C¥y-bn¬ ""kky-ßfpsS sshhn-[y-hpw, I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n°p∂ \nbaw
2001'' ]m m-°n-bn-´p≠v. Hcp ssPhsshhn[y- _n¬ C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ Ccn-°p-Ibm-Wv.
C¥y- \-S-Øn-bn-´p≈ Cu \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw am¿§-Z¿i-I-amb \S-]-Sn-bmWv. Imc-Ww, CXv Htck-abw
kky-߃ hf¿Øp-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw, kwc-£-I-cmb I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-߃ Xncn-®-dnv
AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip∂ BZysØ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S-]-Sn-bm-Wv. Xpey-Xbv°pw {]tbm-P\ ]m-fn-Ø-
Øn\pw D≈-Xmb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS Cu \nb-a- \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw
hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imi \nb-a-Øn¬(-{Sn-]vkn¬)-Dƒs°m-≈n-°-W-sa∂v
R߃ temI-hym-]m-c -kw-L-S-\-tbmSv A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. AØcw hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ Hcp BtKmf Po≥
\n[n(Global Gene Fund)ÿm]n°-W-sa∂ Rß-fpsS B{Klw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂pw, P\n-XI
t{kmX- p-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Ønepw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-enepw G¿s∏-´p-h-cp∂ tKm{X-P-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw, {Kmao-
W-Ip-Spw-_ß-fp-sSbpw hne-tb-dnb kw`-h-\-Isf AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw, Ah¿°v A¿l-amb {]Xn-^e-߃
\¬Ip-hm\pw th≠ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw AXn¬ D≠m-h-W-sa∂pw A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. CXn-\-Iw- X-
s∂, ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ssIh-im-h-Im-in-Iƒ°v _u≤n-I- kz-Ø-h-Im-iw(sF.-]n.-B¿.) \¬tI-
≠-Xns‚ Bhiyw "temI -_u-≤nI -kz-Ø-h-Imi kwL-S\'(Uªyq.-sF.-]n.-H.)AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
]pXnb C\w hnØp-I-fpsS (hn-hn[ hnf-I-fp-sS)-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p≈ hn.-]n.-H.-hn. hpw AYhm bqWnb≥
t^m¿ Zn s{]m´-£≥ Hm^v \yq shssd-‰okv Hm^v t{Im]vkv, CXp-t]mse ]mc-ºcy I¿j-I-cpsS
Ah-Im-i-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw, ""kky-ß-fpsS hwi- h¿≤-I-cp-sSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i
-kw-L-S\'' (Union for the Protection of Breeders and Farmers Rights)-F∂ kwL-S-\-bm°n AXns\
am‰p-Ibpw thWw.
3. Im¿jn-I -hn-f-Ifpw hymh-km-bnI hnf-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
Ct∏mƒ ]cpØn Hcp Im¿jnI hnf-bm-bn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw d∫dpw, NWhpw,
hymh-km-bnI hnf-I-fmbn Icp-Xn-h-cp-∂p. d∫dn-s\bpw NW-tØ-bpw Ib-dn-t\bpw Im¿jnI DXv]-
∂-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \mw kΩ¿±w sNep-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ImcWw, Ch aq∂pw apJyambpw
sNdp-InS Im¿jn-I- ta-J-e-bn¬s]-Sp-∂Xpw sNdnb Im¿jnI IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sS, Ht∂m AXn¬
Xmsgtbm slIvS¿ am{Xw Irjn-`qan DS-a-I-fmb P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v hI-sbm-cp-°p∂ taJ-ebm-W-Xv.
4. tZio-b -X-e-Øn¬ ssIs°mtff≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
apºv {]kvXm-hn® aq∂p- Im-cy-ßfpw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-]Sn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bpw, Xmsg-
∏-d-bp∂ `mcX -k¿°m-cns‚ kXzc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-h-bp-am-Wv.
167

F) km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m km\n-´-dnbpw kw_-‘n® \S-]-Sn-Ifpw, tImUvIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-b≥kv
am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw
apI-fn¬ ]d Bh-iy-߃°v th≠ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv ASn-b-¥c
{]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ s]mXp Ah-t_m-[hpw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. CXn-
\mbn kaq-l- td-Untbm \ne-b-߃ ÿm]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX sImbvsX-SpØ hnf-Iƒ, hntijn®
tXm´-hn-f-bmb Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv F∂nh DW-°p-∂Xv henb {]iv\-ambncn°p∂p. ka-bØv
DW-°m-Ø-Xns‚ ^e-ambn ssat°m-tSm-Ivkn-\p-Iƒ, Db¿∂ Cu¿∏-Øns‚ km∂n-≤y-waqew Ahbn¬
s]cpInhcp-∂p. ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-X- ns‚ tI{µ-a-{¥m-e-bw (-Fw.-F≥.-C.-F-kv.)
kutcm¿÷w D]-tbm-Kn®v hnf-Iƒ DW-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Xo{h-bXv\ ]≤Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. DXv]m-Z-I¿ sImbvsX-Sp-°p-∂- hnf \∂mbn DW-°n-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ CXp hfsc klm-b-I-am-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
_n)
DXv]-∂-ß-ƒ ho≠pw Ib-‰n- Abv°m-\mbn \S-Øp∂ Cd-°p-aXn
XXz-Øn¬ t\m°nbm¬,Nne DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-Iƒ aqey-h¿≤\ \S-Øn-b-tijw Ib-
‰p-aXn sNøp-∂Xv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-sW-n-epw, Cu A\p-Iqe hyh-ÿ, Im∏n-bp-sS-bpw, tXbne-bpsSbpw
Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv C¥y≥ D¬]m-Z-I-cpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn\v hf-sctbsd
lm\n-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tI{µ- hm-WnPyImcy- a-{¥m-ebw tI{µ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Upambn
Cu {]iv\w {i≤m-]q¿∆w N¿® sNø-Ww. AXp-t]mse DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS icn-bmb Bhn¿`m-h-
Øns‚ km£n-]{Xw \¬Ip-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ "AtXm-dn-‰n-Iƒ' Bcm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v
hy‡-ambpw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
kn)
Cd-°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n® ÿnXn-hn-h-c-߃
Cd-°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n® hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃ F√mw IrXy-ambn tI{µ-˛"-hn-tZi hym]m-c-˛-hm-Wn-
Py-Imcy a{¥mebw' Ah-cpsS sh_v ssk-‰p-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Aßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ
Xo¿®-bmbpw Unam‚pw kssπ-bpw (-B-h-iy-hpw, e`y-X-bpw)- X-Ωn-ep≈ hyXymkw F¥m-sW∂v Dd-
∏m-°p-hm\pw Cd-°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n®p I¿tΩm-∑pJamb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ ssIs°m-
≈p-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Un)
hntZ-i- kq-£va Pohn-Pm-e-ß-fpsS IS-∂-pI-b‰w
At\Iw AXn-kq-£vam-Wp-°-fpw, tcmKm-Wp-°-fpw, IoS-ß-fpw, If-Ifpw Cu cmPy-tØ°v IS-∂p
-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. h≥ tXm-Xn¬ [m\y-ß-fpw, FÆ-°p-cp-°-fpw, ]uƒ{Sn DXv]-∂-ß-fpw, Im¿jn-I- N-c-°p-
Ifpw Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Ch IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. tZio-b -ÿm-]-\-amb "Zn \mj-
W¬ _yqtdm Hm^v πm‚ v P\-‰nIvkv dntkm-gvkkv' Dw C¥y≥ Im¿jn-I- K-th-jW tI{µ (ICAR)
Øns‚ Z¬ln-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ U¬ln-bnse ÿm]-\hpw Hcp A]-IS kqN\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu A\y- kq-£va- Po-hn-Iƒ \ΩpsS Irjn°v henb `oj-Wn-bm-Wv. ]uƒ{Sn hyh-km-bhpw ]pXnb
tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS `ojWn t\cn-Sp-∂p. Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]uƒ{Sn DXv]-∂-ßfn¬ IqSn-bmWv
Cu AWp-°ƒ IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. B{‘{]-tZ-inse sNΩo≥ hyh-km-b-Øn\v Cß-s\-bmWv A]-I-S-ap-
≠m-b-Xv. \ΩpsS Im¿jn-I- ta-J-ebv°v \ma-dn-bmsX D≠mb `oj-Wn-bpsS IS-∂p- h-c-hns\ XS-bphm≥
ASn-b-¥nc \S-]Sn Bh-iy-am-Wv.
C) KpW-\n-e-hmc hnπhw
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏‰n hfsc IqSp-X¬ Ah-t_m[w \ΩpsS \m´n¬ D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. KpW-
\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw AXp-b¿Øp-∂ ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\y-sØ- ]-‰nbpw hn]p-eamb Hcp hnZym-`ymk
t_m[-h-XvI-cW ]cn-]mSn F{Xbpw thKw Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn-epw, KpW-\n-e-hmc-Ønepw
c≠nepw H∏w hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰w D≠m-°m-Ø-]£w \ΩpsS DXv]-∂-߃°v BtKmf
Im¿jnI hym]mc a’-c-ß-fn¬ th≠ am’-cy-£-aX ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hp-I-bn-√.
168

2. tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jnI {]Xn-k-‘nbpw ASn-b-¥n-c-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iyhpw
tIc-f-Ønse Irjn apJy-ambpw Zo¿L-Im-e- hn-f-I-fmb d_¿, tXbn-e, Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, \mfntIcw
apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv. Irjn ÿe-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Hcp slIvStdm AXn¬ Xmsgtbm hnkvXrXnbp-≈-h-bm-Wv.
F√m DXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw hne XI¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ge-Øn-s‚bpw hmg-∏-g-Øn-s‚bpw
at‰-Xm\pw C\-ß-fp-sSbpw hne-am-{X-am-Wv XmWn-´n-√m-Ø-Xv.
tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ°v, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ G‰hpw Ipd Iqen \¬Ip-hm≥ Ignbp-∂n-√.
am{X-a-√, \nb-a-]-c-ambn DS-a-Iƒ AS-bvt°≠ XpI-I-fpw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS t{]mhn-U‚ v
^≠n-te°v \nt£-]n-t°≠ XpIbpw AS-bv°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-n-´n-√.
tIc-f-Ønse Irjn-bnepw kºZv hyh-ÿ-bnepw Ct∏m-gp-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k‘n CXn-\p-apºv
Hcn-°epw A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv. AXn-\p-Im-cWw Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-ß-fpsS hne
s]mSp-∂s\ Iq∏p-Ip-Øn-b-Xm-Wv. \nc-h[n Im∏n-tØm-´-ß-fpw, tXbn-e-tØm-´-ßfpw AS-®p- ]q-´p-I-bm-
Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Akm-[m-cW kml-N-cy-Øn\v Akm-[m-c-W-am-sbmcp {]Xn-hn-[n-bmWv th≠nh-cp-∂-Xv.
`mcX -k¿°m¿ tIc-f-Øn\v ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sNøp-hm-\p≈ klm-bw, kwÿm-\sØ tXm´hn-f-bnse
sXmgn-em-fn-Isf `mh-\m-k-º-∂-amb "kºq¿Æ' {KmaoW tdmkvKm¿ tbmP\ F∂
]≤XnbpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-te-°mbn Zb-hmbn `mc-X -k¿°m¿ 2.1 e£w
S¨ Acnbpw 1 e£w S¨ tKmX-ºpw, tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS an\naw thP- ns‚ `mK-ambn \¬I-
W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-∂p. CXns‚ Hcp `mKw I¿j-I¿ hln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. `£y-[m-\y- `mKw I¿j-
I¿°v {Km‚mbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ `£y-hne `mKn-I-ambn Iqen-bnepw `mKn-I-ambn
]W-ambpw IW-°m-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
""Zo¿L-Im-e -hn-fsb c£n-°m≥ `£yw'' F∂ ]≤Xn bn¬ CXns\ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn, kºq¿Æ
{KmaoW tbmP\m ]≤-Xn-bv°mbn \o°n-h-®n-´p≈ 5 Zi-e£w S¨ `£y-[m-\y-Øn¬\n∂pw `mc-Xk¿°m-cn\v
A\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥
A\p-_‘w 5
c≠mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ
_lp-am-\-s∏´ kwÿm\ Irjn hIp-∏p-a-{¥n°v
2002-˛2003 _UvP-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm\mbn ka¿∏n®
CS-°me ip]m¿iIƒ
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I- cwKw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]iv\-߃°v ASn-b-¥n-c-amb
kzoI-cn-t°≠I¿Ω -]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
s^{_p: 20, 2002
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I -ta-J-e-bnse {]Xn-k‘n ASn-b-¥n-c-amb {]Xn-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-°p-
∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ Irjn apJy-ambpw d∫¿, tXbn-e, Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, \mfn-tIcw F∂o Zo¿L-Im-ehn-f-Isf
ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-XmWv. an°-hmdpw F√m Irjn- ÿ-e-ßfpw Hcp slIvS-tdm, AXn¬
Xmsgtbm am{Xw hnkvXr-Xn- -bp-≈-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ F√m Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw hne XI¿∂ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ge-Øn-t‚bpw Nne-bn\w hmg-∏-g-Øn-t‚bpw hne am{X-amWv BZm-b-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Irjn-bn-epw kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k‘n F°m-e-tØ-bpw-Imƒ
cq£hpw, s]mSp-∂s\ hne Iq∏p IqØn-b-Xns‚ ^e-ambn D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xp-am-Wv.
1) tXm´-߃°v ASn-b-¥nc klm-b-sa-Øn-°p-I
\nc-h[n Im∏n-˛-tX-bn-e -tXm-´-߃ AS®p ]q´p-I-bm-Wv. tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ°v \n¿±n-jvS-amb an\naw
Iqen sImSp-°mt\m \nb-a-]-c-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v \¬Im-\p≈ t{]mhn-U‚ v ^≠n-te-°p-≈
hnlnXw AS-bv°p-hmt\m Ign-bp-∂n-√. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Akm-[m-cW kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \mw Akm-[m-c-
W-ambn {]Xn-I-cnt® aXn-bm-hq. tXm´w taJ-e-bn¬ kwPm-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k‘n adn-I-S-°-W-sa-
169

n¬ 5 Zi-e£w S¨ `£yw "sXmgn-en\p Blmcw' F∂ ]≤Xn tXm´w taJ-e-bn-te°v hym]n-∏nt°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Iqen-bpsS Hcp `mKw `£y-ambn \¬Ip-Ibpw `£y-k-lmbw tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
]p\xc[n-hm-k-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv. CXp Irjn°p s]mXp-th-bp≈ ASnÿm\
kuI-cy-k-lm-b-Øn-\p≈ ]n¥p-W-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xpw, c≠pw Zo¿L-Ime kzm`mh-ap≈
apX¬ ap-S-°mbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. `mc-X- k¿°m-cn\v sNøm-hp∂ ASn-b-¥n-c-k-lmbw
tXm´-hnf Irjn-sØm-gn-em-fn-Isf kºq¿Æ {KmaoW tdmkvKm¿ tbmP\ ]Zv-[-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bmWv. CXn-\mbn 2 e£w S¨ Acn-bpw, 1 e£w S¨ tKmXºpw tXm´w sXmg-n-em-f-n-Iƒ°v AhcpsS
an\naw thP- ns‚ `mK-ambn \¬Ip-hm≥ `mc-X- k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-IbmWv. CXns‚
[\y-`mKw I¿j-I¿ hln-°pw, [m\y-`mKw I¿j-I¿°v {Km‚m-bpw tXm´w DSa-Iƒ Hcp `mKw ]Wambpw
as‰mcp `mKw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p DS-a-Iƒ sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ Iqen-bn¬ hI-h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xp-am-
Wv. "Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Isf c£n-°m≥ `£Ww' F∂ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn 5 Zi-e£w S¨`-£y-
[m-\y-߃ kºq¿Æ {KmaoW tbmP-\-bv°mbn `mc-X- k¿°m-¿ \o°n-h-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ \n∂pw CXp
\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2) Ib-‰p-aXn DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ: _UvP-‰n¬ GXm\pw klm-b-߃
d∫-dn-\pw, \mfntI-c-Øn-\pw a‰pw Ct∂mfw A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ Cu `oa-amb hne-Ø-I¿®bpsS
apJy-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ H∂v DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\hpw, k-ssπ-bpw, Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hntZi
Cd-°p-a-Xn-bp-am-Wv. CXn-\p-Im-cWw DZm-c-h-XvIc-W-am-Wv. (WTO bpsS Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ßfpsS Cd-
°p-a-Xnsb kw_-‘n® Nne \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hg-ßp-∂p-s≠-n¬ IqSn-bpw) Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
{lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z\w sh´n-°p-d-bv°m-t\m, B`y-¥-c-amb Unam‚ v KWy-ambn
Db¿Ømt\m Ign-bp-∂-X-√. thKw ^e-{]-Zhpw Xm¬°m-en-I-hp-amb Hcp \S-]Sn Cu DXv]-∂-߃
IqSp-X¬ Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bv°mbn \S-Øp∂ ]cn-{i-a-߃°v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-
I-bpw, B`y-¥-c-hn-e-bnepw Ib-‰p-aXn hne-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ hyXym-k-Øn\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬Ip-
I-bpamWv th≠-Xv. kwÿm\-klmbw Ib-‰p-aXn {ia-߃ hym]-I-am-t°≠Xp-am-Wv.
3) \mfotIc hnI-k-\-Øn\v kwtbm-PnX ]≤Xn
kwÿm-\sØ henb Hcp hn`mKw I¿j-I- k-aq-l-Øn\v D]-Po-h\ kpc£ \¬Ip∂ hnf-bmWv
\mfntI-cw. CXn-te-dnb ]pw sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw, \ma-am-{X-amb `qan-bp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚
hne-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ XI¿® hfsc aq¿®-bp-≈-Xpw, AXv a‰p apJy- tXm-´-hn-f-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
XpS¿∂p -h-cp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Cu {]Xn-k-‘n°p ImcWw `mKn-I-ambn cmPy-Øn-\-I-Øp≈ Aan-X-amb
DXv]m-Z-\-am-Wv. Hcp Zo¿L-Im-e-hnf BI-bm¬ \mfn-tIc Irjn-bn¬ {lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, hn]-
Wn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hne-bpsS Db¿® XmgvN-Iƒ°v A\p-kr-X-ambn {IaoI-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ignbp-I-bn-√.
AXn-\m¬ \mfn-tIc I¿j-I¿°v hcp-am\ kpc-£bv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nne X{¥-߃
Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
a) D]-tbm-K-Øn-t‚bpw hcp-am-\-Øn-t‚bpw sshhn-[y-h-XvIcWw
\mfntI-c-Ir-jn-bpsS hyh-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ \mfn-tIc Irjn-sN-øp∂ `qan-bn¬
\n∂p≈ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn {]mbw sN∂Xpw, tcmKw _m[n-®-Xp-amb hr£ßƒ
apdn-®p-am‰n ]Icw ssXIƒ \´p-h-f¿Øp-I-bpw, ag-sh≈w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pew \jvS-am-hmsX
aÆns‚ Cu¿∏w kwc-£n®pw Pe-tk-N\w sa®-s∏- -Sp-Ønbpw, arK-ßsf hf¿Øp-∂-Xpƒs∏-sS, CShnf
Irjnbpw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
b) kwtbm-PnX \mfn-tIc amt\-Pvsa‚ v
kºq¿Æ-ambpw \mfntI-csØ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ IgnbWw. shdpw shfn-s®-Æbpw ]nÆm°pw
am{Xw DXv]m-Zn∏n-®m¬ t]mc. tXßm-sh≈sØ eLp-]m-\o-b-ß-fm-°n, ]pXnb DXv]-∂-ß-fmb "\oc',
"tIc-kp[', "\mfo-tIc ]©-kmc' apX-em-b-h-bmbn am‰p-I-hgn ]q¿Æ-ambpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
\mfn-tI-c- Ir-jnbpw DXv]m-Z\ k{º-Zm-bhpw kwtbm-Pn-X-am-°p-Ibpw hnf-sh-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p- ti-jap≈
DXv]∂ kwkvI-cWwhgn apgp-h≥ D]-tbm-Khpw sshhn-[y-h-XvI-cWØneqsS \S-Øp-I-bmWv
th≠-Xv. CsX√mw Hcn-SØv h®p-Xs∂ sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Aßs\ \mfn-tI-c-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ aqeyhpw
I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°p∂ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv ]pXn-b-Xmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ X{¥w. \mfn-tI-c-sØ
170

IqSn sSIvt\m-f-Pn-an-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ CsXms° km≤y-am-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. CXns‚
kwL-S-\, \mfn-tIc Irjn-°m-cpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw, amt\-Pvsa‚nepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ I¿j-I-cpsS
sNdnb Im¿jn-I- hy-h-kmb Iq´mbva (A-{Kn-˛-_n-kn-\kv I¨tkm¿jyw) cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw, Ahsb
\ne-hn-ep≈ s]mXp-P-\-߃°n-S-bnepw kzImcy- hy-‡n-I-fn-epw, kl-I-c-W -ta-J-e-bn-¬ \n∂v e`yamb
kuI-cy-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-®pw, sIm{]m \n¿ΩmWw t]mep≈ sNdp-InS kwkvI-cWw \SØn
{]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Hcp kwtbm-PnX Iq´mbva kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠pw, {]mY-an-I-amb tI{µo-
Ir-X-ku-I-cy-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw hyhÿ sNbvXp-sIm≠pw (£o-tcm-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw, kwkvI-c-W-
Ønepw Aaq-ens‚ amXrI kzoI-cn-®v) {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu ]≤-Xnsb klm-bn-°p-hm≥
\_m¿Up-t]m-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ßfpw kmt-Xn-I-ambn (Iq-´m-bva-bv°m-bn) Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-etbbpw
hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ kwÿm-\Øv sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS Im¿jn-I-hy-hkmb
Iq´mbva (SFAC) k{º-Zm-b-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp ASn-Ød \ne-hn-ep-≠v. tI{µ sNdp-InS I¿jI
At{Km-˛-_n-kn-\ v I¨tkm¿jy-Øns‚ tI{µo-Ir-X -tk-h\-Øn¬ \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw e`y-am-Ip-
∂-Xm-Wv.
aq∂p ss]e‰p ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
50 Bbn-c-Øn\pw 100 Bbn-c-Øn\pw slIvS¿ CS-bv°p≈ aq∂p- ta-J-e-I-fmbn kwÿm-\sØ
Xncn-®p-sIm-≠mWo ss]e-‰p- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. H∂v sX°≥ {]tZ-isØ (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿) taJe tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb H\m-´p-I-c-bm-Wv. a≤y-ta-Je sIm®n-bnse sNdnb Pe-tk-N\ kuIcy-ap≈
tXm´-ßfpw Xr»q¿ Pn√bpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. hS°v (a-e-_m¿) taJe tImgn-t°m-tSm, IÆq-tcm
D≈ kar-≤-ambn ag e`y-amb tXm´-ß-fn-ep-amWv Cu ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv.
4) Huj-[-k-ky-ßfpw Kncn-h¿§- t£-ahpw
kwÿm\Øv Ct∏mƒ lcnX BtcmKy hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-Øn\v {]Nmcw IqSn hcn-I-bm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ
Xs∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hnt\m-Z- k-©m-c-ap-≠v. CXn-\p -Im-cWw At\-Im-bncw h¿jsØ Bbp¿thZ
]mc-º-cyhpw, Huj-[ -k-ky-ßfpsS kar-≤n-bpam-Wv. Cu \√ Ahkcw kwÿm\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SptØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
\ap°v IqSp-X¬ Huj-[-s®-Sn-Iƒ hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah
Irjn-s®-øp-∂-h¿°pw kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-h¿°pw {]tbm-P\w e`n-°pw. XmsgØX´n¬ [mcmfw sXmgne-h-k-c-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw.
Huj-[- k-ky-Ir-jn-°p -th≠ ASn-ÿm-\- ku-I-cy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-
≠v. Huj-[-Ir-jnbv°pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pap≈ Ah-Imiw B¿°mWv F∂v \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
kky-߃°pw Huj-[-߃°pw te_¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ahbv°v km£y-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw
th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xo¿® hcp-Ø-Ww. Kncn-h¿§- P-\-X-bpsS ka-{K- hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ Hcp Ahn-`m-Py-
L-S-I-ambn Xs∂ Huj-[-k-kyIrjn t{]m’m-l-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-hn-I-k-\sØ amt‰≠-
Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Kncn-h¿§ tKm{X BZn-hmkn IpSpw-_-ß-fmWv s]mXpth Huj-[-
k-ky-ß-fp-tS-bpw, {]tXy-In®pw ssPh sshhn-[y-Øn-t‚bpw ]cn-]m-e-I-cp-w kwc-£-I-cpw. Cu kkyß-fp-sS
kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn Po≥_m-p-Ifpw, hwi-h¿≤-\-hns‚ t{]m’m-l-\m¿∞w koUv_m-p-
Ifpw ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. IqSmsX Huj-[-kky Irjn-°m-cpsS kzbw -k-lmb Iq´m-bva-Iƒ (SHGS)
kwL-Sn-∏n®v DXv]m-Z\w sa®-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sa√mw Huj-[-kky Irjn kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn Hcp-°p∂
ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k-\-Øns‚ {][m\ `mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. sske‚ vhmen-bn¬
\n∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ hb-\m-´n-te°v IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ CS-ß-fn¬ Akp-e-`-amb GXm\pw Huj-[-kky-ß-fpw,
Huj[ Acnbpw hf¿Øp-∂Xv ImWmw. B {]tZiw Hcp ssPh-Ømgvhcbmbn (Bio-Valley)
hnI-kn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
IΩnj\v 2002-˛2003 _UvP-‰n¬ Hcp sse≥
tIc-f-Øn¬ Im¿jnI cwK-Øp-≠mb {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sm-\p≈ ASn-b-¥nc {]Xn-I-cWw F∂
\ne-bv°m-Wv, Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw `mKn-I-ambn kwkvYm-\-Øn-t‚-bpw, `mKn-I-ambn
WTO hyh-ÿ-bpsS Bhn¿`mh- -tØmsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dp-I-fp-tSbpw BsW-n-epw, {]Xnk‘n
aq¿—n® kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv CtX -Ip-dn-®-t\z-jn-°m≥, Cu IΩn-js\ \nb-an-®-Xv. temI hym]mc-kw-L-S-\-bpw
(WTO) AXn¬ C¥ym AwK-am-bXpw Aew-L-\o-b-amb bmYm¿∞yw Xs∂-bm-Wv.
171

F∂m¬ temI- hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bp-ambn apJm-apJw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°phm≥
A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ km{º-Zm-bn-I-ambn Fs¥√mw D]-I-c-W- kw-hn-[m-\-߃ kzoIcn-°-W-sa∂v
kwÿm-\sØ D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv IΩn-js\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A]-Iz-am-bn-cn-°pw.
Npcp-ßnb ImesØ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-˛-tI{µ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS hnhn[ GP≥kn-I-fp-ambpw,
{]Xn-k‘n _m[n-X-cpw, hnhn[ Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ I£n-I-fpw Bbn \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-
\-Ønepw Bib hn\n-a-b-Øn-epw A{]-Imcw Xpd∂p- In-´nb A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IΩn-j\v t_m≤yamb
hkvXpX Fs¥-∂m¬, kwÿm-\-Øn\v AXns‚ tijn-Isf hfsc KWy-amb Af-hn¬ hnI-kn-
∏n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂pw, C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ko¿Æ-amb ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ a\- n-
em-°p-Ibpw kwÿm\w AXns‚ ti-jn-Ifpw Adn-hp-Ifpw kam-l-cn®v i‡n-bm¿÷n®p sIm≠p-th-
Ww, tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb thZn-I-fn¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Poh≥ {]-iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈
A\p-c-RvP\-߃°v Xøm-dm-th-≠Xv F∂mWv. Ct∏m-gsØ ]cnXxÿnXn-I-fn¬ Im¿jn-I-, Im¿jn-
I˛hym-]mc, {]Xn-k-‘n-tbmSv Fßns\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-hm≥ am{XamWv
Cu IΩn-j≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ IΩn-js‚ ip]m¿iIƒ°v Xm¬Im-enI
{]m[m-\y-ta-bp-≈q. F∂n-cp-∂mepw CXp-h-sc-bp≈ A\p-`-h-߃ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv, IΩn-j\v aXn-bmb
kmº-ØnI t{kmX- p-Iƒ e`y-am-°p-Ibpw hcp∂ _UvP-‰n¬ Hcp {]tXyI _UvP‰v sse≥ tN¿°p-
∂Xv. IΩn-j-\n¬ Ah-tcm-[n-X-am-b, ]cn-an-Xamb-sX-n-epw, Npa-X-e-Iƒ {]Xo-£-bvs°mØv \nd-th-
‰m≥ AXv klm-bn-°p-sa-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv. ]≤-Xn-tb-Xc Icp-X-en¬\n∂pw hn`n-∂-ambn Bh-iyap≈
\o°n-hbv]v πm≥ kvIo-an¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp _UvP‰v sse≥ kzcq-]o-°p-∂Xv _p≤n-ap-´p-≈-Xmbn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
am{X-hp-a√ AXv \nXo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw IΩn-j≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
A\p-_‘w 6
aq∂mw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ
WTO bpw Im¿jnI {]iv\-ßfpw kw_-‘n®
IΩn-j≥
ASn-b-¥n-c -]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ/2002 Pqsse
18,19 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv tN¿∂ IΩn-js‚
aq∂m-asØ tbmK-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
ssPh-Ir-jn-°mbn Hcp tZiob C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw B ÿm]-\-Øn\v ssPh DXv]-∂߃°v
km£y-]{Xw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw `mc-X- k¿°m¿
Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn tI{µ Irjn hIp-∏p-a{¥n {io. APnXv knwKv ASp-Ø-Im-eØv {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn.
ssPh-kp-K-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fpw, tXbne, Im∏n, ssIX-®-°, hmg-∏-gw, Huj-[-k-ky-߃ F∂n-h-bptSbpw
a‰p ssPh-Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tS-bpw, DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-epw, hn]-W-\-Ønepw tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬
t\XrXzw hln-°p∂ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. ssPh d∫¿ IqSn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, amc-I-amb
F®v.sF.-hn./FbvUvkv hn]-Øp-Iƒs°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-hm≥ DX-Ip∂ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ Dd-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-
°p-hm-\p≈ k∂-≤X tIcfw apt∂m-´p-h-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ F¥p-sIm≠pw tIc-f-am-Wv, \n¿±n-jvSamb
\mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Hm¿Km-\nIv B{Kn-Iƒ®dpw (NIOA) A\p-_‘ km£y-s∏-Sp-ج
GP≥knbpw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ G‰hpw DNn-X-amb kwÿm-\w.
Cu C≥Ãn-‰yq´v G‰hpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-amb GI-tZiw 200 slIvS¿ ÿew ]me-
°m-Sv Pn√-bnse Xncp-hm-gmw-Ip-∂n¬ tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv. _lp. tIcf
apJy-a-{¥nbpw, _lp. Irjn hIp-∏p-a-{¥nbpw Cu kwÿm-\-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xmb `qanbpw a‰p
kuI-cy-ßfpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v tI{µ -k¿°m-cn\v F{X-bpw- th-Kw Fgp-X-W-sa∂v IΩnj≥
A`y¿∞n-°p∂p. Cu ÿm]\w tIc-f-Ønse ssPh-Irjn {]ÿm-\sØ i‡-am-°m≥ hf-sctbsd
klmbn°p-sa-∂pw, Btcm-Ky-Zm-b-I-amb `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw a‰p hn`-h-ßfpw, B`y-¥-chpw
172

-
A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb D]-t`m-K-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ \nc-h[n aqey-h¿≤nX Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-
°p-hm≥ ]c-am-h[n klm-bn-°p-sa∂pw IΩn-j\v Xo¿®-bp-≠v.
2) Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv (GI)
tI{µ-Øn¬ Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-js‚ (GI) Imcy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ \S-Ønb \nba
\n¿ΩmWw (Zn Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv Hm^v KpUvkv-˛-c-Pn-kvt{S-j≥ B‚ v s{]m´£≥
BIvSv, 1999) Hcp \mgn-I-I-√m-Wv. Cu \nbaw \ΩpsS ]e ]c-º-cm-KX DXv]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw AXp-eyamb
KpW-߃ BtKm-f-ambn ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \ap°v hn]p-e-amb Ah-kcw \¬In-bncn-°p-∂p.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ D¬]-∂-߃ tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h-cp-tSbpw, kmt-XnI sshZ-K≤yw D≈-h-cptSbpw
]cn-tim-[-\-bv°p-tijw Pntbm{Km^n-°¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ kXz-c-ambn Xøm-dm-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ tIcf k¿°m-cn-t\mSv ip]m¿i sNøp-
∂-p.
ae-_m¿ Ipcp-ap-fIv
At\Iw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p- apºv apX¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Ipcp-ap-fIv "ae-_m¿ s]∏¿' F∂- t]-cnemWv
temI-saºmSpw Adn-b-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂-Xpw, AXns‚ Huj-[-Kp-W-hpw, ]mN-I-Øn¬ AXn-\p≈
AXp-ey-ta-∑bpw hfsctbsd hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Ipcp-ap-f-In\v "ae-
_m¿' F∂ Pntbm{Km^n-°¬ C≥Un-t°-j≥- (GI) e`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Bbq¿thZw
tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ F√m ]mc-ºcy Huj-[-k-ky-߃°pw Pntbm{Km^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥ GI \¬I-
Ww. Bbp¿thZw AXns‚ bYm¿∞ ]mc-º-cy-co-Xn-bn-epw, {]m‡-\-amb ]cn-ip-≤n-bnepw C∂pw ]cnc-£n®p
t]mcp-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ am{X-am-Wv.
(3) Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ (Agri-Export Zones)
CXn-\-Iw-Xs∂ bqtdm-]y≥ IΩn-js‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS tIcfw Bdv Im¿jnI samØ- hn-]-Wn-
Iƒ (Agricultural Wholesale Markets) hfsc sa®-s∏´ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.
]nt∂m°w \nev°p∂ DXvv]m-Z-I-cp-tS-bpw, apt∂m°w \nev°p∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sSbpw
]c-kv]-c-_-‘sØ AXns‚ bYm-ÿm-\Øv ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂n-S-ØmWv Cu taJ-e-IfpsS
hnPbw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu Im¿jnI Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-Iƒ AXn-thKw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
khn-tij Z¿i-\hpw Imcy-£-a-Xbpw sNehv Ipd {Ib -hn-{Ib tijn-bp-ap≈ Hcp ka-{K-am-t\-
Pvsa‚ v GP≥knsb ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \nb-an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu Ib-‰p-aXn taJ-e-I-fpsS kmº-ØnI
hnPbw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn-tebpw kzIm-cy- cw-K-tØbpw
Imcy-£-a-X-bp≈ GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn taJ-e-Iƒ X{¥-]-c-amb kulm¿±- k-Jy-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS i‡-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®p -sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-amb klmbw
sNøp-hm\pw Hcp ]m-fn-bm-Ip-hm\pw \mj-W¬ Ubdn Uh-ev]-sa‚ v t_m¿Un\p Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
a‰p c≠p taJ-e-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ lnµp-ÿm≥ enh-dn-s‚bpw, \mj-W¬ tlm¿´n-Iƒ®-d¬ Uhe-]vsa‚
v t_m¿Uns‚ (tI{µ ]®-°dn hnI-k\ t_m¿Un-s‚) bpw kl-I-cWw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ ]£w, ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-°-s∏-´-Xpw, ]p\xkwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xpw, ]pXnb
D]-I-c-W-ßfpw k÷o-I-c-W-ßfpw D≈ kwÿm\ sNdp-InS Im¿jnI hyh-kmb I¨tkm-¿jysØ
(SFAC) Ch-bpsS BsI°qSn-bp≈ amt\-Pvsa‚ v Npa-Xe Gev]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Im¿jnI D¬]∂߃
hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ib-‰p-a-Xn -sN-øp∂ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ bphm-°-fmb kwcw-`-Isc BI¿jn-°p-∂-
Xn-\mbn A{Kn-˛¢n-\n-°p-I-fp-sSbpw \_m¿Uns‚ A{Kn-_n-kn-\ v sk‚¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-bpw, tI{µ SFAC
tbbpw, MANAGE F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw klm-b- k-l-I-c-W-߃ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
CXv kw_-‘n-®p≈ {]iv\-߃ N¿® sNøp-hm\pw, Ib-‰p-aXn tkmWp-I-fpsS {]mcw-`-Øn\v
A¥n-a-cq]w \evIp-hm\pw Hcp GI-Zn\ s{_bn≥ tÃmanwKv (X-e-]p-I-bv°p-∂) IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m -
tbmKw F{Xbpw t\csØ hnfn-®p- Iq-´-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse C∂sØ
173

ISpØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS t¢i-߃°n-c-bm-b-h-cpw, {]iv\-_m-[n-X-cpw, s\X¿em-≠v(-U-®v) k¿°m-cns\
t]mep≈ ZznapJ GP≥kn-Ifpw Cu Btem-N-\m- tbm-K-Øn¬ £Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn\v hntZi
hn]Wn _‘-߃ hn]p-e-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.
(5) Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øn\v Hcp Iev]nX k¿∆-I-em-ime ÿm]n-°Ww
tIc-f-Ønt‚bpw C¥y-bp-tSbpw kº-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bp-tSbpw Poh-Ømb taJ-e-bmb hym]m-c-Øn\v
Bh-iy-amb hnh-chpw hn⁄m-\hpw a‰pw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v B[p-\nI hnhc -km-t-XnI hnZy-bpw, Bib(-hm¿Øm)
-hn-\n-ab am[y-a-ßfpw 21-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-t‚-Xmb Hcp ÿm]\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v AXpey-amb
Hcp Ah-kcw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-s∏´
bph-P-\-ß-fpsS Hcp k∂-≤- kw-LsØ hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-°-Ww. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ taJe-I-fn¬
\njvWm-X-cmb bph-P-\-ß-tfbpw am[ya {]h¿Ø-I-tcbpw k÷-am-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww.
1. temI -hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS (WTO) \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ß-fpw, tZml -k-tΩ-f-\m-\¥c
A\p-c-RvP-\-ßfpw
2. tZiob hym]mc cwKhpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw
3. t]‰‚p-Iƒ, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-a-߃, Pntbm{Km-^n-°¬ C‚n-t°-j≥kv, UPOR
(bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ Z s{]m´-£≥ Hm^v \yq shssd-‰okv Hm^v t{Im]vkv) (]p-Xnb hnf -
ssh-hn-[y -kw-c-£-W- kw-L-S-\), WIPO, thƒUv C‚-e-Iv®z¬ t{]m∏¿´n ssd‰vkv Hm¿Kss\-tk-j≥
(temI _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi kwL-S-\), TRIPS t{SUv dnte-‰Uv C‚-e-
Iv®z¬ t{]m∏¿´n ssd‰vkv (hym-]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-iw)
4. tIc-f-Øns‚ hym]m-chpw Ah-k-c-ß-fpw, ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
5. aoUnbm dntkmgvkv sk‚¿, (am-[y-a -hn-`-h- tI-{µw)
hym]mc k¿∆-I-em-ime IΩn-j≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ hym]mc k¿∆-I-em-ime XXz-Øn¬ Hcp Iev]nX
Iem-ime ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. CXns\ {]h¿Øn-∏n-t°-≠Xv s]mXp- ta-J-e-bn-tebpw kzImcy-
ta-J-e-bn-tebpw GP≥kn-I-fpsS Hcp I¨tkm¿jyw (Iq-´m-bva) Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ]cn-an-X-amb apX¬
apSt° ]mSp-≈q. apI-fn¬ {]kvXm-hn® Hmtcm taJ-ebnepw {]tXyI ]T\w \S-Øp∂ Hcp ko\n-b¿
^m°¬‰n AwK-Øns‚ tkh\w CXn\v Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ssPh sshhn-≤yhpw _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-ihpw
BtKmf ssPh sshhn≤y ktΩ-f\w (GCBD) Øns‚ \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw tI{µ ssPh-sshhn[y
\nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ th≠n I¿tΩm-∑p-J-amb {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥
GXm\pw h¿j-߃°v apºv kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ kb≥kv B‚ v sSIvt\m-fPn B≥Uv F≥hb¨sa‚ns‚
(STE) kwÿm\ IΩn‰n-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp tIcf ssPhsshhn[y t_m¿Uv
(KBB) cq]o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I -Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpw, {KmaoW Kncn-h¿§ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
\n¿±n-jvS-amb _tbm- ssU-th-gvkn‰n (ssPh sshhn-[y -\n-b-aw) BIvSn-epw, (PPFVRA) AXm-bXv
kky- ssh-hn-[y -kw-c-£-Whpw I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-ihpw kw_-‘n® \nb-a-Ønepw AS-ßn-bn-cn-
°p∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Fs¥√mw Adn-n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-\m¬ kwÿm\ ssPh sshhn-[yt_m¿Uns‚
(KBB) {]h¿Ø\w ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Du¿÷-kz-e-am-°-W-sa∂v IΩn-j≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂p. Cu t_m¿Uv Xmsg∏d-bp∂ hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-hm≥ {]mK-¤y-ap≈ hy‡n-
Isf k¿°m-tc-Xc kwL-S-I-fn¬ \nt∂m A°m-Z-anIv kaq-l-Øn¬ \nt∂m, \nb-an-°p∂ hnZ-KvZcpsS
A≤y-£-X-bn-ep≈ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
hnj-b-߃
1. ssPh sshhn-[y-Øns‚ kwc-£Ww
2. Im¿jnI ssPh sshhn[yw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ssPh sshhn-[y-Øs‚ kpÿn-c-amb D]-tbm-Kw.
3. ssPh -ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ {]tbm-P-\-ßfpw KpW-ßfpw Xpey-ambn ]p-h-bv°p-I.
CXp-Iq-SmsX ]mc-ºcy Huj[ kky-ßfpw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-io-e-\hpw F∂n-hsb°pdn-®v A-dn-bm-
174

hp∂hcpƒs∏sS _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-isØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ Imcy-߃ ssIImcyw sNøm-\-dn-bmhp∂
Hcp-Iq´w Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu t_mUn-Isf tI{µ \nb-a- \n¿ΩmWw \nb-a-
{]m-_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw \nba km[p-Xbpw A[n-Im-c-hp-ap≈ (Ãm-‰yq-´-dn) kan-Xn-I-fmbn am‰phm≥
Ign-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in® \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-I-sf-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ Ah-t_m[w
\ΩpsS F√m -hn-`mKw P\-߃°n-S-bnepw krjvSn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠v. {]tXy-In®pw ]©m-b-
Øp- sa-º-d-∑m-cmb kv{Xo]p-cp-j≥am¿°v Cu e£y-Øn-se-Øm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-io-e-\- amXr-
I-Iƒ (Module) Xøm-dm-°-Ww. ssPh- ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ kpÿn-chpw Xpey-X-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb
hn\n-tbm-Khpw kwc-£-Whpw \S-Øp-hm-≥ Bh-iy-amb tijn-\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-߃, ]cn-io-e-\-
߃ F∂nh \S-Øm-\p≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ hnhn[ ItΩm-Un‰n t_m¿Up-I-tfmSv A`y¿∞n-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(6) a’y-ta-Je
cmPysØ a’y-ta-J-e, a’y-hym-]mcw samØ-ambn FSp-Øm¬ AXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]v, kmº-
Øn-I-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ {ItaW Xmtgm´p Xmtgm´p t]mIp-s∂mcp {]h-W-X-bmWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ Cu cwKØv ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn c≠p \]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
BZy-am-bn, Hcp KpW \ne-hmc km£-cXm {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-t°-≠Xv hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv.
a’y-_-‘-\w, a’y-kw-kvI-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-߃, Cu taJ-e-bnse hym]m-chp-ambn
_‘-s∏-´-h¿ F√mw Xs∂ km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´-dn-bp-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ (k-ky-Pohn-
Pm-e-ß-fpsS ipNn-Xzhpw tcmKmWp hnap-‡nbpw kw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃), tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-
dn-bkv am\-Z-WvU-߃ F∂nh F¥m-sW∂v XnI®pw Adn-hp-≈-h-cmbnØo-tc-≠-Xp-≠v. Xnc-s-Sp-
°-s∏´ ]©m-bØv AwK-ß-f-S°w a‰p _-‘-s∏-´-h¿°pw {lkz-Ime ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, th≠ ]pkvX-
I-ßfpw a‰p ]mTy- h-kvXp-°fpw \nev°p-I-bpw, Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\ samUyq-fp-Iƒ ae-bm-f-
Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
c≠maXmbn, C∂sØ s]mXp {]Xn-k‘n \nanØw a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ _p≤n-ap´pw t¢i-ßfpw
A\p-`-hn-°p∂ F√m hn`m-K-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ]Tn-°p-hm-\p≈ k∂-≤X Bsc-nepw
Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. a’y-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Zcn{Z P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ D]-Pn-h\ kpc-£bv°v
Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww GXp ]T-\-hpw, IqSmsX enwK-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnti-jn®pw
h\n-X-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ \nc-h[n Btcm-Ky -{]-iv\-߃ (DZm-xsNΩo-\ns‚ tXmSv Dcn-°p∂ h\n-X-I-fpsS)
{]kvXpX ]T-\-Øns‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏-S-Ww. IqSmsX a’y-_-‘-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂h¿°pw A\p-
_‘ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp∂h¿°pw Hcp s]cp-am-‰-®´w Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-I-bpw, AXn\v {]Nm-cWw
sImSp-°p-Ibpw thWw.
(7) Irjnsb kw_-‘n®v WTO Icmdpw ASp-Ø -h´ N¿®-Ifpw
tZmlm a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s-SpØ temI- hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bnse AwK-߃ temI
Im¿jnI hn]-Wn-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw hnI-e-XIfpw \o°p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb am‰-
߃ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv F∂ Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. tZmlm a{¥n-Xe {]Jym-]-\-am-I-s´,
hnI-kz-c -cm-Py-ß-fpsS {]tXyI Bh-iy-ßsf AwKo-I-c-°p∂ \oXn-]q¿∆-amb Hcp Im¿jnI˛hym-
]mc kwhn-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ WTO bpsS {]Xn-_-≤-Xbv°v ASn-hc CSp-I-bm-Wp≠mb-Xv.
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® F√m A\p-c-RvP-\-ß-fpw, IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw 2005 P\p-h-cn-bv°Iw ]q¿Ønbm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Cu N¿®-I-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn saIvkn-t°m-bnse Im¨Iq-Wn¬ IqSp∂ 2003 ¬ tNcp∂
A©m-aXv a{¥n-Xe ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]p\xc-h-tem-I\w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ amd-t°jv Icmdns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1995 apX¬ Bcw-`n® WTO bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp _m°n-]{Xw FSp-
°p-I-bpw, Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icm-dn¬ (AOA) Dt±-in® e£y-߃ ssIh-cn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Pyamb
Hcp ]pXnb Icm¿ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw kabw Bbn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn¬
(AOA) hn`m-h-\ sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv Irjn- shdpw `£y-D-Xv]m-
Z\ b{¥-a-√m-Ø-Xv, adn®v Fhn-sS-bmtWm Irjn P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn-t‚bpw ]cnxÿnXn kpc£m
hyh-ÿbpw \s´√v Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv, B cmPy-ß-tfmSv \oXn-]p-e¿Øp-∂-Xmb Hcp Im¿jnI hyhÿ-bmWv
A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. Irjn Hcp kwÿm\ hnj-b-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ _lp:tIcf
175

apJy-a{¥n Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) ¬ hcp-tØ≠ am‰-ßsf°pdn®v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-
I-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-hm≥ Hcp tbmKw hnfn®p Iq´p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v
_lpxC¥y≥ {][m-\a{¥nbv°pw, _lp-x -hm-Wn-Py-Imcy a{¥n°pw IsØ-gp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚
Im¿jn-Im-tcmKyw hym]m-csØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, kwÿm-\Øv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmb an° Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpw, Nc-°p-Ifpw cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw hym]m-c-Øn-
\p-≈-h-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdp (AOA) ambp≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ CS-]m-Sp-I-fn¬
\n∂pw D≠m-bn-´p≈ A\p-`-h-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv Im¿jnI hym]m-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ C¥y°v
Hcp hym]mc \bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]k‡-am-sW-∂m-Wv.
Cu \n¿t±iw XXz-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ ]£w, Hcp _nkn-\ v πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ Hcp
kwLsØ \nb-an-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Iev]nX hym]mc k¿∆-I-em-im-ebv°v Hcp ]¬N-
{I-b-{¥-Ønse l_pw, kvt]mIvkv amXr-I-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp k¿∆-I-em-imem tI{µhpw
kwÿm\ hym]-I-amb s\‰vh¿°v ]m¿iz-N-{I-ß-fp-ambn {]h¿Øn®v th≠ klmbw \¬Im-hp-∂-
Xp-am-Wv.
tUm:Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥
H∏v
A\p-_‘w 7
\memw CS-°me ip]m¿i-Iƒ
Irjnsb kw_-‘n® WTO Icm¿
tZmlm ktΩ-f-\m-\-¥c HØp-Xo¿∏p-Iƒ
hn]Wn {]m]vX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-߃
Irjnsb kw_-‘n®v WTO Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßsf∏‰n-bp≈ IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. k_vkn-Un-Iƒ
20 Pqem-bv, 2002
Ct∏mƒ OECD (hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI kl-I-c-W-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ temI-kw-L-S-\)
cmPy-ß-fn-se√mw Im¿jnI k_vknUn IqSn hcn-I-bm-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ BsW-n¬ k_vkn-Un-
Iƒ {]Xn-Zn\w Hcp Zi -e£w bp.-F- v. tUmf-dn¬ Ihn-bp-∂p. Hmtcm I¿j-I\pw \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ {]Xnh¿j
k_vknUn 12,000 bp.-F-kv. tUmf-dmWv (A-Xm-b-Xv, GI-tZiw 5,40,000 cq]) CXn\pw ]pdta
2002 Im¿jnI _n√n¬ Ata-cn° Im¿jn-I- k-_vknUn ho≠pw Db¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Aßs\ BtKmf
Im¿jnI cwKw {ItaW Xmsg -]-d-bp∂ c≠v Xcw hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fmbn amdp-I-bmWv.
1. h≥InS Im¿jnI hyh-kmbw: hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ D¬]m-Z\ kt-X-ß-fp-tSbpw h≥tXm-Xnep≈
D¬]mZ\ D]m-[n-I-fmb k_vkn-Un-Iƒ, {Km‚p-Iƒ, aqe-[-\w, imkv{X kmt-XnI hnZy F∂nh-bpsS
i‡-amb ]n≥_-e-tØmsS hºn-®Xpw hn]p-e-hp-amb Im¿jn-I-hy-h-kmbw Hcp hi-Øv. CØc-ap≈
hyh-ÿsb ^mIvSdn ^manwKv (hyh-km-b-h-XvIrX Im¿jnI coXn/k{º-Zm-bw) F∂mWv
]d-bp-∂-Xv.
2. sNdp-InS Irjn k{º-Zmbw: Ipd aqe-[-\ -\n-t£-]w, ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ D¬]m-Zt\m-]m-[n-Iƒ,
hn]-Wn-°m-cy-Øn¬ apt∂m´pw ]nt∂m-´p-ap≈ ]c-kv]-c- _-‘-Øn¬ tami-amb ÿnXn,
hfsc IqSp-X¬ \jvS km≤y-X-˛-F-∂nh BWv sNdp-InS Irjn k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb
kz`m-hw. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ I¿j-I-cpsS Im¿jn-I -hr-Øn-bmWv hnIkzc cmPy-ß-fnse {KmaoW P\-
X-I-fpsS D]-Po-h\ kpc-£m- hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \s´-√v.
Cu c≠p hyXyÿ Im¿jnI kwkvIr-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ hn]-Wn-bnepw a‰p {][m\ Imcy-ßfnepw
Ifn-°fw H´pw Xs∂ \nc-∏p-≈-X-√. Xpey-Xbpw Ah-k-c- k-a-Xzhpw hym]mc am’-cy-cw-KØv
\ne-\n¬°p∂ Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Hm.-C.-_n.kn cmPy-߃ B`y¥-c-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ hºn®
Im¿jnI k_vkn-Un-Isf hnhn[ t_mIvkp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn sIm≠v kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ km{º-
Zm-bnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfbpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-tfbpw \ncp-]-W-]-c-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°pI F∂-XmWv `mc-X -
k¿°m¿ Ct∏mƒ Gs‰-Sp-t°≠Xmb {][m\ Npa-X-e.
176

2. Xmcn^pw Xmcn-t^-Xc XS- -ßfpw
Xmcn^pw Xmcn-t^-X-c-hp-amb XS- -ß-fpw, \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw c≠pw hymh-km-bn-I-ambn hnI-kn®
cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS hn]Wn {]m]yX IqSp-X¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Xmcn-
^p≈ XS- -߃ Nne- \n-b-a-]-c-amb in£-W-߃°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Xmcn-t^-Xc XS- -
߃ hnti-jn-®pw, `£y- kp-c-£-bpsS \ne-hmcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂, temI `£y- Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-
bpsS \n¿t±-i-amb tImUIvkv Fen-ta-t‚-dn-bkv t]mep≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃ adn-I-S-°-W-san¬ hnIkz-c-
cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hnf-sh-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw a‰pw {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bpw,
km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-Ifpw i‡-am-°ntb aXn-bm-hq. AXp-Iq-Sm-sX, Im¿jnI
IpSpw-_-߃s°√mw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp KpW-
\n-e-hmc km£-cXm {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-hp-ap≠v.
3. Fs°m-˛-te-_-enwKpw ssPh -D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS km£y-s∏-Sp-Øepw
]cn-ÿnXn an{X-hpw, ssPh kt-X-Øn¬ DXv]m-Zn®hbp-amb hkvXp-°-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn h¿≤n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v A¥m-cm-jv{S-Xe AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øepw te_-enwKpw \S-Øp-hm-≥ tbmKy-
X-bp≈ GP≥kn-Isf cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-XmWv. WTO cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]tXyI SmkvIv t^mgvkv
km£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-ßsf ]p\x]cntim[n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
4. hym]m-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ _u≤n-I -kz-Ø-h-Imiw (RRIPS)
]p-Xp-°nb _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imi \nb-aw, Bbp¿thZw t]mep≈ ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m-\-Øns‚
_u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-hpw, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-Øns‚ KpW-^-e-߃ ]n-Sp-∂Xpw kw_-‘n®v
temI -ssP-h -ssh-hn[y ktΩ-f\ (CBD) Øns‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°p-I-bpw, AtXm-sSm∏w kky-P-
\n-XI t{kmX- p-Isf ]‰n temI `£y-˛-Im¿jnI kwL-S\m (FAO) DS-º-Sn-bn¬ hy‡-am-°-s∏-´n-
´p≈ I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf kw_-‘n® hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]p\x]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-
XmWv (Np-cp-°-Øn¬ TRIPS ]pXp°n Fgp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv).
a\p-jy-cpsS `£-W-Øn-t‚bpw `£y-km-[-\-ß-fp-tSbpw, Btcm-Ky-Øn-t‚bpw kpc-£-bpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb ]p-h-ln-°p∂ GsXmcp I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn\pw A\p-aXn (sse-k≥kv) \n¿_-
‘-am-°p∂ hyhÿ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw AXv {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v IΩo-j≥
iq]m¿i sNøp-∂p. Aßn-s\-bp≈ hyhÿ tZmlm- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h®p-X-s∂, HIV FbvUvkv tcmK-
Nn-In-’-bv°p≈ Huj-[-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
5. Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ ]p\xch-tem-I\w
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-t∑¬ (AOA) Icm-dn-\p≈ i‡-amb kzm[o-\-ß-fpsS
km≤y-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw F∂-Xpƒs∏sS Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ hni-Zmw-i-ß-tfmSp IqSnb Hcp-`mKw CtXmsSm∏w
tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. (A-\p-_‘w 1 ImWpI).
2002 Pqembv 18,19 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv tN¿∂ IΩo-js‚ tbmK-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-
p- h-∂, hn]Wn {]m]y-Xsb kw_-‘n® Bi-b-ß-fpsS Hcp t\m´v (A-\p-_‘w II) tN¿°p-∂p.
tI{µ hmWn-Py-Im-cy- a-{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ hni-Z-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ htc-≠-Xmb {]iv\-߃ Xmsg-
]-d-bp-∂p.
Xmcn-^p-Iƒ/Xocp-h-Iƒ
Im¿jnI D¬]-∂-ß-fp-tSbpw Nc-°p-I-fp-tSbpw Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Af-hp-]-camb
\nb-{¥-W-߃ (QRS) \o°w sNøp-I.
d_-dns‚ ]p\:h¿§o-I-c-Ww˛d∫-dns‚ ]Zhn Hcp hymh-km-bnI DXv]-∂-sa-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Im¿jnI
DXv]-∂-am°n am‰p-I. AXn¬ _u≠v \nc°v {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-I.
km\n-´-dnbpw ss^t‰m (kky) km\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-߃.
\ΩpsS Ab¬ cm-Py-ß-fm-b, hnti-jn®pw {ioe--bp-ambn tN¿∂v C¥ym-˛-{io-em d_¿ DXv]m-
Z-I-cpsS Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®v, Hcp s]mXp -\n-e-]mSv ssIs°m≈pI.
177

temI hym-]mc kwL-S-\-bp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏´p t]mIp∂ hn[-Øn¬ \ΩpsS k_vkn-Un-Isf
{Ia-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Hcp X{¥w \mw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hn]Wn {]m]y-Xsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
\mw (WTO) bpam-bn -_‘s∏´ {]iv\-ß-fpw, WTO bpambn _‘-an-√mØ {]iv\-ßfpw sht∆sd
A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw c≠p tI nepw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ssIs°m-t≈-
≠-Xp-amWv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw kXz-c-ambn sNøp-hm-\p≈ Imcy-߃, DXv]m-Z\
£a-X-bpw, Im¿jn-Im-Zm-bhpw, Im¿jnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS kpÿn-c-Xbpw ]c-am-h[n sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI
F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu e£y-߃ km£m-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hnπhw \S-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv.
DXv]m-Z-\-£-aXm hnπhw
KpW-\n-e-hmc hnπhw
aqey-h¿≤\ hnπhw
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-tØmSv _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n {]iv\-߃ D≠v. Ipcp-ap-f-In-ep≈ ssPhmh-in-jvS-߃,
a’y-Ønepw (sN-Ωo-\n-epw) km¬sam-sW-√-bpsS _m[, a‰p _m[-Iƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Ah-in-jvS߃,
Chsbms° C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn¬ kXz-c -{i-≤-]-Xn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v Hcp KpW-\n-e-hmc
km£-cXm {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°-Ww. I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-sSbpw a’y -D-Xv]m-Z-\-I-cpsSbpw
CS-bn¬ A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp {]ÿm\w tImUIvkv Fen-sa-t‚-dn-b-kv t]m-ep≈ \nb-a-ß-sf-∏-
‰nbpw km\n-´dn ss^t‰m-km-\n-´dn \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw shfn®w hnXd-Ww, KpW-\n-ehmcw
\n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ am\Z-WvU-߃ B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bn-epw, hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-bnepw H∂p-Xs∂
BsW∂v _‘-s∏-´-h-sc√mw Adn-b-Ww. A√m-Ø-]£w KpW-\n-e-hmcw Hcn-°epw Bim-ky-amb
\ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v Db-cp-∂-X-√.
arK -kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ arK-߃°v km£y-]{Xw \¬Ip-hm≥ Hcp kwhn-
[m\w D≠m-IWw. arK-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp tcmK-hn-ap-‡- ta-Je krjvSn-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-am-
Wv. AXp-t]mse a’y- ta-J-e-bn¬ a’y-_-‘-\-ti-j-ap≈ a’y-k-º-Øns‚ ssIImcyw sNø-ep-Ifn¬
(kwkvI-c-W-Ønepw a‰pw)hf-sc-tbsd {i≤ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I- `m-hnbpw A`n-hr-≤nbpw `oa-amb tXmXn¬ Irjnsb B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. tXm´-hn-f-I-fpw, arK- kw-c-£-W-hpw, a’y-ta-J-e-bpw CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ U_yq.-
Sn.H. Icm-dp-I-fn¬ Bh-iy-am-b -am‰w hcp-Øm≥ \mw ]c-am-h[n {ian-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, hn]-Wn-{]m-]y-
X-bnepw U_yq.-Sn.-H. bpambn _‘-an-√mØ Icm-td-Xc {]iv\-ß-fn-epw, DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X, KpW-\n-emh-cw,
aqey-h¿≤-\, DXv]m-Z-\-s®-ehv Ipd-bv°¬, hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ imkv{X-km-t-XnI hnZy-IfpsS
hn\n-tbm-Kw, kwkvI-cWw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ {][m\ Im¿jnIImcy-ß-fn¬ Hscm‰ Znhkw -
t]mepw hrYm-hn-em-°msX Ah-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ {i≤ sNep-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
Fw.-F-kv. kzman-\m-Y≥
A≤y-£≥, Uªyq.-Sn.H bpw
Im¿jnI {]iv\-ßfpw kw_-‘n® IΩn-j≥
178

A\p-_‘w 8
]pXnb _u≠v Xmcn^v \nc-°p-Iƒ ˛ Km´v Icm-dns‚ B¿´n-°nƒ
XXVIII -˛HØp-Xo¿∏p-I-fpsS XpS¿® (P-\p-h-cn) 2000 ˛ ¬ FØn-t®¿∂Xv
{Ia- F.-F-kv.-
]pXnb _u≠v AsπbvUv
hnh-cWw
\-º¿ tImUv Xmcn^v \nc°v % ¬ \nc°v % ¬
1 2 3 4 5
1 0402.10 sImgp∏v \o°nb ]m¬s∏mSn 60 @ 60
2 0402.21 sImgp∏v \o°nb ]m¬s∏mSn 60 @ 60
3 0806.10 ap¥n-cn-ß, ]pXn-bXv 40 40
4 Ex 1001.90 tKmXºv
(skv]¬‰v Xm-W-X-cw) 80 50
5 1005.10 tNmfw ([m-\yw)hnØv 70 50
6 1006.90 tNmfw ([m-\yw) a‰p-≈h 60 50
7 1006.10 Acn (D-an-tbm-sS) (s\√v) 80 80
8 1006.20 Dan-\o-°nb Acn
({_u¨) 80 80
9 1006.30 Acn ]mXn-Ip-Øn-btXm/
apgp-h\pw an√n¬ ta\n
hcp-Øn-btXm 70 70
10 1006.40 t{_m°¿ Acn 80 80
11 1007.00 s]mSn® (Xcn i¿°-c)
Sorghum 80 50
12 1008.20 Xn\-bcn (Millet) 70 50
13 1514.10 ISp-sIÆ (A-kw-kvIr-Xw) 75 45
14 1514.90 td∏v tImƒkm/a‰n\w
ISp-sI-Æ-Iƒ 75 45
15 1901.10 inip-°ƒ°p-≈˛
Nn√d I®-h-S-Øn-\p≈ 50 50
16 0809.40 Ipcp-hn-√m-ap-¥ncn (πw) t…mkv 30 25
17 1507.10 tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ
(A-kw-kvIr-Xw) 45 45
18 1507.90 a‰p≈ tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ-Iƒ 45 45
19 0713.10 DW-°-]-b¿ 50
20 1107.10 amƒSv (h-dp-°m-Ø-Xv) 40
21 1509.90 Heohv FÆ (ip-≤-ambsXmgn-sI) 40 .......
22 1704.10 NyqbnwKv Kw 45
23 1950.30 a[p-c-ap≈ _nkv°-‰p-Iƒ,
I\w Ipd 45
24 3823.70 hymh-km-bn-Im-h-iy-߃
°p≈ Nmcmbw (sIm-gp-∏p-≈) 50
179

1 2 3 4 5
25 1512.11 kqcy-Im¥n-˛hnØv/
k¨^vfh¿ FÆ˛
AXns‚ hI-bn-\-ßfpw 150000 45
Xmcn^v tIm´ Izm´
sa{Sn°v S¨
\nc-°n¬ Izm´ \nc-°n\v 50%
]pdØv 300%
26 0802.11 B¬a≠v _Zmw
tXmtSmsS 35/° 35/°
27 0805.10 a[pc \mcß ˛ Hmd©v 40 35
28 0805.30 \mc-ß-bpw, a‰n\w
\mc-ß-Ifpw 40 35
29 0805.40 ap¥n-cn-ßm-]gw 25 25
30 0808.10 B∏nƒ 50 50
31 0808.20 t]b¿ (t]-c-bv°)
Izn≥kv 35 35
32 0809.40 πw, t…m (B-h¿Ø-\w) 25 25
33 0813.20 {]qWp-Iƒ 25 25
34 2004.10.09 Dcp-f-°n-g-ßns‚ ]e-bn\w
cq]-߃, ioXn-I-cn® 35 35
35 2009.11 ioXn-I-cn® Hmd©v Nmdv 35
36 2009.19 a‰n\w Hmd©v Nmdp-Iƒ 35
37 0405.10 _´¿ shÆ 40
38 0406.90 a‰n\w Nokv (]m-e-S,
hnhn-[-bn-\w) 40
t\m´v @ 10000 sa{Sn°v SÆns‚ Xmcn^v tIzm´-bm-Wn-Xv. C≥tIzm´ Xmcn^v \nc°v 15% ¬ Ipapte-‰ohv
Bbn Assπ sNøp∂ Xmcn^v sse\p-Iƒ 0402.10 Dw (]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn) 0402.21 (tIm-Up-\-º-cp-
Iƒ BWv)
C¥ybv°v (TRQ) Hcp t•m_¬ C≥tIzm´m \nc-°mbn 15% Bbn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Af-hp-I-fn¬
ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-XmWv
1˛mw h¿jw-˛35,0000 S¨
2˛mw h¿jw 4,00,000 S¨
3˛mw h¿jw 450,000 S¨ 4˛mw h¿jw 5,00,000 S¨
tIzm´mbv°v ]pdØv \nc°v 60%
Xmcn^v tIzm´, 1,50,000 sa{Sn°v S¨
C≥tIzm´m Xmcn^v \nc°v 45%
ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°ns‚ Dd-hnSw kwÿm\ Irjn hIp∏v a{¥n-am-cpsS ktΩ-f\w
U¬ln, 16 sk]vXw-_¿ 2000, AP‚m ˛ sF‰w 1
180

A\p-_‘w 9
Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS AssπbvUv Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^p-I-fpsS tÉp-sa‚ v
Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-߃ s]mXpth ]c-am-h[n Cd-°p-aXn Xmcn-^mb 35% s‚ …m_n-emWv h∂p tNcp-
I. F∂m¬ Ipd-t®sd Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Xmcn-^p-Iƒ ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn Db¿Øs∏-´n-´p-≠v.
Nne tI p-I-fn¬ h¿≤-\hv 35%˛¬ IqSp-X-emWv Ah:
C\w/hnh-cWw ap≥]p≈ ]pXp-°nb
Xmcn^v % Xmcn^v %
1. tKmXºv 0 % 50 %
2. Acn 0 % 70 % -˛ 80 %
3. Xcn (s]m-Sn) i¿°c 9 % 50 %
4. Xn\-bcn 9 % 50 %
5. ASbv° 35 % 100 %
6. B∏nƒ 35 % 50 %
7. tXbne 15 % 35 %
8. ]©-kmc 40 % 60 %
9. `£y FÆ-Iƒ
a) `£yFÆ t{KUv AkwkvIrXw,
kky FÆ-Iƒ (shfns®Æ Hgn-sI,
]mw Hmbn¬ AXns‚ hnhn-[-bn-\-߃,
Akw-kvIr-Xhpw A√m-Ø-Xpw)
Nn√-d-bm-tbm, IqSp-X-emtbm
h\-kv]Xn \n¿Ωm-W-Ønt\m
As√-n¬ kwkvIcn°mt\m 15% 25 %
b) `£yFÆ {IqUv, ]mwHm-bnepw
AXns‚ hnhn-[-bn-\hpw Nn√-dbm
tbm samØ-amtbm h\-kv]Xn
\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn Cd-°p-aXn
sNøp-∂Xv 15 % 15 %
c) a‰p kky-F-Æ-Iƒ kwkvIcn
®tXm A√m-ØtXm 35 % 45 %
CXn¬ IqSpX-embn Hcp A[nI Np/Uyq´n-bp-ambn (Iu-≠¿ shbn-enw-Kmbn ) S¨ H∂n\v
850 cq] Npa-Øp-∂p-≠v.
hnh-c-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw : kwÿm\ `£y a{¥n-am-cpsS Z¬ln ktΩ-f\w sk]vXw-_¿ 14, 2000 AP‚m
˛ sF‰w 1 (WTO bpsS Irjnsb kw_-‘n® Icmdn (AOA) s‚ ]p\xch-tem-I-\w)
181

A\p-_‘w 10
Im¿jnI DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS Asπ-bnUpw _u≠pw Xmcn-^p-Iƒ
Xmcn^v kssπUv ss_‚nwKv Ah-km\ t_kvv
sF‰w DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw Uyq´n \nc°v ss_‚nwKv \nc°v
1.3.2002 ¬ 1.3.2002 \nc°v Uyq´n
1 2 3 4 5 6
0104.10 BSv, tImemSv jo∏v 30 100
0104.20 BSv sNΩ-cn-bmSv tKmSv 30 100 100 100
0511.10 aqcn-°m-f-bpsS _oPw 30 100 100 100
0511.91 a’y-DXv]-∂-߃, sNΩo≥,
R≠v, {ItÃjy≥kv IW-hbpw
a‰p \s´√n√mØ Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ,
A[ymbw 3˛¬ ]d-bp∂
arX-amb arK-߃ 30 100 100 100
0702.00 X°mfn s{^jv (X-Wp-∏n-®) 30 108 100 140
0703.00 jmse‰v 30 108 100 140
0703.00 FIvkv-˛-D≈n 5 108 100 140
0703.20 shfp-Øp≈n 30 108 100 140
0709.51 Ipanƒ-˛-ajvdqw 30 108 100 100
0710.10 Dcp-f-°n-gßv 30 150 150 140
0710.40 kzo‰v tIm¨ 30 150 150 140
0710.80 a‰p ]®-°-dn-Iƒ 30 150 150 140
0710.90 ]®-°-dn-Iƒ
(Iq´n Ie¿Øn-b)
asortment 30 150 150 140
0714.10 am\n-tbm°v (I-km-h) 30 150 150 140
0714.20 a[p-c-°n-gßv 30 150 150 140
0802.90 Ex.a‰p AS-bv°-Iƒ 100 108
0803.00 hmg-∏-gw, GØ-∏gw
{^tjm DW-°n-btXm 30 108 100 140
0804.30 ssIX-®° 30 108 100 140
0805.10 Hmd©v 30 108 100 140
0807.11 XÆn-a-Ø≥ sh≈-cn°
(hm´¿sa-e¨) 30 108
0807.20 ]∏bv°m (I¿aq-k)
]∏mb 30 108 100 140
0805.10 B∏nƒ 50 50 50 140
182

1 2 3 4 5 6
0901.11 Unt°-^n-t\-‰v
A√m-ØXv 100 108 100 140
0901.12 Unt°-^n-t\-‰v
sNbvXXv 100 150 150 140
0902.21 Unt°-^n-t\-‰v
sNøm-ØXv
v
0902.10 ]®-tX-bne
(s^¿sa‚ sNøm-Ø-Xv)
]m°nwKv sNbvXXv
D≈-S°w 3 In.{Kmw ¬
Ihn-bm-ØXv 100 150 150 140
0908.10 \SvsaKv ˛ PmXn° 30 108 100 140
0908.20 tabvkv (tNm-fw) 50 108 100 140
0908.30 Gew (Im¿U- -aw) 70 108 100 140
0910.10 C©n (Pn-©¿) 30 150 150 140
0910.30 aƒ S¿sa-dn°v
(Ip¿Ip-am) 30 150 150 140
1001.50 Idn (Curry) 30 150 150 140
1001.10 Updw tKmXºv 50 100 100 ˛
1000.10 Ah-bv°mØ Acn/s\√v 80 80 80 ˛
1006.20 Ah® (Ip-Øn-b)-Acn
({_u¨) 80 80 80 ˛
1006.30 ]IpXn IpØn-b-tXm,
apgp-h\pw IpØn-b-tXm,
ta\n hcp-Øn-btXm
A√m-ØtXm Bb Acn 70 70 70 ˛
1006.40 s]mSn-bcn 80 80 80 -˛
1102.30 Acn-amhv 30 150 150 100
1103.11 tKmXºv amhv 30 150 150 40
1108.12 tNmfw ([m-\yw)
Ãm¿®vUv 30 100 100 100
1108.13 Dcp-f-°n-gßv Ãm¿®vUv 30 35 35 100
1108.14 am\n-tbm°v (I-…m-hm)
Ãm¿®vUv 30 100 100 100
1201.00 tkmbm-_o≥kv,
apdntXm
A√m-ØtXm 30 100 100 0
1203.00 sIm{]m 70 100 100 100
183

1 2 3 4 5 6
1206.00 kqcy-Im¥n (]q-hv), hnØv,
apdn-tXm A√m-ØtXm 30 100 100 0
1207.10 ]mw \´p-I-fpw, ]cn∏pw 30 100 100 0
1209.91 ]®-°dn hnØp-Iƒ 5 10 10 100
1401.10 apf-Iƒ, Cud-Iƒ 30 100 100 100
1401.20 dm´m≥kv Rattans 30 100 100 100
1501.00 ]∂n Cd®n lard sImgp∏p≈-Xv,-
]uƒ{Sn sImgp∏v 02.09 Hm 16.03
IqSm-\p-≈Xv 30 300 300 100
1502.00 Imen-s°m-gp-∏p-Iƒ,
amSv, BSv, tImem-Sv, sNΩ-cn-bmSv
15.03 ¬ IqSm-ØXv 15 15 15 15
1503.00 em¿Uv Ãnbm-dn¬,
em¿Uv FÆ, Hmentbm
Ãnb-dn¬, (]-∂n) Hmentbm FÆ,
Faƒkn ss^Uv sNøm-Ø,
a‰p-XcØn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv 30 300 300 100
1504.10 a’y-°-cƒ FÆbpw
hI-t`-Z-ßfpw 30 100 ˛ ˛
1507.10 {IqUv Hmbn¬,
UnK-avtUm,-A-√m-ØtXm
FFA D≈-S°w 20% Hm
AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem D≈Xv 30 ˛ ˛ ˛
1507.10 Ex FUn-_nƒ t{KUv 45 45 -˛-
1507.90 Ex a‰p≈ FFA
D≈S°w 20 % Hm
AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem D≈Xv 30 ˛ ˛ ˛
1507.90 Ex FUn-_nƒ t{KUv 45 45 ˛ ˛
1510.00 Ex FFA D≈-S°w 20% Hm
AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem 30 ˛ ˛ ˛
1510.00 Ex FUn_nƒ t{KUv 45 45
1511.10 {IqUv Hmbn¬ 100 300 300 165
1512.11 Ex FUn_nƒ t{KUv
50 ‰n.-B¿.-Iyq/75 sdÃv 300 -˛ ˛
1515.50 Fs≈-Æbpw hnhn-[-bn\w
Fs≈-Æbpw 100 300 300 165
1516.10 arK-s°m-gp-∏p-Iƒ, FÆ-Iƒ,
AØcw a‰n\w FÆ-Ifpw 30 300 300 100
184

1 2 3 4 5 6
1516.20 ]®-°-dn, sImgp-∏p-Iƒ,
FÆ-I-fpw, a‰n\w FÆ-Ifpw 30 300 300 100
1517.10 arK-s°m-gp-∏v, kky
FÆ-an-{inXw (am¿§o≥)
{ZmhI am¿K-do≥ HgnsI 30 300 300 100
1604.11 (sN-º-√n) km¬a¨ 30 150 ˛ ˛
1604.13 aØn ao≥, Um¿Un s\√,
{_okn-enwKv (sIm®paØn) 30 150 ˛ ˛
1604.14 SqWm-kv, kvIn]v Pm°v
t_m\nt‰m 30 150 ˛ ˛
1604.15 ams°-dn¬-˛-A-be 30 150 ˛ ˛
1605.10 R≠v 30 150 150 140
1605.20 Shrimps (Hcn\w sNΩo≥) 30 150 150 140
1605.30 Lobster I√p-dm¬
henb C\w sIm©v 30 150 150 140
1605.40 a‰n\w tXmSp≈
a’y-߃ 30 150 150 140
1701.11 N°-c,- i¿°c Cane Sugar 60 150 150 75
1701.12 _o‰v jpK¿ 60 150 150 75
1703.10 sIbv≥ samfm-k v 15 108 100 140
1704.10 NyqbnwKv Kw, ]©-kmc
]qin-btXm A√m-ØtXm 30 45 45 140
1801.00 sImt°m-_o≥kv apgp-ht\m,
apdn--tXm,- ap-gp-h-t\m,
Akw-kvIr-X-tam, hdp-ØtXm 30 108 100 140
1802.00 sImt°m tXmSv, XhnSv
sImt°m-bpsS a‰p
AhinjvS߃ 30 108 100 140
1805.00 sImt°m-s]m-Sn, ]©-kmc
tN¿°m-ØXv a[p-c-sam∂pw
tN¿°m-ØXv 30 150 150 140
1903.00 ac-®o-\n, AXn-\p-]-Icap≈
Ing-ßp-Iƒ, Ãm¿®n¬ \n∂pw
D≠m°nb ^vfbvIvkv,s{Kbv≥kv,
t]ƒkv, kn^v‰nwKvkv apX-em-bh 30 150 150 140
2002.10 X°mfn samØtam
Nn√-dtbm 30 150 150 140
2003.10 Ipanƒ Mashrooms 30 35 35 140
185

1 2 3 4 5 6
2004.10 Dcp-f-°n-gßv Potato 30 35 35 140
2008.11 \ne-°-Se ground nuts 30 35 35 140
2008.20 ssIX-®° 30 150 150 140
2009.11 B∏nƒ®mdv (Pyq-kv) 30 65 65 140
2009.50 X°mfn®mdv (Pyq-kv) 30 85
2009.80 GsX-nepw ]g-Øns‚
Nmtdm, ]®-°-dn-®mtdm 30 85
2103.20 X°mfn sI®-∏v, X°mfn
bpsS a‰p tkm p-Itf 30 150 150 140
2201.10 [mXp-P-e-߃, tkmUm
apX-emb Gbsd‰Uv
hmt´gvkv hn`m-KØn¬
s]´h 30 150 150 140
2203.00 amƒ´n¬ \ns∂-SpØ
_nb¿ 100 150 150 140
2208.30 hnkv°n-Iƒ 182 182 150 en‰-dn\v
80 cq]
2208.40 dΩpw, ‰m^n-bbpw 182 182 150 ''
2209.00 hn∂m-Kn-cn-bpw,
a‰p kam-\-h-kvXp-°fpw
(A-sk‰nIv Aæ-Øn¬
\n∂pw FSp-°p∂Xv) 30 150 150 100
2304.00 Hmbn¬ tI°v
(]n-Æm-°v) a‰p Jc ]m¿iz
DXv]∂ßfpw/s]mSn-®-h,
tkmbm-_o≥ FÆ
FSp-Ø-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈
s]s√-‰p-Iƒ 15 100 100 100
2306.50 \mfn-tI-ctam/sIm{]tbm 15 100 100 100
2309.90 sNΩo≥ Xo‰ Ex 5 150
3301.00 Ex FIvkvSmIvSSv Hmentbm
sdkn-\p-Iƒ 25 100
186

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