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239-250. The map, created using data from SCI and SSCI (Thomson Reuters), a p- peared originally in Maps of Science. 145 Science can be thought of as containing themes and paradigms. Themes are areas of current research, while paradigms comprise the dominant tool sets and existing knowledge that are used by today’s researchers. This map shows 776 major paradigms in science along with the dominant relationships between these paradigms. Paradigms are shown as circles; strong relationships between paradigms are indicated by the lines connecting the circles. The map was created by recursively clustering the 820,000 papers referenced most often in 2003. Clustering at each level was done using VxOrd, a forcedirected graph layout routine. These papers formed 53,000 clusters, 6,100 higher-level clusters, and finally 776 paradigms. Although each paradigm contains, on average, 1000 papers, some are larger and some are smaller, as shown by different sized circles on the map. The ring-like structure that formed by scientific paradigms is very robust. We find similar structures for different years, and for maps generated from scientific journals. “The structure of Science”, a galaxy map shown in the first iteration of Places & Spaces, is a map based on clustering of scientific journals, with superimposition of papers on the journal structure, whereas this map was generated directly from highly-cited papers. “The Structure of Science” shows current science in a disciplinary context, while this map shows the breadth of disciplines that contribute to single paradigms. Because of the robust nature of the structure of science paradigms, we have placed our 776 scientific paradigms within a reference system containing 12 radial slices and 6 rings. This allows the position of each paradigm to be codified and available for lookup; for instance Fluid Mechanics paradigms are in grid B3. We have also calculated and displayed the vitality of each paradigm. Vitality is a measure of the speed at which a group of researchers reaches consensus about major improvements. Paradigms are constantly being improved, but it usually takes years to reach consensus about which improvements are major. The white circles represent communities where consensus is reached relatively slowly. This is a common phenomenon in the social sciences, ecological sciences, computer sciences, and mathematics disciplines. The red circles represent communities of researchers where consensus is reached relatively rapidly. This is more common in physics, chemistry, biochemistry and many medical disciplines. Very dark circles (such as those in Astrophysics L5 -6) represent communities where consensus is reached extremely quickly. The map of scientific paradigms and its reference system can be used for multiple purposes. Countries, industries, companies, universities, and individual researchers can 145 http://www.mapofscience.com. Page | 84
all locate themselves within the map, either as single points, or as a specific collection of paradigms. Various metrics, such as vitality, can be overlaid on this reference system to highlight specific impacts. Science educations and personal discovery can also be enhanced by linking stories and facts to the map that highlight scientific history, current advances and relationships between scientific paradigms. Appendix 2: Indian open access journals indexed in DOAJ and Open-J-Gate (as on the first week of December 2010) No. Journal Open J-Gate Start Year 1 Advanced Materials Letters DOAJ Start year 2010 2010 2 Advances in Applied Science Research 2010 2010 3 Advances in Computational Research 2009 2009 4 Advances in Information Mining 2009 2009 5 African Journal of Paediatric Surgery 2004 2008 6 Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences 2008 2008 7 Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2000 2000 8 Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2002 2005 9 Annals and Essences of Dentistry 2009 2009 10 Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 1998 2006 11 Annals of Library and Information Studies 2002 2002 12 Annals of Neurosciences 2008 2005 13 Annals of Pediatric Cardiology 2009 2008 14 Annals of Thoracic Medicine 2006 2006 15 Anthropologist 2004 2003 16 Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 2010 2010 Publisher VBRI Press, Allahabad Pelagia Research Library Bioinfo Publications Bioinfo Publications Medknow Publications Al Ameen Charitable Fund Trust Anil Aggrawal Indian Association of Cardiovascular Thoracic Anaesthesiologists Dentaquest Staff Society of Seth G. S. Medical College and K. E. M. Hospital NISCAIR Indian Academy of Neurosciences Medknow Publications Medknow Publications Kamla-Raj Enterprises Society of Applied Sciences Page | 85
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Open Access to Scholarly Literature
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Box 9, Dspace@NITR.................
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Gallo in the 1980s, 3 both of which
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journals are produced. The leisurel
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In the 1950s, Eugene Garfield, an i
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Doing science (or working in any ot
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Research (CSIR), Defence Research &
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tinues to be poor. Year after year,
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(2) A complete version of the work
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Open access's value to the developi
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There are other far more fundamenta
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The INDEST consortium helps IISc an
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Besides, Institute of Mathematical
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Prof. Shalini Urs Executive Directo
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than a hundred thousand page downlo
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jashekar, Mr. Francis Jayakanth and
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