The Sabbatean Prophets

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Preface xi and a reckoning with some of the criticisms leveled at Scholem. My goal in the present study is to supply this wider view, with a focus on the role of seventeenth-century ideas on the rise of Sabbateanism, especially those about prophecy, in the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim worlds. I address prophecy in the widest meaning of the word, encompassing not only predictions of future events, but every type of experience perceived as direct communication with God—what early modern critics of such activity called “Enthusiasm.” I focus on the height of the movement in 1665–66, when Sabbateanism was public and very widely accepted. My aim is not to create a complete narrative as Scholem did, but to offer some background and then a series of “depth soundings” in selected areas by closely examining a few central documents. Exploring Sabbatean prophecy as part of Jewish and general culture in Europe and the Ottoman Empire can help us understand a great deal more about the place of Jewish ideas in the seventeenth-century world and their interrelationship with contemporary conditions. I am indebted to many people for their help in preparing this study. The influence of my teachers, Michael Heyd, Yosef Kaplan, Moshe Idel, and Richard Popkin, is obvious throughout. I can only aspire to their great wisdom and style. While I never studied officially under David Ruderman, he has inspired and helped me in more ways than I can describe. Harris Lenowitz has been both a good friend and an indispensable discussion partner throughout the process. I am also grateful to Shlomo Berger, Cornell Fleischer, Geoffrey Parker, Carla Pestana, and Phil and Julie Weinerman for their help. Elliot Wolfson’s advice was both wise and kind. My mother, Professor Dorothy Goldish, and my sister, Judith Goldish, gave me excellent editing advice. I received material support from the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute at the University of Arizona and the Department of History and Melton Center for Jewish Studies at Ohio State University, for which I am deeply appreciative. Leonard Dinnerstein, my mentor and friend at Arizona, was very supportive and helpful. Leonard introduced me to my wonderful editor at Harvard University Press, Joyce Seltzer, who was gentle yet firm in steering me in the right direction. I am very thankful to her for taking my project on. I am especially grateful to my honored father and mother for helping me materially and morally at all times. My wife, Betty, did not begrudge me the time I invested in this project and managed to listen to hours and hours of monologue about Shabbatai Zvi with patience and only the occasional lapse
xii Preface into sleep. My daughters, Raquel, Michalle Tzivia, and Yael Simhah, also contributed in their special way. My teacher, mentor, and friend, Richard H. Popkin, has inspired me in this and every project I have undertaken in my professional life. He is a role model both as a person and as a scholar.
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Page 5 and 6: Copyright © 2004 by the President
Page 8: Contents Preface ix Prologue 1 1 Me
Page 11: x Preface of Jewish mysticism, but,
Page 16 and 17: Prologue In the spring of 1665, Rab
Page 18 and 19: Prologue 3 academies), and in his e
Page 20 and 21: Prologue 5 who would always pursue
Page 22 and 23: Prologue 7 messiah, like the accept
Page 24 and 25: The Early Modern Context 9 liefs wa
Page 26 and 27: The Early Modern Context 11 curring
Page 28 and 29: The Early Modern Context 13 ment an
Page 30 and 31: The Early Modern Context 15 cess of
Page 32 and 33: The Early Modern Context 17 Nathani
Page 34 and 35: The Early Modern Context 19 faiths.
Page 36 and 37: The Early Modern Context 21 terpret
Page 38 and 39: The Early Modern Context 23 ing, so
Page 40 and 41: The Early Modern Context 25 mists,
Page 42 and 43: The Early Modern Context 27 Renewed
Page 44 and 45: The Early Modern Context 29 istence
Page 46 and 47: The Early Modern Context 31 fluenti
Page 48 and 49: The Early Modern Context 33 miah, a
Page 50 and 51: The Early Modern Context 35 than Je
Page 52 and 53: gatekeeper—the same office given
Page 54 and 55: The Early Modern Context 39 messian
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2 Messianism and Prophecy i
Page 58 and 59: The Jewish Tradition 43 anic age. 1
Page 60 and 61: The Jewish Tradition 45 Converso Me
Page 62 and 63:
The Jewish Tradition 47 messianic t
Page 64 and 65:
The Jewish Tradition 49 ence on the
Page 66 and 67:
The Jewish Tradition 51 balah broug
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The Jewish Tradition 53 was itself
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The Jewish Tradition 55 Sarah, like
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Nathan of Gaza 57 Each claimed to b
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Nathan of Gaza 59 prolonged fast [h
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Nathan of Gaza 61 who also appears
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Nathan of Gaza 63 In both Nathan’
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Nathan of Gaza 65 streets and house
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Nathan of Gaza 67 may his light shi
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Nathan of Gaza 69 riod in Safed. 43
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Nathan of Gaza 71 messianic pretend
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Nathan of Gaza 73 a member of the T
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Nathan of Gaza 75 jah and Joseph So
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Nathan of Gaza 77 without war, for
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Nathan of Gaza 79 coming the Sabbat
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Nathan of Gaza 81 the Land of Israe
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Nathan of Gaza 83 public prophecy o
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Nathan of Gaza 85 Shabbatai Zvi ...
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Nathan of Gaza 87 but the general i
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CHAPTER 4 From Mystical Vision to P
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From Mystical Vision to Prophetic E
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Opponents and Observers Respond 131
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Prophecy after Shabbatai’s Aposta
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NOTES INDEX
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174 Notes to Pages 3-8 8. See Rapha
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176 Notes to Pages 12-14 Early Mode
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178 Notes to Pages 15-16 35. See Mi
Page 195 and 196:
180 Notes to Pages 17-18 Eighteenth
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182 Notes to Pages 21-24 This Resti
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184 Notes to Pages 26-29 and Though
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186 Notes to Pages 33-36 First Two
Page 203 and 204:
188 Notes to Pages 38-43 Influences
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190 Notes to Pages 46-49 Mysticism,
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192 Notes to Pages 59-62 duced and
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194 Notes to Pages 63-68 tors,” I
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196 Notes to Pages 72-73 to refer t
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198 Notes to Pages 79-85 in previou
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200 Notes to Pages 94-97 legend. Th
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202 Notes to Pages 105-112 45. Ziza
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204 Notes to Pages 117-130 sion, an
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206 Notes to Pages 137-140 22. Ibid
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208 Notes to Pages 147-153 71. Yosh
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210 Notes to Pages 167-170 Papers,
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212 Index astrology (continued) 100
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214 Index English Revolution, 16 En
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216 Index Judaism (continued) 157;
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218 Index Oral Law, 74, 132, 144, 1
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220 Index Sefer Haredim (R. Azikri)
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