The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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exceptionally light person can usually maintain a sufficiently powerful force with longer paddles. They must also sit high in the boat and/or have long arm levers. Generally speaking, most men use paddles between 219 and 223cm in length, with 214 to 218cm being the normal range for women. In terms of blade design, until recent years, square tip blades were very popular. However, research has since shown that an undesirable turning moment was created with this design. In order to counteract this twist, the paddler had to grip the shaft more firmly, which often led to excessive tension in the control arm. The asymmetrical blade shape helped overcome this problem and ensured that the pressure point during the pulling phase remained on the centreline as shown in the illustration below. The most recent innovation in paddle design is the "wing paddle", pioneered initially in Sweden. This blade has a curled upper edge to reduce slippage and at the same time generate drag by creating a low pressure area in front of the paddle. By forcing the paddle blade out sideways as the boat moves forward, the paddle is able to make better use of the large muscles of the back and torso.
Fig 9.8 The Wing Paddle (i) (ii) To determine the feather or angle of twist of the blades the advanced paddler should use a simple telescoping, two piece aluminium pipe, with a flat piece of plywood attached to each end to simulate the blades. In the middle is a protractor and a pointer and a clamping screw that locks the pipes together. Sitting on the bench, the paddler holds this device just like he would hold a paddle. First, on the control side, check that the blade is perpendicular to the edge of the bench. After several strokes recheck the control side to make sure that the paddle is still perpendicular. Then continue
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1 The Science of Canoeing
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3 Published by Coxburn Press Copyri
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5 A Word about the Author Dr. Richa
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Preface The impetus for this book c
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athletics, rowing and swimming. Bil
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List of Figures 2.1 Factors Affecti
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7.11 Other Opportunities to Move Ah
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Acknowledgements Discussions with m
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Part A Introduction General introdu
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Introduction to Factors Affecting p
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An Introduction to Kinesiology The
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Figure 3.3: The Differences Between
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Trimming the canoe correctly is imp
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The canoeing technique utilises the
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Ball and socket joints allow a wide
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Control of the muscle fibres is by
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There are three types of muscle con
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symmetrical halves. Forward and bac
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Part B Factors Affecting Performanc
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(FromA.Toro,1986) (1) Here we shall
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(iii) View from Side 2. The Pull Ph
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Pushing too high with upper arm - o
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(iii) View From Side Coaching Tips:
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Table 4.1: Stroke Times and Percent
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The following tracings are taken fr
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Table 4.3: Paddle Positions and For
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Plagenhoef distinguishes between wh
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Neither paddler in figure 4.15 woul
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Acquiring Good Technique Teaching a
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Stretching exercises should be perf
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Research on canoeists confirms what
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Strength Training There are three b
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Because movement is involved and of
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73 Table 5.3: Movements and Muscle
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Joint Hip Knee Ankle Movement Abduc
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Ideally, subsequent loadings should
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Power Development For the developme
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Since it takes time for physiologic
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Table 5.6 Example of an strength En
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Table 5.12 Characteristics of Isome
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Energy Metabolism in the same way,
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of carbohydrate liberates 36 moles
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Table 5.14: Various Sports and Thei
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Since the demands of lactic trainin
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More sophisticated electronic devic
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The volume of oxygen that can be ab
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Oxygen Uptake The volume of oxygen
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Methods of Training Given that ener
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Table 5.15: Guidelines for Writing
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Cat and mouse is simply two or more
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weight each day. Although some athl
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Minerals Like vitamins, minerals ha
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and physically and produce a dehydr
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Post-Competition Since the most eff
Page 119 and 120: The Nervous System The nervous syst
Page 121 and 122: (I) A placebo causes an improvement
Page 123 and 124: haemoglobin and red (oxygen carryin
Page 125 and 126: Perhaps rather neglected in the lit
Page 127 and 128: Understanding motivation demands ca
Page 129 and 130: Personality is often the key to exp
Page 131 and 132: Intelligence Another important psyc
Page 133 and 134: Systematically relax different part
Page 135 and 136: and become more deeply involved. Th
Page 137 and 138: Tactical and Strategic Factors A Fe
Page 139 and 140: Knowing that they can then afford t
Page 141 and 142: eserves of muscle glycogen. If it i
Page 143 and 144: Fig 7.1 Off the Start (i) 1000m (ii
Page 145: If you get too far forward you will
Page 148 and 149: Figure 7.7 Figure Position This pos
Page 150 and 151: It takes considerable practice to b
Page 152 and 153: You should remember that as you app
Page 154 and 155: If you do wish to go for the lead a
Page 156 and 157: Environmental Factors We have alrea
Page 158 and 159: Other Factors There are undoubtedly
Page 160 and 161: female, will never make a successfu
Page 162 and 163: The extreme in mesomorphy is the cl
Page 164 and 165: Figure 9.4: C hart for Plotting Som
Page 166 and 167: Table 9.5 Descriptive Analysis for
Page 168 and 169: alance problem may place a high pri
Page 172 and 173: stroking and stop on the opposite s
Page 174 and 175: Since one has no choice over inheri
Page 176 and 177: Part C Planning, Administering and
Page 178 and 179: preparation before the main competi
Page 180 and 181: work. For the marathon paddler, the
Page 182 and 183: In the competition period, the grap
Page 184 and 185: phenomenon especially amongst marat
Page 186 and 187: Note that an endurance base is esta
Page 188 and 189: exercise lactic acid concentrations
Page 190 and 191: psychological manifest themselves o
Page 192 and 193: Men ((ml/kg/)min) Endurance Sports
Page 194 and 195: Canoeists often develop lower-back
Page 196 and 197: Phase 0 No pain or soreness Phase I
Page 198 and 199: Tyldesley, B. and Grieve, J.I. Musc
Page 200 and 201: Burke, E. J.(ed), 'Toward an Unders
Page 202 and 203: Heller, J. Euro, V. and Kuta, M., `
Page 204 and 205: Zuti, W., 'Heat Stress, Conditionin
Page 206 and 207: A guide to effective coping with in
Page 208 and 209: Appendix Seven Relaxation Technique
Page 210 and 211: Major Group 4 - THE LEGS AND FEET A
Page 212 and 213: Cue Words and Breathing You can tie
Page 214 and 215: Appendix VIII Pre-Competition Quest
Page 216 and 217: 2) Example of a weekly Micro-Cycle
Page 218 and 219: 6) Example of a 2 Week Micro-Cycle
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(4) Examples of O2 Sessions for Int
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On-the-water training sessions, ...
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The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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