The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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The following tracings are taken from Plagenhoef (1971,1979) to illustrate variations on styles of paddling. Figure 4.9: Kayak Front View -Symmetrical Motion (From S. Plagenhoef, 1971) Figure 4.11: Kayak Front View - Excessive Zig-zag (From S. Plagenhoef, 1971) 54
Figure 4.9 shows a reasonably symmetrical pattern of the hands from a front view, whilst figure 4.10 shows an exaggerated cross-over of the left hand resulting in a wide sweep stroke. This will cause the canoe to zig-zag excessively. The front view is used to determine paddle shaft angles, upper arm angles to the horizontal and upper arm angles relative to the line of shoulders. A view from above is also helpful for examining the symmetry of technique. The pivot point and positions of the paddle, the rotation of the shoulders about the spinal axis, and the angle of the upper arm to the line of the shoulders can be carefully measured. Figure 4.1: Kayak-Top View of a paddler with a strong right pull (From S. Plagenhoef, 1971) Variations among different paddlers and by the same individual in different events in paddle and forearm angles during the pull phase area given in Table 4.3. Comparison of the paddle entry angles and blade tip positions of Diba and Helm, found that Diba's paddle tip entered the water further forward than Helm's but the paddle angle was almost the same. In this sample of Olympic paddlers, Shaperenko had the longest reach, on his left side, as well as the lowest paddle angle of anyone measured. What would have been interesting would be to have made these comparisons in relation to times achieved and the demands of the race. Personal observations would certainly suggest that changes in technique at higher speeds are apparent in some paddlers, especially when the paddler is under threat of being overtaken in a major competition. The desire to pull harder, rate higher etc can exaggerate biases (in left hand/right hand side balance) or cause slight changes in technique, especially amongst less experienced paddlers. 55
Page 1 and 2:
1 The Science of Canoeing
Page 3 and 4: 3 Published by Coxburn Press Copyri
Page 5 and 6: 5 A Word about the Author Dr. Richa
Page 7 and 8: Preface The impetus for this book c
Page 9 and 10: athletics, rowing and swimming. Bil
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 2.1 Factors Affecti
Page 13 and 14: 7.11 Other Opportunities to Move Ah
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements Discussions with m
Page 17 and 18: Part A Introduction General introdu
Page 19 and 20: Introduction to Factors Affecting p
Page 21 and 22: An Introduction to Kinesiology The
Page 23: Figure 3.3: The Differences Between
Page 26: Trimming the canoe correctly is imp
Page 29 and 30: The canoeing technique utilises the
Page 31 and 32: Ball and socket joints allow a wide
Page 33 and 34: Control of the muscle fibres is by
Page 36 and 37: There are three types of muscle con
Page 38 and 39: symmetrical halves. Forward and bac
Page 42 and 43: Part B Factors Affecting Performanc
Page 44 and 45: (FromA.Toro,1986) (1) Here we shall
Page 46 and 47: (iii) View from Side 2. The Pull Ph
Page 48 and 49: Pushing too high with upper arm - o
Page 50 and 51: (iii) View From Side Coaching Tips:
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1: Stroke Times and Percent
Page 56 and 57: Table 4.3: Paddle Positions and For
Page 58 and 59: Plagenhoef distinguishes between wh
Page 61 and 62: Neither paddler in figure 4.15 woul
Page 63 and 64: Acquiring Good Technique Teaching a
Page 65 and 66: Stretching exercises should be perf
Page 67 and 68: Research on canoeists confirms what
Page 69 and 70: Strength Training There are three b
Page 71 and 72: Because movement is involved and of
Page 73 and 74: 73 Table 5.3: Movements and Muscle
Page 75: Joint Hip Knee Ankle Movement Abduc
Page 78 and 79: Ideally, subsequent loadings should
Page 80 and 81: Power Development For the developme
Page 82 and 83: Since it takes time for physiologic
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.6 Example of an strength En
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.12 Characteristics of Isome
Page 88 and 89: Energy Metabolism in the same way,
Page 92 and 93: of carbohydrate liberates 36 moles
Page 94 and 95: Table 5.14: Various Sports and Thei
Page 96 and 97: Since the demands of lactic trainin
Page 98 and 99: More sophisticated electronic devic
Page 100 and 101: The volume of oxygen that can be ab
Page 102 and 103: Oxygen Uptake The volume of oxygen
Page 104 and 105:
Methods of Training Given that ener
Page 106 and 107:
Table 5.15: Guidelines for Writing
Page 108 and 109:
Cat and mouse is simply two or more
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weight each day. Although some athl
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Minerals Like vitamins, minerals ha
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and physically and produce a dehydr
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Post-Competition Since the most eff
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The Nervous System The nervous syst
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(I) A placebo causes an improvement
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haemoglobin and red (oxygen carryin
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Perhaps rather neglected in the lit
Page 127 and 128:
Understanding motivation demands ca
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Personality is often the key to exp
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Intelligence Another important psyc
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Systematically relax different part
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and become more deeply involved. Th
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Tactical and Strategic Factors A Fe
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Knowing that they can then afford t
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eserves of muscle glycogen. If it i
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Fig 7.1 Off the Start (i) 1000m (ii
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If you get too far forward you will
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Figure 7.7 Figure Position This pos
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It takes considerable practice to b
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You should remember that as you app
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If you do wish to go for the lead a
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Environmental Factors We have alrea
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Other Factors There are undoubtedly
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female, will never make a successfu
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The extreme in mesomorphy is the cl
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Figure 9.4: C hart for Plotting Som
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Table 9.5 Descriptive Analysis for
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alance problem may place a high pri
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exceptionally light person can usua
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stroking and stop on the opposite s
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Since one has no choice over inheri
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Part C Planning, Administering and
Page 178 and 179:
preparation before the main competi
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work. For the marathon paddler, the
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In the competition period, the grap
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phenomenon especially amongst marat
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Note that an endurance base is esta
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exercise lactic acid concentrations
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psychological manifest themselves o
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Men ((ml/kg/)min) Endurance Sports
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Canoeists often develop lower-back
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Phase 0 No pain or soreness Phase I
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Tyldesley, B. and Grieve, J.I. Musc
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Burke, E. J.(ed), 'Toward an Unders
Page 202 and 203:
Heller, J. Euro, V. and Kuta, M., `
Page 204 and 205:
Zuti, W., 'Heat Stress, Conditionin
Page 206 and 207:
A guide to effective coping with in
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Appendix Seven Relaxation Technique
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Major Group 4 - THE LEGS AND FEET A
Page 212 and 213:
Cue Words and Breathing You can tie
Page 214 and 215:
Appendix VIII Pre-Competition Quest
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2) Example of a weekly Micro-Cycle
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6) Example of a 2 Week Micro-Cycle
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(4) Examples of O2 Sessions for Int
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On-the-water training sessions, ...
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The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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