The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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exercise lactic acid concentrations will rise 1.5-2 times. In high intensity exercise of 45 seconds to 2 minutes duration, lactate levels can reach as high as 25 mmol/1 which is 15-20 times resting values.(l) Testing these levels will help the coach to determine the anaerobic threshold of the athlete. With this information he can set an appropriate intensity of exercise for each individual to achieve the desired training effect and monitor the anaerobic threshold to test whether this increases significantly as a result of the training process. Unfortunately, sophisticated and reasonably expensive equipment is required to undertake this form of analysis. There are, however, transportable machines available that can be taken to the training area for instant analysis. All that is required is a small blood sample, usually taken from the finger of ear lobe of the athlete, following appropriate bouts of exercise.(2) A further method of evaluating the condition of the athlete is to count the concentration of white blood cells in the blood. An average white blood cell (wbc) count will range between 4,000 and 10,000. If an athlete's wbc count dramatically rises from his/her average then this is usually indicative of illness and/or stress. Some American swimming coaches have found this technique helpful in setting schedules and preventing illness. It has enabled them to design an appropriate taper before big events and to reduce training pressure before the athlete was overstressed. Aerobic fitness can also be evaluated by measuring oxygen uptake (see p. 93). Using this method the subject exercises at a gradually increasing rate while his/her oxygen consumption is monitored. The athlete's oxygen consumption increases with his rate of working until it gradually reaches a peak. The maximum value is recorded as an indication of the subject's capacity for aerobic work. To collect the gases whilst the athlete is paddling on water is problematic and necessitates unwieldy and cumbersome equipment (see figure 176). Tests may be conducted in the lab using a treadmill, cycle ergometer, arm cranking or paddling machines but have major drawbacks. Since none of these movements exactly replicate the paddling action on water they are likely to give less accurate assessments of 'canoeing fitness' and may well introduce motivational problems, especially if the exercises are to be performed at maximum effort. (1)Research on lactate levels of canoeists following exertion show differing results. Cermack et al. (1975) observed blood lactate readings as high as 18.4 mmolll in men and 16.8 mmolll in women when operating a paddle ergometer. Heller et al. (1983) recorded peak lactate levels of 11 to 12 mmolll on the treadmill, but only 8 to 10 mmolll after simulated races (1,000m for males and 700m for women). (2)Since it has been found that differences in lactate values can vary depending on the testing methods, the type of exercise used, the timing and the site of the blood collection, it is advisable to take samples immediately and at standardised intervals following actual paddling on the water, from the finger.
Since few coaches see their paddlers on a daily basis and because it is beyond reason to expect them to detect every strength and weakness amongst each and every one of their paddlers, it will be helpful for the individual canoeist to keep their own record of training. This should indicate the content of their training (venue, volume, intensity, etc.), their performance (number of repetitions completed, times, etc.) and details of how they felt. Any problems arising due to illness, stress at school/work, equipment, etc. should be noted. After all, not all problems physical and/or
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1 The Science of Canoeing
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3 Published by Coxburn Press Copyri
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5 A Word about the Author Dr. Richa
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Preface The impetus for this book c
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athletics, rowing and swimming. Bil
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List of Figures 2.1 Factors Affecti
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7.11 Other Opportunities to Move Ah
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Acknowledgements Discussions with m
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Part A Introduction General introdu
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Introduction to Factors Affecting p
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An Introduction to Kinesiology The
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Figure 3.3: The Differences Between
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Trimming the canoe correctly is imp
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The canoeing technique utilises the
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Ball and socket joints allow a wide
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Control of the muscle fibres is by
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There are three types of muscle con
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symmetrical halves. Forward and bac
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Part B Factors Affecting Performanc
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(FromA.Toro,1986) (1) Here we shall
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(iii) View from Side 2. The Pull Ph
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Pushing too high with upper arm - o
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(iii) View From Side Coaching Tips:
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Table 4.1: Stroke Times and Percent
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The following tracings are taken fr
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Table 4.3: Paddle Positions and For
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Plagenhoef distinguishes between wh
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Neither paddler in figure 4.15 woul
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Acquiring Good Technique Teaching a
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Stretching exercises should be perf
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Research on canoeists confirms what
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Strength Training There are three b
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Because movement is involved and of
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73 Table 5.3: Movements and Muscle
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Joint Hip Knee Ankle Movement Abduc
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Ideally, subsequent loadings should
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Power Development For the developme
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Since it takes time for physiologic
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Table 5.6 Example of an strength En
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Table 5.12 Characteristics of Isome
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Energy Metabolism in the same way,
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of carbohydrate liberates 36 moles
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Table 5.14: Various Sports and Thei
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Since the demands of lactic trainin
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More sophisticated electronic devic
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The volume of oxygen that can be ab
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Oxygen Uptake The volume of oxygen
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Methods of Training Given that ener
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Table 5.15: Guidelines for Writing
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Cat and mouse is simply two or more
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weight each day. Although some athl
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Minerals Like vitamins, minerals ha
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and physically and produce a dehydr
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Post-Competition Since the most eff
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The Nervous System The nervous syst
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(I) A placebo causes an improvement
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haemoglobin and red (oxygen carryin
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Perhaps rather neglected in the lit
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Understanding motivation demands ca
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Personality is often the key to exp
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Intelligence Another important psyc
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Systematically relax different part
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and become more deeply involved. Th
Page 137 and 138: Tactical and Strategic Factors A Fe
Page 139 and 140: Knowing that they can then afford t
Page 141 and 142: eserves of muscle glycogen. If it i
Page 143 and 144: Fig 7.1 Off the Start (i) 1000m (ii
Page 145: If you get too far forward you will
Page 148 and 149: Figure 7.7 Figure Position This pos
Page 150 and 151: It takes considerable practice to b
Page 152 and 153: You should remember that as you app
Page 154 and 155: If you do wish to go for the lead a
Page 156 and 157: Environmental Factors We have alrea
Page 158 and 159: Other Factors There are undoubtedly
Page 160 and 161: female, will never make a successfu
Page 162 and 163: The extreme in mesomorphy is the cl
Page 164 and 165: Figure 9.4: C hart for Plotting Som
Page 166 and 167: Table 9.5 Descriptive Analysis for
Page 168 and 169: alance problem may place a high pri
Page 170 and 171: exceptionally light person can usua
Page 172 and 173: stroking and stop on the opposite s
Page 174 and 175: Since one has no choice over inheri
Page 176 and 177: Part C Planning, Administering and
Page 178 and 179: preparation before the main competi
Page 180 and 181: work. For the marathon paddler, the
Page 182 and 183: In the competition period, the grap
Page 184 and 185: phenomenon especially amongst marat
Page 186 and 187: Note that an endurance base is esta
Page 190 and 191: psychological manifest themselves o
Page 192 and 193: Men ((ml/kg/)min) Endurance Sports
Page 194 and 195: Canoeists often develop lower-back
Page 196 and 197: Phase 0 No pain or soreness Phase I
Page 198 and 199: Tyldesley, B. and Grieve, J.I. Musc
Page 200 and 201: Burke, E. J.(ed), 'Toward an Unders
Page 202 and 203: Heller, J. Euro, V. and Kuta, M., `
Page 204 and 205: Zuti, W., 'Heat Stress, Conditionin
Page 206 and 207: A guide to effective coping with in
Page 208 and 209: Appendix Seven Relaxation Technique
Page 210 and 211: Major Group 4 - THE LEGS AND FEET A
Page 212 and 213: Cue Words and Breathing You can tie
Page 214 and 215: Appendix VIII Pre-Competition Quest
Page 216 and 217: 2) Example of a weekly Micro-Cycle
Page 218 and 219: 6) Example of a 2 Week Micro-Cycle
Page 220 and 221: (4) Examples of O2 Sessions for Int
Page 222: On-the-water training sessions, ...
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The Science of Canoeing By Richard Cox

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